Security Issues In International Relations Are Best...

Security Issues in International Relations Are Best...
'Security Issues are Most Effectively Addressed by a Neo–Realist Approach to International Relations.' Discuss.
Security has been the source for much debate within International Relations; ranging from the optimum way to provide security, through to the
definition of security itself. Neo–Realism has, in the past, been the dominant approach to security issues within International Relations. However, in the
past few decades events such as the end of the Cold War, international terrorism and globalisation have dramatically changed the world, which has only
intensified the debate over which approach most effectively addresses security issues within International Relations. This essay seeks to argue that
although, at one time it may have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Neo–liberals are prepared to go to war but it is generally accepted as a last resort, with the use of economic sanctions the preferred security method; the
belief of peace via co–operation. Neo–liberals view sanctions as a means of preventing a 'rogue' state from violating the international norms (Martin,
1992). The neo–liberal understanding of the international community lies within increasing interconnectedness and the utility of international
institutions such as the EU and UN. The security of Israel has weakened in recent years due to threat posed by Iran and their suspected research into the
development of nuclear weapons. In 2005 the EU imposed trade sanctions on Iran due to resuming of nuclear activities (European Commission, 2012).
A form of collective security occurs when all states stand to lose something from war; collective insecurity leads to security. Kant would argue that even
though the international system is anarchic, alliances and treaties still exist as a form of power and security. Buzan (1991) takes this further stating that
although economic activity can generate many different factions within in a state, the international economy itself becomes powerfully tied together
trade, finance and communication.
As previously mentioned, neo–realists place an emphasis upon security via military power, and whilst there is no denying that military security is
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International Organization For Standardization Information...
Information Security
As a kind of resources, information has the character of universality, sharing, value–added, hand–liability and multiple utilities and these advantages
make information has special significance for human beings. The essence of information security is to protect information systems or information
resources in the information network from various types of threats, interferences and damages. According to the definition of international organization
for standardization, information security is mainly refers to the integrity, availability, confidentiality and reliability of the information. Every country,
government department or industry all must attach great importance to the problem of information security as it is a national security strategy which
should not be ignored. However, for different departments and trades, the demand for information security and the key is distinguishing. The scope of
information security itself is very wide, such as the problem of preventing the disclosure for commercial enterprises, the problem of preventing
teenagers from browsing on bad information and the problem of personal information leaking. The information security system under the environment
of network is the key to guarantee information security, including computer security operating systems, all kinds of security protocols, security
mechanisms and the security systems. Any bug in above systems will threat the global security. I will discuss the issue of

The International Security Threat Report
The "International Security Threat Report" provides data on cybersecurity attacks and threats throughout 2012. The report shows that there was a
42% increase in targeted attacks (page 10). Although the types of attacks have been evolving, the number of people affected and the amount of
damage has increased. Cyber attacks have evolved in such a way that allows them to be a large threat for citizens, businesses, and governments.
Cyber attacks have been putting the privacy and information of citizens at risk through mobile malware. From 2011 to 2012 the amount of mobile
malware increased by 58% (page 12). The mobile malware was used to steal the the user 's' information 32% of the time (page 33). This is especially
dangerous considering people increasingly use their phones to store personal information. Cell phones are tied to the owner's phone contract, which
offers an additional way for the hacker to cause financial damage to the phone's owner. Cell phone users can decrease the risk of having their private
information stolen and their device compromised by installing security software on their cell phones, but that does not get rid of the risk altogether.
Social media has also increased the security threat for citizens. In the past cyber criminals and spammers have attempted to steal information and scam
users through spam emails, however, because of the increasing popularity of social media networks, cyber criminals and spammers have been using
emails less and

The Realm Of Military Power And International Security Essay
Socialization in the realm of military power and international security The fact that states are socialized through endogenous and exogenous variables
is impossible to deny. This socialization, Finnemore argues, leads states to accept new norms, values and perceptions of interest. These shifts are
frequently felt on a global scale as perceptions of interest alter state relationships and vice versa. Military interests are merely a reflection of states
interests; therefore, these newly adopted norms and values inevitably seep into the realm of military power and international security. However,
military values prioritize the security of the state first and foremost, therefore, certain norms and values are either accepted later than the rest of a
state's society, or simply never accepted. An example of this would be women not being allowed to hold front–line infantry positions or certain
high–level special operations roles in the military. Women not being able to hold certain positions in part due to a fear that they will 'interfere with
group cohesion', does not accurately reflect the social norms and values we value so highly as a country; such as gender equality. International
security is also heavily affected by adoptions of new values and norms seeing as states interact with other states, based on their perceptions of them.
These perceptions are in turn shaped by the shared norms and values of that state's society and how their interests are perceived. Norms are social

Global Security And International Global Economy Essay
Introduction
Over the past decade, the world economy has been in trouble having to face multiple critical situations. In the world we live in today, it seems
impossible to only choose one of 'most' critical challenges we are facing in our international economy. The amount of conflicting challenges the global
economy is dealing with is absurd. A few major issues are: Environmental Security, Global Corporation, Political war/conflict,Globalization and so
much more. Needless to say global security and international organization (IO) are needed more than ever to help maintain a stable global economy.
This paper will show why global security and IO is critically needed yet is not being effectively helping regulate the issues list above. Ultimately, this
paper will suggest new ways to approach this critical issue the economy is facing today.
Background
To gain an understanding of the upbringing of these challenges, we must first define what the international global economy is and the events that took
places. It was developed by global interdependence of economic flows that connects to the global economy world. Some consider it as 'economic
sensitivity', which is controlled by global management that set the norms, standards and needs for the international global economy. Looking at the
historical events that took place in, can help explain why we are facing these critical challenges today. The evolution in terms of the changes in forms
of governance, affairs and outcomes

International Relations And Security : Is Security The...
PPR: 221 International Relations and Security
1. What is security? Is security the ultimate value?
When an individual thinks of security, one of the first thoughts is that of warfare or the protection from. To be secure from attack from foreign
governments or non–state violent actors. However, security is much more encompassing. One can look into Buzan's five areas of security, military,
political, economic, societal, and environmental, to begin to define what security actually encompasses.
Military security is the most common thought when discussing this topic. Military security means that the state has offensive and defensive
capabilities to protect the state and its people from attack, and also to protect the state's or individuals' interests abroad. Without this security, a state
would be very vulnerable, and thus this is one of the most important securities. Citizens should not live in fear of foreign invasion due to the lack of
reasonable defences. Political, societal, and economic security are the least thought of securities. Political security meaning that the government you
live under is stable and has legitimacy to rule. It must be able to operate with the best interests of citizens put first. Societal security is an interesting
form of security. It is the security of national language, culture, religion, etc., and also of individual and minority groups within the nation. Also,
economic security is extremely important. It is hard to define economic security in a

