2. Definition
• Is any sort of injury to brain,
skull, or scalp. This can range
from a mild bump or bruise
to a traumatic brain injury.
Head injuries may be either
closed or open.
3. Major types of head injuries
1.Hematoma
• A hematoma is a collection, or clotting, of blood
outside the blood vessels. It can be very serious if
a hematoma occurs in the brain. The clotting can
cause pressure to build inside the skull, which
causing can lose consciousness or result in
permanent brain damage.
4.
5. 2. Hemorrhage
A hemorrhage is uncontrolled bleeding. There can be bleeding in the space
around the brain, which is a subarachnoid hemorrhage, or bleeding within the
brain tissue, which is an intracerebral hemorrhage. The severity of
intracerebral hemorrhages depends on how much bleeding there is, but over
time any amount of blood can cause pressure to build.
6. 3. Concussion :- A concussion is
a brain injury that occurs when
the brain bounces against the
hard walls of the skull.
Generally speaking, the loss of
function associated with
concussions is temporary.
7. 4. Edema :- Any brain injury can lead to edema, or swelling.
Many injuries cause swelling of the surrounding tissues, but
it’s more serious when it occurs in the brain. The skull can’t
stretch to accommodate the swelling, which leads to a
buildup of pressure in the brain. This can cause the brain to
press against the skull.
8. 5. Skull fracture
Unlike most bones in the body, the
skull doesn’t have bone marrow.
This makes the skull very strong and
difficult to break. A broken skull is
unable to absorb the impact of a
blow, making it more likely that
there will also be damage to the
brain.
9. 6. Diffuse axonal injury
A diffuse axonal injury, or sheer
injury, is an injury to the brain that
doesn’t cause bleeding but does
damage the brain cells. The
damage to the brain cells results in
them not being able to function
and can also result in swelling,
causing more damage.
10. Causes of head injury
1- Motor vehicle accidents
2- Falls from high
3- Physical assaults
4- Sports-related accidents
11. Signs and symptoms of head injury
1- a headache
2- a spinning sensation
3- mild confusion
4- nausea
5- temporary ringing in the ears
6- a loss of consciousness
7- seizures
12.
13. 7. vomiting
8. balance or coordination problems
9. serious disorientation
10. an inability to focus the eyes
11. abnormal eye movements
12. a loss of muscle control
13. a persistent or worsening headache
14. memory loss
15. changes in mood
14. Diagnosis test for head injury
1.clinical feature
2.physical examination
3.laboratory study e.g. blood test
4.head X-ray
5.CT –SCAN
6.MRI
15. Management of head injuries
A. Medicine treatment
1. Mild injury Mild traumatic head injuries usually
require no treatment other than rest and over-the-counter
pain relievers to treat a headache. A person with a mild
traumatic head injury usually needs to be monitored
closely at home for any persistent, worsening or new
symptoms.
16. 2. Immediate Emergency care:- for moderate to
severe traumatic head injuries focuses on making sure the
person has an adequate oxygen and blood supply,
maintaining blood pressure, and preventing any further
injury to neck. People with severe injuries may also have
other injuries that need to be addressed
17. B. Medications: use medications to limit secondary damage to the brain
immediately after an injury may include:
• Diuretics. These drugs reduce the amount of fluid in tissues and
increase urine output. Diuretics, given intravenously to people with
traumatic brain injury, help reduce pressure inside the brain.
• Anti-seizure drugs. People who've had a moderate to severe
traumatic brain injury are at risk of having seizures during the first
week after their injury. An anti-seizure drug may be given during the
first week to avoid any additional brain damage that might be caused
by a seizure. Additional anti-seizure treatments are used only if
seizures occur.
18. . Coma-inducing drugs.
Use drugs to put people into
temporary comas because a
comatose brain needs less oxygen to
function. This is especially helpful if
blood vessels, compressed by
increased pressure in the brain, are
unable to deliver the usual amount of
nutrients and oxygen to brain cells.
19. C. Surgery: Emergency surgery may be needed to minimize additional
damage to brain tissues. Surgery may be used to address the following
problems
Removing clotted blood (hematomas). Bleeding outside or within
the brain can result in a collection of clotted blood (hematoma) that
puts pressure on the brain and damages brain tissue?
Repairing skull fractures. Surgery may be needed to repair severe
skull fractures or to remove pieces of skull in the brain.
Opening a window in the skull. Surgery may be used to relieve
pressure inside the skull by draining accumulated cerebral spinal
fluid or creating a window in the skull that provides more room for
swollen tissues.
20. Pertussis
(Also known as whooping cough or 100-
day cough) is a highly contagious
bacterial disease. Initially, symptoms are
usually similar to those of the common
cold .This is then followed by weeks of
severe coughing fits, following a fit of
coughing, a high-pitched whoop sound or
gasp may occur as the person breathes in.
The coughing may last for 10 or more
weeks
21. Causes and Incubation period of
pertussis
The time between exposure and the
development of symptoms is on average
7–14 days (range 6–20 days), rarely as
long as 42 days.
Pertussis is caused by the bacterium
Bordetella pertussis. It is an airborne
disease which spreads easily through the
coughs and sneezes of an infected person
22. Signs and symptoms
1. paroxysmal cough
2. Fever, vomiting after coughing.
3. subconjunctival hemorrhages,
4. Sneezing, or a runny nose.
5. Urinary incontinence
6. Vertebral artery dissection
7. Hernias
8. Pneumothorax.
9. Cyanosis
10.Rib fractures
23. Treatment of pertussis
Medical Management
1. Following the schedule for giving antibiotics exactly as prescribed The antibiotics of
choice are azithromycin, erythromycin (Erythrocin), or clarithromycin (Biaxin). The
antibiotic trimethoprim sulfate (Bactrim) may also be used.
2. Treatment underlying cause such as cough and fever.
3. Keeping the home free from irritants – as much as possible – that can trigger
coughing, such as smoke, dust, and chemical fumes.
4. Using a clean, cool mist vaporizer to help loosen mucus and soothe the cough.
5. Practicing good hand washing.
6. Encouraging patient to drink plenty of fluids, including water, juices, and soups, and
eating fruits to prevent dehydration (lack of fluids).
24. 7. Report any signs of dehydration to doctor
immediately.
These include
• Dry and sticky mouth,
• Sleepiness or tiredness, or thirst.
• Decreased urination, few or no tears when crying,
• Muscle weakness, headache
• Dizziness or lightheadedness.
8. Encouraging the patient to eat small meals every few
hours to help prevent vomiting
25. Complications of pertussis
1. Dehydration or weight loss due to feeding difficulties in infant
2. Abdominal hernias
3. Pneumonia
4. Slowed or stopped breathing
5. Bruised or cracked ribs
6. Seizures
7. Brain damage
