2. Announcements
• Office Hours next Tuesday, April 4, 2000 will be
from 1:00 - 2:00 p.m. instead of 3:00 - 4:00 p.m.
• On the homework that’s due Friday
– Problem 2 requires inheritance!
LB
4. Scenarios
• A veterinarian's algorithm might have a list of
animals, but each one needs different food or
care… we want ONE information system to track
all of this without complex logic for each
individual kind of animal.
• A car dealership sells many different types of
cars with different features, but each has a price
and quantity in stock.
• A registration system might treat in-state
students differently from out-of-state students,
graduate students differently from
undergraduates, etc.
• A graphical user interface (GUI) e.g. Windows
needs to puts lots of simlar widgets on screen...
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5. Motivation
• We’d like to be able to manage objects
of different kinds of classes.
• Since classes within a class hierarchy
often share common methods and
attributes, we’d like to make use of this
fact to make our algorithms simpler.
6. Polymorphism Defined
• The ability to take on different forms.
• Manipulate objects of various classes,
and invoke methods on an object
without knowing that object’s type.
9. Polymorphism Explained
MyAnimal <- MyMutt seems incorrect. The left
and right hand side of the assignment seem to
not match; or do they?
Since Mutt inherits from Dog, and Dog inherits from
Animal, then MyMutt is at all times a Mutt, a Dog,
and an Animal. Thus the assignment statement is
perfectly valid.
This makes logical (“real world”) sense.
10. An Illegal Example
• We are able to assign an object of a sub-
class into an object of a super-class as in:
MyAnimal <- MyMutt
• But the reverse is not true. We can’t
assign a superclass object into a sub-
class object.
MyMutt <- MyAnimal // illegal
11. Method Calls and Polymorphism
Assume the Dog class inherits the Animal
class, redefining the “MakeNoise” method.
Consider the following:
MyAnimal <- MyDog
MyAnimal.MakeNoise
12. Method Calls and Polymorphism
MyAnimal <- MyDog
MyAnimal.MakeNoise
Different languages handle this differently.
For simplicity, we’ll assume that MyAnimal
“remembers” it is actually an object of
the Dog class, so we’ll execute the
MakeNoise method in the Dog class.
13. Polymorphism vs. Inheritance
• Inheritance is required in order to
achieve polymorphism (we must have
class hierarchies).
– Re-using class definitions via
extension and redefinition
• Polymorphism is not required in order
to achieve inheritance.
– An object of class A acts as an
object of class B (an ancestor to A).
14. Processing Collections
• One of the main benefits of polymorphism
is the ability to easily process collections.
• We will consider a collection (queue) of
bank accounts in the next example. . .
15. The Banking Class Hierarchy
Cool Savings
Bank
Account
Savings
Account
Checking
Account
NOW
Account
Money Market
Account
CD Account
16. A Collection of Bank Accounts
Imagine a bank needs to manage all of the
accounts.
Rather than maintain seven separate queues, one
each for: Bank_Accounts, Savings_Accounts,
Cool_Savings, CD_Accounts,
Checking_Accounts, NOW_accounts, and
Money_Market_Accounts
We can maintain only one queue of Bank Accounts.
17. Polymorphic Banking
Assume accounts of various kinds:
john_account isoftype Checking_Account
paul_account isoftype Cool_Savings
paul_other_account isoftype CD_Account
george_account isoftype NOW_Account
ringo_account isoftype Money_Market
Then put them all in a single structure:
account_queue isoftype Queue(Bank_Account)
account_queue.Enqueue(john_account)
account_queue.Enqueue(paul_account)
account_queue.Enqueue(paul_other_account)
account_queue.Enqueue(george_account)
account_queue.Enqueue(ringo_account)
18. Polymorphic Banking
account_queue is polymorphic:
• It is holding accounts of “many forms.”
• Each of the accounts is “within the family”
of the class hierarchy of bank accounts.
• Each one will have it’s own set of
capabilities via inheritance (extension,
and/or redefinition).
19. Example of Polymorphic Banking
With polymorphism, our main algorithm doesn’t care what
kind of account it is processing
sum, amount isoftype Num
account isoftype Bank_Account
account_queue isoftype Queue(Bank_Account)
. . .
sum <- 0
loop
exitif( account_queue.IsEmpty )
account_queue.Dequeue( account )
sum <- sum + account.Get_Balance
endloop
print( “Sum of the balances is: ”, sum )
20. Resolving Polymorphic Method Calls
• Different languages do this differently.
• The various kinds of Accounts, though all stored
as a Bank_Account, remember the class
(subclass) of which they are an instance.
• So, calls to Get_Balance() will:
– use the method from class NOW_Account if
the object is an instance of NOW_Account
– use the method from class Money_Market if
the object is an instance of Money_Market
– and so on...
21. Polymorphism
• This is the “magic” of polymorphism…it keeps
track of family members within the inheritance
hierarchy for you.