International Security During The Middle East
August 2, 2015, marked the 25th anniversary when Iraq invaded Kuwait. This even had a significant role becoming an impact towards American
foreign policy for the past 25 years.The United States quickly acted upon the invasion by heading towards the Middle East after the Iraqis and Kuwait
fiasco.President Barack Obama implicated a policy that focuses on international security in the Middle East, the policy issued a budget cut. It is very
vital that America's Global leader take a stand in the Middle East against ISIS.Throughout this essay, I will talk about international security in the
Middle East. How does the security of the Middle East connect to the international security system and what is Iran 's position in this process? And
how the focus on US foreign policy is dealing with ISIS threat.
In consideration of September 11 attack global security increased due to the Iraq crisis, Iran's solidification on global security in the Middle East had a
big shock on both a regional and international security perspective and became the center of attention for both fields. The United States range of
vision was focused in the West pertaining to the Arabs from a political security and geopolitical standpoint which shifted the regional power and
political side in favor of Iran.As a consequence, this position the United States was in had a pessimistic aftermath on the United States, they had a
critical concern dealing with the regional allies in the Middle East and Isreal point.The

Is The Threat Of International Security?
Is ISIS a threat to international security? ISIS is a threat to international security because they attack, murder, torture and slaughter innocent people,
villages and cities. ISIS sees itself as the "Islamic Caliphate" and controls lots of land in western Iraq and eastern Syria. They also pledge "allegiance"
from different radical Islamic groups around the world. ISIS started from U.S. invasion of Iraq in 2003. Saddam Hussein fighters were left without a
job, and they were furious. Al Qaeda chose to capitalize on their anger and established al Qaeda in Iraq, to wage an insurgency against U.S. troops in
Iraq (Saddam was secular, but his intelligence and military supporters were able to make common cause with the jihadis of al Qaeda). ... Show more
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"By late 2014, the Pentagon was claiming that over 20,000 ISIS supporters had been killed by its air war. If this estimate is remotely accurate, then
ISIS should be very badly affected and in retreat from much of the territory it holds."(Par 3). Although many ISIS fighters are being killed from air
war, they 've yet to retreat from land where they are getting hit from. "Fighting the terrorist group ISIS from the air is coming at a high price for US
taxpayers – about $11 million per day, according to the latest Defense Department Data. The air war has cost the US about $5.5 billion total since it
began in August 2014. The Military Times noted that the daily cost of the war has jumped about $2 million since June."(Par 1&2 from Business
Outsider). Although the repetitive airstrikes on ISIS may be costly, they are necessary in the fight to let them know we won 't stand down and we will
keep fighting.
"My testimony today will focus on comparing Al Qaeda and the Islamic State. I argue that Al Qaeda and its affiliates remain a threat to the U.S.
homeland, while the Islamic State's danger is more to the stability of the Middle East and U.S. interests overseas. Much of their rivalry involves a
competition for affiliates, with both trying to spread their model and in Al Qaeda's case to ensure its operational relevance. For now the Islamic
State's focus is primarily on Iraq and Syria and to a lesser degree on other

Role Of International Health And Security Organisation
ESUS 3
Coursework Essay
Final Draft
Title:
Assess the role of international health and security organisation in responding to global epidemics. Focussing on two specified organisations, and based
on your findings; indicate which strategies, must be placed in order to ensure preparedness for future epidemics.
Epidemics Prevention
Word count: 1553
Student name: Ali Alnassir
Student number: 2260914
Tutor: Dominika Comas
Submission date: 26.07.2016
The world is facing an increase and a spread of global epidemics. For instance, 214 million people are infected with Malaria and around 430,000
deaths by 2015 (WHO, 2015). Moreover, in 2014 according to the WHO, there were 1.9 billion adults were overweight (ibid), and there ... Show more
There are environmental factors impact the spread of infectious diseases, and the main aspects are water supply, hygiene services, food, and
climate. An absence of safe water, a lack of sanitation facilities, loss of living situations, and insecure food would cause suffering or possible
death. Instances of epidemics are Obesity, HIV, Cholera, and Malaria (Peterson, 2002). Malaria is caused by parasites, which are organisms live on
or in a host, and get food from the same host, and the main affection come along by mosquitoes. Additionally, not all type of mosquitoes can cause
that transfer of bugs to people of bite them. Only one type of female mosquitoes called Anopheles mosquitoes, which transmit parasite called
Plasmodium from infected people due to blood needed to grow their eggs (WHO, 2015). These parasites live and grow inside the mosquito 's
salivary glands. Moreover, when a mosquito goes for the next bite, the parasite injected into another human blood as a second host. The growth of the
parasite multiply quickly at the infected human liver, and then moved back to the red blood cells. In a short period, approximate one or two weeks
some of the malaria symptoms are starting to illustrate like vomiting, headache, and fever. At that situation, patients should be treated rapidly with

actual medicines, or that massive spread of the parasites can destroy the red blood cells, which cause blocking the

Security and The International System Essay
Some scholars have remarked that the rise of globalism and international non–state actors has ushered in an age where the traditional tools of
international relations are no longer necessary. Rather than states competing with each other with the preverbal sticks, whether it be military force,
economic sanctions, partnering with other nations to deter potential aggressors, the new Post–cold war world will be dominated with carrots. States will
engage each other in positive–sum relations of trade and cooperation. This however was only able to flourished because of the unrivaled military
supremacy of the United States. Without the United States as a global hegemony, traditional political instruments will not see a decline but rather an...
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However, unlike John Mearsheimer's offensive realism theory, the United States was relatively benign. At the end of World War II, the United States
was the only country with the atomic bomb, the only major power with its industrial base intact, and capital to invest into other countries. With
exception to the Warsaw Pact, the United States saw no reason to become a threat allowing other power to bandwagon with the United States in
accordance with Stephen Walt's balance–of–threat thesis. Through the containment of the Soviet Union, these institutions took root and created a
convergence of the world's nations under the United States. With the only potential rival collapsing in 1991, the security of the United States military
allowed nations to focus resources on economic development rather than military forces. With nations cooperating with one another for economic
progression rather than competing, traditional international instruments became less important. Military force, diplomatic pressure, and alliances are
all actions for the security of a nation. With the relatively assertive United States at the head of a uni–polar international system, there was no need for
significant military expenditures, and changes in the international balance of power. This ultimately lead to Francis Fukayma's overly optimistic call
for an "End of History." However, regional rivals to United States military supremacy are arising

