· Write 1 page about each topic. APA for 1 source at least · Respond to classmates post in 2 small 5 sentence paragraphs · pg. 550, Critical thinking- acid-fast bacterium · pg. 624- critical thinking, gonorrhea · pg. 574- critical thinking- periodontal disease P.540 Question 18.1 (Todd)classmate response #1 When a baby’s hand touches something hot and quickly pulls it back, is it the central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, or both at work? Why do you think so? The human nervous system can be divided into two parts: the central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS). The central nervous system is made up of the spinal cord and the brain, while the peripheral nervous system is everything else, right down to the pain sensors in your big toe. These two systems work together to basically control everything you do. As you know, the brain is where all the decisions happen. This includes both the conscious decisions you make, like moving your hand to pick up your cell phone, and the unconscious ones, like increasing your heart rate when you’re exercising . The peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying out these actions – these are completed through motor neurons, which move your hand or stimulate the muscles of the heart , and sensory neurons which tell you that you’ve done it. While you might think that your mind works quickly, and it does, because of its incredible complexity (there are as many as 100 trillion connections in the human brain), some simple tasks can take longer than they should. In the case of a potentially hazardous scenario, every nanosecond count, and that’s why the reflex arc, as it’s known, bypasses the brain. Instead, the decision is made in the spinal cord. Normally, nerves of the PNS feed into the relative safety of the spinal cord where they travel up to the brain, and once the brain has decided upon a response, different nerves carry that response back down the spinal cord and out to the relevant area. In the case of the reflex arc, however, the nerve goes into the spinal cord and the stimulus is of such magnitude that small neurons called interneurons realize that action needs to be taken immediately and feed the response straight back into the motor neurons of the PNS and the necessary action is carried out. Your brain will still of course realize what has happened, but the actual sensation of heat and the realization of what’s happened will often occur around the same time, or just after the reflex arc has caused your hand to release the plate. The speed of the reflex is incredible, with the reaction to touch stimuli occurring in just 15 milliseconds, claims a study published in Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine. Other examples of a reflex arc include the knee jerk response your response to touching something sharp, and the multitude of tiny actions that help you to maintain balance and posture. So, to answer the question is the central nervous system at wor.

1. · Write 1 page about each topic. APA for 1 source at least
· Respond to classmates post in 2 small 5 sentence paragraphs
· pg. 550, Critical thinking- acid-fast bacterium
· pg. 624- critical thinking, gonorrhea
· pg. 574- critical thinking- periodontal disease
P.540 Question 18.1 (Todd)classmate response #1
When a baby’s hand touches something hot and quickly pulls it
back, is it the central nervous system, peripheral nervous
system, or both at work? Why do you think so?
The human nervous system can be divided into two parts: the
central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system
(PNS). The central nervous system is made up of the spinal cord
and the brain, while the peripheral nervous system is everything
else, right down to the pain sensors in your big toe. These two
systems work together to basically control everything you do.
As you know, the brain is where all the decisions happen. This
includes both the conscious decisions you make, like moving
your hand to pick up your cell phone, and the unconscious ones,
like increasing your heart rate when you’re exercising . The
peripheral nervous system is responsible for carrying out these
actions – these are completed through motor neurons, which
move your hand or stimulate the muscles of the heart , and
sensory neurons which tell you that you’ve done it.
While you might think that your mind works quickly, and it
does, because of its incredible complexity (there are as many as

2. 100 trillion connections in the human brain), some simple tasks
can take longer than they should. In the case of a potentially
hazardous scenario, every nanosecond count, and that’s why the
reflex arc, as it’s known, bypasses the brain. Instead, the
decision is made in the spinal cord. Normally, nerves of the
PNS feed into the relative safety of the spinal cord where they
travel up to the brain, and once the brain has decided upon a
response, different nerves carry that response back down the
spinal cord and out to the relevant area.
In the case of the reflex arc, however, the nerve goes into the
spinal cord and the stimulus is of such magnitude that small
neurons called interneurons realize that action needs to be taken
immediately and feed the response straight back into the motor
neurons of the PNS and the necessary action is carried out.
Your brain will still of course realize what has happened, but
the actual sensation of heat and the realization of what’s
happened will often occur around the same time, or just after
the reflex arc has caused your hand to release the plate. The
speed of the reflex is incredible, with the reaction to touch
stimuli occurring in just 15 milliseconds, claims a study
published in Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine.
Other examples of a reflex arc include the knee jerk response
your response to touching something sharp, and the multitude of
tiny actions that help you to maintain balance and posture. So,
to answer the question is the central nervous system at work
because reflex arc contact with the hot pot triggers the start of a
series of events in the body to evoke a response. At the point of
contact with the hot pot, skin receptors quickly send nerve
impulses (electrical) to the spinal cord (central nervous system)
via sensory neurons.
Source: Phillips, Harry. “How Does the Body Respond to
Touching Something Hot?” Health24, 24 Nov. 2014,
www.health24.com/Lifestyle/Healthy-Nerves/How-does-the-

3. body-respond-to-touching-something-hot-20141124.
Emily classmate response #2
p. 549: Listeria Meningitis (Listeriosis)
COLLAPSE
Listeria meningitis, or Listeriosis is a bacterial infection of the
brain that is typically caused by the ingestion of food which
contains the bacteria Listeria monocytogenes. Foods most
commonly contaminated by the bacteria are deli meats and
unpasteurized milk. The virus mimics many flu-like symptoms
in the first few days of infection. These symptoms include
fever, fatigue, muscle aches and headaches. This is especially
true in women who are pregnant. As the bacterial infection
spreads to the nervous system, the symptoms begin to mimic
those of other meningitis viruses including neck pain/stiffness,
confusion, and severe headaches.
The CDC considers events where 2 or more people have become
sick with diagnosable foodborne illnesses originating from the
same food product, a widespread foodborne outbreak. Since
2011, the CDC notes that there have been 15 widespread
documented outbreaks. Of these outbreaks, deli meats and
unpasterized or "raw" milk have counted for a substantial part
of these. Each year an estimated 1,600 people are infected with
the bacteria, while 260 die.
This bacteria has adaptations that make it hard for the host cell
immune system to fight the invading bacteria. The begin,
Lasteria uses a mechanism called Phagocyosis to invade the
body. This means the bacteria enters the body by adhering to
the host cells and then breaking out of the phagosome and then
into the cytoplasm. The host cell must have especially strong
cellular immunity to fight this invading bacteria. This bacteria

4. also has an adaptation where it invades the host by hiding in the
anti-body meditated immune response. This makes it difficult
for the host cell immune system to fight the bacteria.
This is especially true in patients with compromised immune
systems such as elderly patients, those who are pregnant (which
make up 15% of cases), and patients with diseases like AIDS.
Pregnant women are at especially high risk, but the bacteria can
also spread across the placenta putting their unborn babies at
risk as well. This can lead to neural defects, spontaneous
abortion, or premature birth. These patients are all at risk for
developing severe complications related to Lasteria meingitis,
due to its properties and their compromised immune function.
As cellular immunity becomes compromised, the bacteria begins
to multiply and spread throughout the body without control.
https://www.cdc.gov/listeria/index.html