• Without it, we’d have lots of code sprinkled
through out our algorithm choosing among many
options:
if( it’s Checking_Account ) then
call Checking_Account Calc_Interest
elseif( it’s Super_Savings) then
call Super_Savings Calc_Interest
elseif( it’s CD_Account then
call CD_Account Calc_Interest
elseif( it’s NOW_Account ) then
call NOW_Account Calc_Interest
. . .
22. Summary
• Polymorphism allows objects to represent
instances of its own class and any of its
sublcasses.
• Polymorphic collections are useful for managing
objects with common (ancestor) interfaces.
• For our purposes, we’ll assume objects
“remember” what kind of class they really
contain, so method calls are resolved to the
original class.
25. What Have We Discussed?
• Structured programming
• Object-Oriented programming
What’s left?
• Everything an object…
• Let’s make a class coordinate activities
26. Structured Programming
• Break down the problem.
• Each module has a well-defined interface
of parameters
• A main algorithm calls and coordinates
the various modules; the main is “in
charge.”
• Persistent data (in the main algorithm) vs.
module data (dies upon module
completion).
27. An Example
Let’s write an algorithm to simulate a veterinarian’s
clinic…
• Maintain a collection of different animals
• Feed, water, talk with and house animals
• Allow owners to bring pets for treatment and
boarding
• We’ll present a menu of options to the user
28. A Structured Solution
• Write many record types (cat, dog, rabbit)
• Write the collection records and modules
for each type of pet
• Write many modules allowing for
interactions with the collection
• Write menu and processing modules
• Write main algorithm
29. An Object-Oriented Solution
• Write class hierarchy with inheritance (pet,
cat, dog, rabbit)
• Write the generic collection class
• Write many modules allowing for
interactions with the collection
• Write menu and processing modules
• Write main algorithm
30. Simulating a Veterinarian Clinic
Boarding Pens
(Vector)
Vet Clinic
Dog
Cat
Rabbit
Pet
Owner
(user)
is-a
is-a
is-a
has-a
has-a
user
interaction
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33. procedure PrintMenu
print(“Please enter a choice:”)
print(“ADD a pet”)
print(“REMOVE a pet”)
print(“FEED pets”)
print(“LIST pets”)
...
print(“QUIT”)
endprocedure // PrintMenu
procedure GetChoice(choice isoftype out string)
print(“What would you like to do?”)
read(choice)
endprocedure // GetChoice
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34. procedure ProcessChoice(choice iot in string,
Pens iot in/out Vector(Pet))
if (choice = “ADD”) then
AddPet(Pens)
elseif (choice = “REMOVE”) then
RemovePet(Pens)
elseif (choice = “FEED”) then
FeedPets(Pens)
elseif (choice = “LIST”) then
. . .
endif
endprocedure // ProcessChoice
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35. procedure RemovePet(Pens iot in/out Vector(Pet))
IndexToRemove isoftype num
print(“What is the index of the pet to remove?”)
read(IndexToRemove)
if (IndexToRemove <= Pens.SizeOf) then
Pens.RemoveElementAt(IndexToRemove)
else
print(“ERROR: That index is too high”)
endif
endprocedure // RemovePet
36. procedure FeedPets(Pens iot in/out Vector(Pet))
count isoftype num
count <- 1
loop
exitif(count > Pens.SizeOf)
// get the next pet in the collection and
// polymorphically call the Eat method on
// that pet (whatever its class)
Pens.ElementAt(count).Eat
count <- count + 1
endloop
print(“Pets all fed!”)
endprocedure // FeedPets
37. . . . continue implementation
AddPet module, etc.
38. Vestiges of Structured Programming
• In the previous example (and thus far), we
have used classes and objects in the
conventional structured approach to
algorithms that we have used throughout.
• We have done what is called Hybrid OO:
“the use of OO constructs within the
standard structured paradigm.”
• What is the difference?
39. Hybrid Object-Oriented Programming
• “Hybrid OO” is like Structured in some
ways:
– Break down the problem.
– One module per sub-problem.
– Each module has one task.
– Each module has a interface of
parameters.
– A main algorithm is “in charge” of
program.
40. Hybrid Object-Oriented Programming
• “Hybrid OO” is not just like structured:
• Each object maintains it’s own persistent data.
• Uses OO constructs (classes & objects):
– Encapsulate data and methods together
– Support data integrity by protecting data
– Reuse, minimizing recreating code
– Inheritance to ease customization
– Polymorphism to model the world
• Our examples so far show Hybrid OO:
– Structured algorithms, main in charge.
– Use of OO constructs (classes & objects)
41. What’s Left?
• The Object-Oriented paradigm is state of the art:
– Encapsulation
– Reusability/Adaptability
– Polymorphism
• But what’s left?