The issue of security has long been the preoccupation of...
The issue of security has long been the preoccupation of international relations. It has been argued that there is no common concept of security and
disagreement in the normative and methodological approach. In the simplest form, the core of security is survival, and consequently a lack of threat. In
terms of international relations, the state has been the main referent object of security. Arnold Wolfers proposed the definition of security as the
"(security), in an objective sense, measures the absence of threats to acquired values, in a subjective sense, the absence of fear that such values will be
attacked"." In the traditional approach, threats to security comes from a hard power source and is framed through a national security ... Show more
For Ullman, a security threat was defined as "an action or sequence of events that, (I) threatens drastically . . . to degrade the quality of life for the
inhabitants of a state, or (II) threatens significantly to narrow the range of policy choices available." While the state remains the referent object,
Ullman's definition alludes to the necessity of expanding the threats to beyond a military dimension. Under this understanding of security, a state faces
threats from a range of sources; which include external and internal physical disturbance, but also events such as natural disasters, health epidemics and
a shortage of raw materials. As the Cold War was winding down, the concept of a broadened or widened began to once again emerge in security
discourse. The end of the Cold War signalled a paradigm–shift in international relations for many scholars of security studies. Barry Buzan described
the state of international relations in 1991 with," strong signs that the security agenda among the great powers will be much less dominated, perhaps
not dominated at all, by political/military issue." With the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the risk of military conflict was seen as low risk. A
notion reflected after a 1990 NATOsummit meeting resulting in a new strategic concept for the alliance, with stated, "With the radical changes in the
security situation...It is now possible to draw all the consequences from

How committed is Canada, with respect to environmental...
In Canada, concerns involving environmental security are not the top priority. But due to recent research, Canada must be more strongly committed to
environmental security due to increasing environmental problems internationally. There are many ways Canada can stay committed to environmental
security, for example, increased funding to Canada's Department of National Defence's Environment Department. Also to stay committed to increased
access and support to Voluntary Environmental Programs across Canada. Finally to completely stay up to world standards in environmental security,
Canada must implement an effective environmental planning system. Throughout the essay, the topic at hand will be if Canada is able to implement
these actions to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The main type of contamination is hydrocarbons. Over a long period of time, Canada has used a lot of fuel and has used many fuel storage facilities,
as these storage facilities age, hydrocarbons form and are lethal to the environment. A notable hydrocarbon clean up was the Distant Early Warning
(DEW) line, which contained 21 contaminated radar military sites. Currently, eight of them are clean and two are currently being cleaned. If these sites
were ignored, the surrounding environment would be a wasteland and no economic benefit would be derived from that area (Stones, 2004).
Even though the DND's Environment Department seems to be working hard, Canada's environment is still being affected by war even though there has
not been one here in the 20th century. In 2003, Canada's military was called in to protect the environment because the Environment Department failed
to follow federal environmental laws to protect habitats. The department simply does not have the personnel or resources to complete all the
environment concerns across Canada (Bow, 2004). The most important thing to know about the DND's Environment Department is that it lacks
funding because, when it comes to the Canadian Government, it is not of main concern. The Canadian Government is focused too much on short term
issues and not focused enough on long term issues such as

Maintenance Of International Peace And Security
The exact phrase "maintenance of international peace and security" is used eight times in the United Nations Charter, but now almost seventy years
after the founding of the organization the international organization's competence in pursuit of this lofty goal is still subject to debate. The charter of the
United Nations gives the Security Council the sole power determine the existence of a threat to world peace and prescribe course of action needed to
be taken against it. The five permanent members of the Security Council each have the power to veto any action by the council. Requiring the
concurrence of five powers with diverse and wide–reaching interests makes any decisive action quite difficult to come by. However the Security Council
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Collective security was a principal goal of the League of Nations and its principal failure. When Japan invaded Manchuria and Italy invaded Ethiopia,
the League condemned the actions, but none of its members mobilized military force to rollback the aggressors. Unlike the League, the United Nations
has united the militaries of its several of its members beneath its banner to defeat an aggressive state. However such action has only occurred twice and
only when the proverbial stars aligned.
When North Korea invaded South Korea on June 25, 1950, a young UN was faced with the first real test of its commitment to collective security. An
emergency session of the Security Council sans the Soviet Union passed a resolution drafted by the American delegation, which asserted that North
Korea has violated the United Nations charter by invading South Korea and authorized the use of force. A coalition force under American leadership
and the banner of the United Nations was mobilized. It successively repelled the assault, which had nearly destroyed the fledgling South Korean
republic and pushed back North Korean forces to their original borders. The American–dominated force continued its advance in attempt to destroy the
North Korean state (Stoessinger, 69–85). This new chapter of the war was in violation of the UN charter. Article 2 of the United Nations charter
prohibits both it and its member states from the "use of force

Security Concerns With Having An International Company
There are main security concerns with having an international company. I will be discussing some of those vulnerabilities. So you need to understand
that the company culture needs to bridge the gap on these issues so the company can stop these vulnerabilities, so the companies culture needs to direct
and guide against these issues.
I will use the list from Heimdal Security story "10 Critical Corporate Cyber Security Risks – A Data Driven List" The first concern is the "failure to
cover cyber security basics Zaharia (2016)". With emerging counties entering the market place they are new to the security basic. They are so eager to
prove themselves as equals to their peers in the advanced countries they cut corners to prove themselves. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The third concern is "lack of cyber–security policy Zaharia (2016)". With different counties there are local laws they have that will not apply to other
countries. As in the United States there are different laws for each state there are also common laws. So they will have to make sure that thy have a
common policy and that find the local risk. Each country should have their own security governance committee. These committee needs to use the
common policy and create ones that comply with local laws.
The fourth concern is "confusing compliance with cyber security Zaharia (2016)". In the United States people think that they are good at cyber
security when they follow company policies. We as IT professionals should make sure all countries we work with are security minded and look for
improvements.
The fifth concern is that people can be "the weakest link Zaharia (2016)". Most cyber–attacks are inside jobs. The employee is motivated by number of
reasons money, curiosity, revenge, or for the fun of it. So protecting sensitive information is what companies in multiply country need to do.
The sixth concern is employees using their own device at work Zaharia (2016). According to the article 93% of companies allow their employees to
use personal device at work. So this in itself is a big security risk. Virus, malware and other programs can be attached to these devices and breach
security. My company has a no personal device use policy. I see the reason for

Peace Negotiations in International Security
Post–Cold War era is marked by the dominance of peace negotiations in international security, and Middle–east (ME) being a conflict area for a long
time, got adequate focus. Tale of oil rich ME is a story of conflicts having Israel–Palestine issue at the core, and the stability and peace of this region
largely hinged on to the solution of this issue. So far, a number of unsuccessful initiatives have been taken by world community for the solution of the
issue. 'Roadmap for peace' was one of such initiative, initially coined by USA, which calls for a two state solution. Like other past initiatives this also
turned into a failure. Though the share of blame for failure goes to all stake holders, however, USA got the large share of blames from international
community due to her bias stance towards Israel. This biasness is driven from long drawn USA–Israel relationship built upon factors like sympathy for
Israel within USA, mental alikeness, strategic importance of Israel, influences of Israeli Lobby etcetera. Though all these factors have their role in
shaping US foreign policy in ME but many argue that Israeli Lobby plays the most dominant role. In this essay an endeavour will be made to discuss
biasness of USA towards Israel in Israel–Palestine peace process and discuss USA–Israel relationship as the basis of such biasness, using Roadmap
(2003) as case study. In the process, it will first discuss peace negotiation in general, followed by discussions on Roadmap and the role and

International Security: Bert The Weapon
Bryson Thomas December 1, 2016
International Security "Be sure to remember what Bert the turtle is about to teach us friends because everyone of us must remember to do exactly
what he does. That's what today is all about. Duck and Cover. Bert the turtle is very cautious and it even saves his life. That's why we are learning
to duck and cover today. We all know that the atomic bomb is very dangerous and since the Soviet Union may use it against us, we must all be
ready". This is a quote from an official civil defense film made by the Federal Defense Administration to teach kids what to do in the event of a nuclear
attack. The threat of the atomic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Article 5 is perhaps the most important and highly debated article in the treaty and it generally states that an attack against one country is an attack
against them all This language was, at first, unacceptable to America because it implied that an attack against another country immediately warranted
military action from the other member countries. The United States did not want to be obligated to provide any aid so they were forced to
reevaluate the wording of the article. In 1949, they finally agreed on the official wording for Article 5, which kept the same premise that "an attack
against one... shall be considered an attack against them all" but they added the phrase that an attack warranted "such action as deemed necessary".
The slight difference in wording implies that the individual countries are not obligated to provide military aid but instead can respond in whatever
way that they deem fit. And so, after agreeing on the official wording of the document, the Washington Treaty, which is the treaty that signified the
creation of NATO, was officially signed on April 4, 1949 and was signed by all 12 founding countries. While this ended the controversy of creating the
alliance, the issues did not end

The Un Security Council : An International Organization
The UN Security Council, which is one of the United Nations five main organs, has the tools to limit ISIS's power. And down the road effectively
defeat them, as they are the most powerful international organization. However, the UN Security Council could also use some reconstruction in
certain areas, as the structure and how things operate need to change. The threat of ISIS has dramatically undermined stability in Iraq and frankly, all
of the Middle East. ISIS poses as a huge threat to peace and security for people of many countries, all around the globe. As many are aware, ISIS day
in and day out continues to commit abuses of human rights and violations of international law. International powers need to collaborate and find
solutions to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The group has used 21st century technology to spread its extremist ideologies to incite many different types of terrorist acts. The one international
organization and major actor that needs to address ISIS is the UN Security Council. The question is what tools does the UN Security Council have to
limit their power, and money that is continually streamlined in. Consequently, the Security Council currently only deals with states, therefore it is a
difficult proposition for the organization to intervene with ISIS. However, in the past, the council "calls upon the parties to a dispute to settle it by
peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of settlement"(Security Council UN). Furthermore, the Security Council has the
right to impose sanctions and use force to restore peace around the globe. It was noted in UN Security Council Resolution 2170, "terrorism can only
be defeated by a sustained and comprehensive approach involving the active participation and collaboration of all States... which is why our first
priority is to encourage others to join in this important endeavor." Back in 2014, the Security Council put forth a few plans to defeat and limit the
power of ISIS. The UN Security Council also worked with NATO to lay these solutions out. The first solution is providing military support to our
middle east partners and allies like Hungry. Secondly, the UN Security Council and

The United Nations : International Organization That Would...
McKayla Monthei
Section A06
Jasmine Brooks
November 4, 2014
The United Nations During 1945, after the Second World War, 51 countries committed to maintaining an international organization that would maintain
peace and security. This organization became known as the United Nations. TheUnited Nations' work reaches every corner of the world to help achieve
better living standards and human rights ("UN at a Glance"). Although the United Nations has not fully completed their work, they have made some
improvements to the world in which we live today. Peacekeeping is commonly defined as the use of military forces by an international organization, to
prevent two or more countries from fighting. In a peacekeeping situation, the United Nations ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Peace enforcement is different because this is when a conflict has already broken out and the United Nations needs to help with dissolving the
conflict. Collective security is different because it is when the United Nations identifies an aggressor and engages them with military force to defeat
the attacker; instead of trying to maintain peace and making it so countries do not fight (Rourke, 363). In all of these situations, the United Nations
may use military force to accomplish these goals of peace. The United Nations have had a hard time trying to perform all of these tasks because of the
way that it is set up. The UN has five permanent members, the United States, Russia, China, France, and Britain. All of the permanent members are
able to veto any resolutions that are presented to the UN Security Council. This means that for a resolution to pass, no permanent member can veto the
resolution, and to get all members to agree is not a simple task. To label the United Nations as being successful or unsuccessful, there should be
criteria to compare to. The criterion I think are important to gauge the United Nations' success are, what is possible, progress, and world opinion. Now,
let's look at some ways that the United Nations' has enforced peacekeeping, peace enforcement, and collective security. The United Nations has had
many peacekeeping missions, a few are The United Nations Organization in the Congo, and the United Nations

The International Telecommunication Union ( Itu ) Defines...
Today our society has evolved beyond the expectations of our founding fathers. Humans flying through the air from destination to destination, being
able to send information almost instantaneously, to receiving high definition photos of the furthest celestial bodies known in our solar system, our
technology has literally and figuratively rocketed the human race into the future. While our technology becomes increasingly more advanced so does
the ability to steal information from these systems. Cyber Security is one of the biggest threats our nation faces as we become more dependent on the
use of technology in our day to day lives.
What is Cyber Security? The International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defines Cyber Security as "Cybersecurity is the collection of tools,
policies, security concepts, security safeguards, guidelines, risk management approaches, actions, training, best practices, assurance and technologies
that can be used to protect the cyber environment and organization and user's assets. Organization and user's assets include connected computing
devices, personnel, infrastructure, applications, services, telecommunications systems, and the totality of transmitted and/or stored information in the
cyber environment." (ITU, 2008) Cyber–attacks have become ever prevalent in our society as the use of cell phones, emails, and computers become
our primary source of sending and receiving information. To fully understand Cyber Security, we must delve into the history of