– The algorithm itself…
– We still have a main algorithm in control
42. class VetClinic
uses Vector, Pet, Cat, Dog, Rabbit
public
procedure Initialize
// contract here
protected
Pens isoftype Vector(Pet)
procedure Initialize
Pens.Initialize
DoWork
endprocedure // Initialize
43. // Still in protected section
procedure DoWork
// contract here – protected method
choice isoftype string
loop
PrintMenu
GetChoice(choice)
exitif (choice = “QUIT”)
ProcessChoice(choice)
endloop
print(“The Vet Clinic has closed.”)
endprocedure // DoWork
44. // Still in protected section
procedure PrintMenu
// contract here – protected method
print(“Please enter a choice:”)
print(“ADD a pet”)
print(“REMOVE a pet”)
print(“FEED pets”)
. . .
print(“QUIT”)
endprocedure // PrintMenu
procedure GetChoice(choice iot out string)
// contract here – protected method
print(“What would you like to do?”)
read(choice)
endprocedure // GetChoice
45. // Still in protected section
procedure ProcessChoice(choice iot in string)
// contract here – protected method
if (choice = “ADD”) then
AddPet
elseif (choice = “REMOVE”) then
RemovePet
elseif (choice = “FEED”) then
FeedPets
. . .
endif
endprocedure // ProcessChoice
46. // Still in protected section
procedure RemovePet
// contract here – protected method
IndexToRemove isoftype num
print(“What is index of the pet to remove?”)
read(IndexToRemove)
if (IndexToRemove <= Pens.Size) then
Pens.RemoveElementAt(IndexToRemove)
else
print(“ERROR: That index is too high”)
endif
endprocedure // RemovePet
47. // Still in protected section
procedure FeedPets
// contract here – protected method
count isoftype num
count <- 1
loop
exitif(count > Pens.Size)
// get the next pet in the collection and
// polymorphically call the Eat method on
// that pet (whatever its class)
Pens.ElementAt(count).Eat
count <- count + 1
endloop
print(“Pets all fed!”)
endprocedure // FeedPets
48. // Still in protected section
. . . continue the protected methods
endclass // VetClinic
// --------------------------------------
algorithm VetExample
store isoftype VetClinic
store.Initialize
endalgorithm // VetExample
49. What Did We Do?
• Everything is an object
• The main algorithm (if it exists at all) simply
creates a VetClinic and calls its Initialize method.
• From there, the VetClinic object coordinates the
system
• Now we’re doing Pure OO Programming
50. Pure Object Oriented Programming
• There is no main algorithm in charge.
• Control is decentralized among various objects.
• Everything in the program is an object.
• A root class “gets things started.”
• The root class is not “in charge”; instead it
invokes some method, beginning a chain reaction
of objects calling methods provided by other
objects.
• Requires a slightly different way of thinking:
centralized control vs. distributed control.
59. Typical Operations
Class AddButton inherits Button
...
Procedure Listen
// Activated when mouse button pressed
ResultBox.SetContents(
TopBox.GetContents +
BottomBox.GetContents)
endprocedure
This type method “listens”
for an event to occur
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61. Typical Operations
Class CalcWindow inherits Window
...
Procedure Initialize
// Starts everything up
super.Initialize
AddIn(ClearButton)
AddIn(AddButton)
AddIn(TopBox)
AddIn(BottomBox)
AddIn(ResultBox)
endprocedure
Where the buttons and boxes
are located is magic
LB
62. Starting it all up
theWindow isoftype CalcWindow
theWindow.ShowAt(LOCX, LOCY)
This code would appear in some
kind of special initiation construct:
A root class or a startup main or whatever.
LB
64. A Vehicle Dealership Example
Queue of Vehicles
Car Truck
Dealership
User/Customer
65. Other Pure OO Examples
• Interactive programs
• Graphical, windowed interfaces
– Mac OS, Windows, etc.
• Event-driven programming
• Complex database applications
66. Summary of Structured Programming
• Break down the problem.
• One module per sub-problem.
• Each module has one task.
• Each module has a interface of
parameters.
• A main algorithm is “in charge” of
program.
• Local data dies, must pass back to main.
67. Summary of Hybrid- vs. Pure-OO
• Hybrid-OO programming means:
– Structured algorithms, main in charge.
– Use of OO constructs (classes-&-
objects)
• Pure-OO or Real-OO programming means:
– No main in charge.
– Decentralized, distributed control.
– Everything is an object.
69. Pseudocode to Java
class Simple
public
Procedure Initialize()
// PPP
procedure setValue(newVal isoftype in Num)
// ppp
function getValue returnsa Num()
// PPP
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70. Pseudocode to Java
protected
value isoftype Num
Procedure Initialize()
value <- 0
endprocedure
procedure setValue(newVal isoftype in Num)
value <- newVal
endprocedure
function getValue returnsa Num()
getValue returns value
endfunction
endclass
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71. Java version
class Simple {
private int value;
// ppp
public void Simple() {
value = 0;
} // Constructor
// ppp
public setValue(int newVal) {
value = newVal;
} // setValue
// ppp
public int getValue() {
return value;
} // getValue
} // Simple
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