Case Study Of George Rosebush Job Situation At Nomura...
A.In General:
The case study is about George Rosebush job situation at Nomura Securities International (NSI). In which Mr. Rosebush found himself working as an
American sales trader. The company is based in Japan, but with intentions of entering the American market. They opened an office in New York and
that is where Mr. Rosebush finds a job as a sales trader. The cultural shock Mr. Rosebush finds himself with is bigger than what he could have thought
of. The Japanese make business in a much different way Americans do. To this he finds himself not knowing what to do and frustrated with the
situation he is living in the company.
B.In Detail:
George Rosebush is an American sales trader working with Nomura Securities International in New York. He has preview work experience in selling
individual accounts and tax–sheltered annuities. When he first knew Nomura needed to hire traders to replace Mark Blanchard and Steve Montana he
applied to the job and after this he had his first interview on July 1986 and consequently started working that same year for Nomura. He had no
intentions on moving up in the company and was more concentrated on the fact on gaining experience in the business. He was set to work with
Franqois, who worked as a retail broker before working at Nomura, in the American Equities Department where they ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When he got the job he started working on a very low level, not even the job position he was hired to perform. He did not have much to do and his
first boss, Mike, did not give him much to do. When his boss was changed to Mr. Yamaguchi things were even worse. He wanted to change things in a
way that was not going to be effective for the company and made George do things he did not feel comfortable about. Having the company go through
problems with the stock market and political risks did not make the company run very

The Field Of International Security Studies
Technical Terminology
In understanding the field of international security studies, an array of technical terms and concepts must first be defined. Throughout this research
paper I will be using various terminology relating to the cyberspace and its struggles when evaluating the magnitude of potential cyber threats.
Lucas Kello is an associate of the Science, Technology, and Public Policy Program's of the Cyber Project for Harvard University's Cyber Project.
Kello is a Harvard undergrad with a master 's and doctorate in International Relations from Oxford University. Kello states that certain aspects of the
cyberspace – such as the analysis of code – belong to computer specialists. Kello also points out that other scholars tend to ... Show more content on
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Malware : Commonly referred to as malicious software that is designed to interrupt computer functionality and/or to gain access to sensitive data. As an
umbrella term, malware includes things such computer viruses, Trojans, spyware, and other malicious programs. Malware can and often is designed
to create access ways into an adversary 's computer or to attack it, sometimes both. Therefore, using malware is seen as an instrument of hostility as it
can also be implied. Almost every cyber hostile action uses malware.
Botnets : Botnets have been described as the "Swiss Army knives of the underground economy" because they are so versatile. Botnets, or "Bot
Networks," can be remotely controlled from the attackers location anywhere in the world. Allowing them to send commands via the Internet to the
hundreds or thousands of computers infected with malicious code. As these infected computers are taking "hostage" into actions meant to disrupt or
block Internet traffic for the targeted victims, also to harvest information, or to distribute spam, and viruses.
Originally Botnet codes were distributed as infected email attachments, although in recent years users have grown more cautious. In more recent times
through technological advancements, attackers, and cyber criminals have changed and advanced their

The Current International Security Environment
The current international security environment requires that the Joint Force transition its focus from counterinsurgency (COIN) operations to ensuring
it rebalances to execute core functions. Joint Force 2025 must be primarily organized, trained, and equipped to deter and defeat existential threats and
state adversaries in major combat operations (MCO). Secondarily, the Joint Force must be able to respond to other lower intensity crises that threaten
U.S. interests. The current resource constrained environment requires each of the Services to prioritize how they will contribute to meeting those ends.
Further, this force will also assume risk given the innumerable security challenges throughout the range of military operations (ROMO). This ... Show
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The 2014 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) recognizes the challenges presented by this transitional period and offers three pillars as a strategic
framework within which to rebalance the Joint Force. These are to protect the homeland, build security globally, and project power and win decisively.
These pillars link the four enduring national interests with the role of the military as the protection and projection instrument of national power. The
first pillar is tied directly to the foremost national interest of preserving the security of the U.S., and to the core objective of the military to deter and
defeat attacks on the country. The second and third pillars are linked to the remaining national interests of an open international economy, respect for
universal values, and rules–based international order. Collectively, these three pillars implicitly task the Joint Force with ensuring that the U.S. can
protect itself and defeat adversaries, and as a global leader, project power and influence, and protect its interests in an unstable international
environment. The likelihood of facing an attack, existential or otherwise, from an adversary state is seemingly low but the Joint Force cannot expect to
stand idle given the many immediate security challenges that threaten national interests around the world. This force should be of sufficient size and
capability to defend the

The Security Council And International Law
Introduction
There has been difficulty in defining terrorism in international law due to "changes in terrorist methodology and the lack of any precise definition of
the term 'terrorism'" . The United Nations General Assembly also condemned acts of terrorism without defining it. Therefore a functional approach had
been adopted through treaties dealing with the forms of terrorism considered to be unacceptable. Although, it is agreed upon in international law that
terrorism is unlawful, it is not addressed whether it is a casus belli, an unlawful act that justifies a military response. There is a general duty for states to
act thoroughly to avert the performance of violent and terrorist acts within its territory. However, this duty is breached when governments support
terrorism or fails to apprehend terrorists.
This essay seeks to analyse the justiciability of military force under the Security Council Resolution in two different circumstances which will be seen
under part (i) and part (ii) below.
The essay will firstly discuss the Security Council's (SC) role in maintaining international peace and security through Article 2(4) and whether terrorism
allows for the use of force under self–defence. It will then explain how the use of force against a State can be balanced with the violation of a State 's
territorial integrity through customary law elements. The other sources of international law that influence the justiciability of force against terrorism
include jus cogens and

The Problems Faced By The International Students Without A...
CHAPTER 2
Review of literature: The problems faced by the International students without a Social Security Number at Pittsburg State University.
Introduction
The study conducted by Savage (2007) describes when international students arrive in the United States, students are challenged by the many issues:
language, academics and they have to adjust to many things like living, making communication, cultures, weather, transportation because they vary
from one region to another region (Savage, 2007) The other types of difficulties international students face when they move to USA are finding a place
to live, communicating with foreign citizens, adjusting to the teaching style and getting essential utilities for their daily needs. Finding new people to
making friends with is also important for international students in order to build their social status. Discrimination is another issue that mainly
international students have to overcome (Savage, 2007). Other tasks international students have to figure other than studying are finding a job,
obtaining a Social Security Number and obtaining a driver's license. International students also face difficulty in adjusting to the new transition in their
studying environment. Due to the language barrier, international students may feel uncomfortable while interacting with office workers in order to
obtain SSN's and also in fulling their daily needs (Savage, 2007).
Difficulties as an International Student:
Language Barriers:
Cheung

The International Peace And Security
Article 2(4) of the UN Charter prohibits States from resorting to use of force, by stating, "All member States shall refrain in their international relations
from the threat of the use of force against the territorial integrity or political independence of any state, or in any other manner inconsistent with the
Purpose of the United Nations". On the other hand, Article 51 affirms an inherent right of States to self–defence, approvingly, "Nothing in the present
Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self–defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until
the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security.........". While maintenance of ... Show more content on
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Amongst others is the applicable interpretation of an 'armed attacked ' as espoused by Article 51 of the UN Charter. Furthermore, Kohen has
questioned the precondition for necessity and proportionality, under customary law, as a response of self–defence. Most importantly and of relevance
to this essay, the customary law of state responsibility, specifically, if a State is liable for the actions of the planning of terrorist activities, within their
sovereign territory by non–state actors (nSA). This essay intends to give a theoretical exposition regarding the state responsibility for the conduct of
nSA by drawing its analysis from the Nicaragua Case, the Tadic Case and the International Law Commission draft articles on state responsibility. It will
then discuss the implications of imputing the conduct of Al Qaeda to the State of Afghanistan (SoA) by the U.S., and whether the U.S. flouted the
international law, is so, did it do so with impunity.
Section 2: State Responsibility under International Law
Al Qaeda is not a State, nevertheless, the attacks against the U.S. were classified as "a threat to international peace and security" by the Security
Council Resolution 1368, which could potentially denote a judgement to take "measures.......in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or
restore international peace and security." However, the discernment favoured by the right in Article 51, is explicitly accorded in response to an

International Terrorism And The Security Of The United...
This essay will explore the argument that international terrorism represents the greatest threat to the security of the United Kingdom. It will begin by
defining, within the context of this essay, what is meant by the concepts of national security, terrorism and international terrorism, and how international
terrorism threatens our nation through both direct and indirect means. Throughout, it will identify a snapshot of the current gamut of security threats to
the United Kingdom and analyse, through these threats, how international terrorism poses the most substantial menace to the security of the United
Kingdom. To the military minded individual, it could appear that the notion of national security is limited to the threat posed by physically violent or
military action. However, as a matter of policy, the United Kingdom defines national security as 'the security and well–being of the United Kingdom as
a whole'(REF). This includes the security of the nation's social security, economic stability, power of diplomatic influence, and the physical security and
well–being of the United Kingdom's population. Terrorist activity is no longer limited to direct physical attacks on the state in order to achieve their
cause and as will be explored further in this essay, threats to national security are evolving into more indirect methods in order to undermine the nation's
well–being. For way of definition, and for the purpose of this article, terrorism can be described as the use

Nuclear Atomic Facilities And International Security
INTRODUCTION
Since 2002, when the international community discovered the undeclared nuclear facilities and the magnitude of the Islamic Republic of Iran 's
nuclear programme, several international players and Western countries have focused their efforts on hindering its nuclear agenda. Although the
Iranian government has always stressed its civilian objectives, the programme has been considered an important challenge to the non–proliferation
regime and international security.
Accordingly, there has been an extensive debate among scholars and policymakers about the consequences of a nuclear Iran, ranging from claims that it
will destabilise the region to a more optimistic view that it will ensure a nuclear balance. This essay will argue ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In order to address the impact of a nuclear–armed Iran in the ME, this essay will be divided into three sections. Firstly, the genesis of the nuclear
programme and its main drivers will be analysed. The second section will examine the strategies applied by the international community to counter
Iranian nuclear ambitions. Finally, it will discuss the possible consequences of a nuclear Iran, specifically, the theoretical debate, the lack of incentives
for a nuclear domino, with special reference to Israel and others key countries and, lastly, the factors which could lead to a deepening of the current
regional instability.
IRAN'S NUCLEAR AMBITIONS
The origins of the Iranian nuclear programme are found in the Shah regime, and can be dated back to 1957 when the government signed a nuclear
cooperation agreement initially with the United States (USA), and subsequently with Germany and France. Henceforth, the regime was able to develop
a structure to support a programme, which produced knowledge and trained human capital. The arrival of the revolution halted Tehran's nuclear
aspirations for two key reasons: the suspension of nuclear assistance from the West, and an alleged contradiction of the policy with the new regime.
Later, however, the eight–year war against Iraq, acted as a strong motivator for the regime to resume the programme. As Kayhan Barzegar stress, Iran 's

Airport Security Ethics : International Security
Airport Security Ethics
Brandon Yates
Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University
Introduction
On September 11, 2001, the world of aviation and airport security became drastically different. Since the attacks the government, Department of
Homeland Security (DHS), has amped up airport security by creating the TSA (Transportation Security Administration). In essence, the TSA is
responsible "for security at the nation's airports and deployed a federal workforce to screen all commercial airline passengers and baggage"
(Transportation Security Overview, 2015).
Ethical Issues The TSA, in recent years, has come under fire for some unethical behavior by some of their agents. Many times on the news, I recall
hearing agents that abuse their trust with the American public by singling out people that are attractive for body pat–downs. As Joe Davidson (2012),
of The Washington Post, stated, "AtNewark Liberty International Airport, 44 Transportation Security Administration (TSA) employees face
disciplinary action on charges related to screening misconduct." He later updated and affirmed that eight of those agents were relieved of their duty.
Deeper in the post, Davidson (2012), mentioned three more airports with a total of 114 agents under investigation.
However, it is not only the stories about the attractive person pat–downs. The full–body pat–downs of children have become an issue that many people
are disgusted by and are calling for a stop. "[A video on YouTube], uploaded

The Maintenance Of International Peace And Security
General James Jones, former head of EUCOM says that "We are attempting to avoid Africa from becoming the next Afghanistan or Iraq," (Paterson,
2008, p. 15). The maintenance of international peace and security are the main responsibilities of the UN. The UN Security Council plays a critical
role in peacekeeping. Many peacekeeping operations have been operating all around the world since the UN was established. However, most of the
peacekeeping operations have been taking place on the African continent more than other continents. The continent of Africa has become increasingly
violent since the end of World War II and the situation has changed to be larger and more complex. As a result, around 8 million African people have
died in different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that some of the UN missions have received many restrictions from the host country authorities. Before the mission starts, the responsibility of
the country's leaders is to make the special agreement with the UN. The agreement is signed between the UN and the leaders of the government. Based
on the agreement, the host nation's leaders must support the UN peacekeeping operations in order to establish a safe working environment. The
peacekeepers are supposed to achieve all tasks without any constraints from the host country authorities. Nevertheless, in some cases, this agreement is
violated by political leaders of the country. For instance, in the Darfur crisis, Al–Bashir, who is the president of Sudan, played to local fear. He said that
the "UN forces did not really provide peace in Darfur because they wish to recolonize Sudan and the UN military has a secret agenda" (Paterson,
2008, p. 18). Additionally, in 2004, the African Union (AU) peacekeepers begun to arrive in Darfur. The mission's name was AU Mission in Sudan
(AMIS) and was composed of about 7,500 soldiers and police from Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, and South Africa (Paterson, 2008). After two years, the
UN and AU decided that the AMIS peacekeeping should be taken over by a UN force. The government of Sudan, headed by Omar al–Bashir, rejected
any collaboration with the UN and noted that international military forces on its terrain would disrupt its independence (Paterson,

International Security And International Law Essay
International security studies offer several concepts to facilitate comprehension of the complex international order. Transnational identities, balance of
power and international institutions and law are the most applicable concepts to describe the international security system. They best reflect the
thinking of political leaders even in contrary forms of governments in different parts of the world, in sum, they consider the most dominant paradigms
in the study of world politics and they supplement each other in executing a variegated set of policies. This essay will discuss those concepts following
their related main actors from individuals via states to international organizations. Each paragraph gives a short characterization of the respective
concept, links it with the most appropriate paradigm and shows the application of the concept in both democratic and more autocratic states while
referencing the other concepts.
The concept of transnational identities is mainly associated with the paradigm of constructivism and describes both the essential politics of the
democratic United States of America (USA) in internal and foreign affairs and the behavior of the more autocratic governed state of Iran in the Middle
East. The term transnational identity stands for identities or ideologies based on culture. In addition, the beliefs and values do not necessarily align
with national borders. On the one hand, the identities depend on the interests and preferences in the

The Maintenance Of International Peace And Security
General James Jones, former head of EUCOM says that "We are attempting to avoid Africa from becoming the next Afghanistan or Iraq," (Paterson,
2008, p. 15). The maintenance of international peace and security are the main responsibilities of the UN. The UN Security Council plays a critical
role in peacekeeping. Many peacekeeping operations have been operating all around the world since the UN has established. However, most of the
peacekeeping operations have been taking place on the African continent more than other continents. The continent of Africa has become increasingly
violent since the end of World War II and the situation has changed to be larger and more complex. As a result, around 8 million African people have
died in different ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is clear that some of the UN missions have received many restrictions from the host country authorities. Before the mission starts, the responsibility of
country's leader 's is to make the special agreement with the UN. The agreement is signed between the UN and the leaders of the government. Based on
the agreement, the host nation's leaders must support the UN peacekeeping operations in order to establish a safe working environment. The
peacekeepers are supposed to achieve all tasks without any constraints from the host country authorities. Nevertheless, in some cases, this agreement is
violated by leaders of the country. For instance, in the Darfur crisis, Al–Bashir, who is the president of Sudan, plays to local fear. He said that the "UN
forces were not really providing peace in Darfur because they wish to recolonize Sudan and the UN military has a secret agenda" (Paterson, 2008,
p. 18). Additionally, in 2004, the African Union (AU) peacekeepers begun to arrive in Darfur. The mission's name was AU Mission in Sudan
(AMIS) and was composed of about 7,500 soldiers and police from Nigeria, Rwanda, Senegal, and South Africa (Paterson, 2008). After two years, the
UN and AU decided that the AMIS peacekeeping should be taken over by a UN force. The government of Sudan, headed by Omar al–Bashir, rejected
any collaboration with the UN and noted that international military forces on its terrain would disrupt its independence (Paterson, 2008).

International Organizations And Collective Security
The United Nations has worked to maintain peace and stability in the global community, but has experienced numerous failures in establishing a
system of collective security. The purpose of this paper is to analyze why international organizations, such as the UN have been ineffective in
achieving their goal of establishing a system of economic, political, and social stability via a collective security system. First, a brief discussion of
the history of the UN and collective security is provided. Second, a discussion about the ineffectiveness of the UN is provided. Third, a discussion of
the issues facing the global community is provided. Lastly, a discussion of how the issues of collective security will impact economic development in
less developed countries.
The United Nations was established on the idea of creating a system that used collective security. Collective security is a state of interdependence that
prevents one nation–state from imposing on the rights of another without consequences on a global political, economic, and social scale. In recent
years, the UN has acknowledged an increasing need for a system on the basis of developing a system that would protect the sovereign rights of the
states. Collective security is a principle ideology that catalyzed after WWII. After WWII, world leaders saw the need to develop a system that would
prevent any other major war or conflict. After the First World War, The League of Nations (1920), an intergovernmental organization

Questions On The Law Of International Peace And Security
Although article 16 of the ICC's statute provides for deferral, the deliberations of the Kenyan deferral requests bring out critical legal issues and
gaps that need to be addressed. Article 16 reads as follows, 'No investigation or prosecution may be commenced or proceeded with under this Statute
for a period of 12 months after the Security Council, in a resolution adopted under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations has requested the
Court to that effect; that request may be renewed by the Council under the same conditions'. This therefore means the major consideration before a
deferral is arrived at is whether an investigation or prosecution is a threat to international peace and security or not. However, from the analysis of this
study, the two deferrals by UNSC and two non–deferrals shows a different picture as the issue of the threat of international peace and security was not
extensively considered by the UNSC. In the Kenyan situation, there was an attempt to examine whether its request met the threshold in article 16 but
as noted by the Argentina representative, this issue was not given proper attention. In fact, the representative stated that, 'her delegation had abstained
because it was the Council's duty to interpret strictly whether the trial posed a threat to international peace and security, and Argentina did not think it
did.' By not analysing whether the Kenyan situation was a threat to international peace and security and especially by those

The National Security Strategy : An Evaluation Of...
American National Security Strategy:
An Evaluation of International Relations Theories
The National Security Strategy (NSS) of the United States of America has several international relations theories interwoven throughout the document.
The three most prominent theories contained specifically in the section outlining America's strategic approach are, realism, liberalism, and
constructivism. The most distinctive theory expressed within the NSS "Strategic Approach" section is liberalism; however, the current liberalist
strategy by the Obama Administration as reflected in the May 2010 NSS is an ineffective approach for security of the nation against foreign state and
non–state actors. Although, the Liberalist theory permeates the Obama administration's documented strategy within the NSS, in a realist fashion the
document defines the primary American interest as, security of the country, its citizens, and its partners. Liberalism has a negative impact on national
security, as the theory does not sufficiently address future threats to a states' sovereignty. Through the lens of liberalism, the U.S. national strategy and
policy is advantageous for gaining popular support among political constituents, allies, and citizens because it appeals to the rights of humanity.
Liberal thought as defined by Fiedler and LaSaine, "begins with the premise that individual human beings are the prime actors or agents in history."
Thus, liberalism is the merging of individuals for the

Building A Structure And Architecture Of International...
organisation. As stated at the Moscow Summit in 2003, the SCO's view is that today it is more important than ever to pool the efforts of the
international community in a search for ways of jointly building a structure and architecture of international security for that 21st century that would be
acceptable to all nations.
Mention the member countries and other nations with different statuses.
Organising the SCO: structure and working
Today the organisation is a permanent and fully intergovernmental entity in international law. It has established decision–making organs that are active
on a daily basis; the higher level bodies however, still meet annually. Depending on the issue, there are also Councils consisting of different Ministers,
members of the judiciary or enforcement agency leaders. The Declaration on the creation of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001 is the
document which establishes its existence on a legal basis and states the purposes the organisation was created for.
Amongst the numerous goals of multidisciplinary cooperation, Article 1 of the Charter mentions the following: "to promote human rights and
fundamental freedoms in accordance with the international obligations of the member States and their national legislation; to maintain and develop
relations with other States and international organizations". Moreover Article 2 containing the Principles declares the "SCO [is] not directed against
other States and international organizations". It

International Security And Peace Management
Introduction The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) occupies the position of leading supranational entity in charge of upholding international
security and peace. Members of the UN Security Council vote on various global security and peace issues. Debates ranges on the functional
effectiveness of UN Security Council in the maintenance of International security and peace. Controversy also ranges on the democratic
representativeness of the UN Security Council, particularly in the election of members from across the globe (Aloisi, 2013). The democracy of the UN
Security Council is the most controversial topic in International Security and Peace management, particularly on the politics surrounding the UN
Security Council veto powers.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Is United Nation Security Council Decision–Making Protocol Rational? Each Security Council member has a single vote, and all decisions of the
Council are decided by a popular vote of nine members. Procedural questions are taken by nine votes from any of the Council member state
representatives, whereas all other issues require an affirmative vote of all the five permanent members besides the nine vote majority rule. Any of the
five permanent member states can hence block the adoption of Council decision on what is infamously referred to as "veto power." The veto power
can prevent the adoption of any Council decision in a matter that involves their interests. As largely as expected, the institution of "right of veto" at
Yalta Conference was met with a worldwide outcry for its violation of the fledging balance of the UN Charter.United States proposal for the
withholding of "right of veto" of a permanent member party embroiled in a conflict was ratified but only for non–coercive intervention decisions. The
thin line between procedural issues and other issues in paragraph 2 and 3 of Article 27 of the Charter has been another major bone of contention.
Acrimony in the debate on two contentious paragraphs is further infuriated by the Charter's prohibiting the Security Council from establishing an
accurate line that separates procedural issues and other issues (De Wet, 2013). Interpretation of paragraph

Security At G20 : Global Leaders, Governors, And...
SECURITY AT G20
ABSTRACT
Global leaders, governors and International delegates convened at the biggest gathering ever held in Queensland, the northern state of Australia. With
over 85% of the world economies present at the event, the city witnessed an unprecedented security & safety arrangements. This global platform
attracted activists & protest groups to voice their fears over major political, social & environmental issues. Over 26 protest groups had registered with
the police for peaceful action and demonstration during the event. As a result, Brisbane CBD was under complete lockdown with heavily fortified
zones. [1]
COMPLEXITY:
The first step towards planning security at the G20 is assessing the potential risks & concerns. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[3]
The act imparts unprecedented powers to security personnel, affecting civic, social and economical aspects around the "restricted zones", thus causing
a complexity in governance.
B. Stakeholders:
Residents, businesses and institutions in "restricted zones" are gravely affected and are forced to conduct in a manner aligned to the security
arrangements. Global leaders, regional heads, security agencies and participating organizations work cohesively during the course of the event, in a
secure environment under certain guidelines.
C. Interdependence:
Various security agencies comprising of Queensland Police, Out of state police, Army and security agents of participating nations rely on information
transfer, common protocols and individual intelligence information during the course of the event.
D. Dynamism:
Coordination between various security agencies and their interdependence for information exchange hugely impacts on their synergy and reactions. [4]
The system of system approach qualifies the following systems as autonomous and independent. They comprise of Crowd control, Protective security,
Motorcade and motorcycle escorts, Services, Road closures, Perimeter security, Monitoring of alcohol, drugs and offensive weapons, Traffic
management, etc.

COORDINATING ACTION:
The G20 will see the most sophisticated agencies working together to ensure the safety & security of all the stakeholders. These agencies will be

The Un Security Council Is The Primary Subsidy For...
Since its establishment, the United Nations has played a vital role in total global development. As stated by the UN, their roles and responsibilities
consist of maintaining international peace and security through the prevention of conflict and coming up with solutions if ever in conflicting scenarios
through peacekeeping efforts. Their UN Security Council is the primary subsidy for international peace and security; promoting sustainable
development by working to bridge social, economic, or cultural disparities, and "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for
fundamental freedoms for all" (What we do, United Nations); protecting human rights and making such a key aspect and value of the Organization;
upholding international law through the usage of courts, multilateral treaties, and tribunals to ensure that international law is being upheld; and to
deliver humanitarian aid, which is one of the main principles the UN was founded on: "to achieve international co–operation in solving international
problems of an economic, social, cultural, or humanitarian character" (What we do, United Nations).
Let's give a scenario that outlines the role of the United Nations for clarification. If say tension with importers and exporters of The Gambia and
Senegal would arise, which it has, given the river that divides the country–it would be in the role of the United Nations to sit representatives of both
nations down and to establish an agreement so both parties leave

Information Security Standards : Shaping An International...
Nova Southeastern University
Circuits of Power in creating de jure Standards: Shaping an International Information Systems Security Standard
Instructor:
Dr. Gurvirender Tejay
Done By:
Abdullah Elzallal
Due Date:
09/21/2015
Research Problem
Information Security is one of the critical fields in the protection of data in all institutions. The quality of information security department depends on
some internal and external factors. An article written by Backhouse, Hsu and Silva in 2006 addressed many factors regarding information system
security. The research problem of the paper was focused on comprehending how power operates in establishing and institutionalizing standards.
According to Backhouse et al. (2006) there is little information known regarding the impact of power and politics on institutionalizing an informal
group comprising of security chiefs and setting legal standards for information system security standards. The authors sought to understand how the
circuits of power operate in creating legal standards in information security system (Backhouse, Hsu, & Silva, 2006). Moreover, the research was driven
by the desire to understand the role of external contingencies, resources, powerful personnel, and membership of social and institutional groups in
enhancing fruitful political outcomes. The study was aimed at identifying and examining the influence exogenous risks in facilitating the development
of a standard from an idea and eventually into an obligatory

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