2. Early Flight Attempts:
◦ The history of aircraft structures begins with
early flight attempts, including kites, gliders, and
designs by inventors like Leonardo da Vinci in
the 15th century. These early aircraft were often
made from lightweight materials like wood and
fabric.
The Wright Brothers (Early 20th Century):
◦ Orville and Wilbur Wright made a significant
breakthrough in 1903 with the first powered,
controlled, and sustained flight. the Wright
Flyer, featured a biplane design with a wooden
frame and fabric covering.
World War I (1914-1918):
◦ World War I saw the use of biplanes and
triplanes made of wood and fabric. Used for
reconnaissance and combat.
3. World War II (1939-1945):
◦ World War II accelerated advancements in aircraft structures. Aluminum
became the dominant material, and aircraft like the Super marine Spitfire
and Boeing B-17 Flying Fortress were iconic examples of the era.
Supersonic Flight (1950s-1960s):
◦ The pursuit of supersonic flight led to the development of aircraft like
the North American X-15 and the Concorde, with advanced
aerodynamics and materials.
Composite Materials (Late 20th Century):
o The late 20th century saw the increasing use of composite materials,
such as carbon-fiber-reinforced composites, which offered lightweight,
high-strength options for aircraft structures.
4. Modern Aerospace Industry (21st Century):
◦ Modern aircraft like the Boeing 787 Dream liner and the Airbus
A350 are built with advanced composite materials and feature
sophisticated structural designs, driven by computer-aided design
and manufacturing technologies.
Ongoing Innovation (Present):
◦ Today's aerospace industry continues to push the boundaries of
technology, exploring 3D printing, nonmaterial, and other cutting-
edge technologies to enhance the efficiency, safety, and
sustainability of aircraft structures.
5. There are five major stresses which all aircraft are subjected:
Tension
Compression
Torsion
Shear
Bending
6. Fixed-wing aircraft, also known as airplanes, are a type of
aircraft that generate lift and thrust through the use of
wings and engines. They differ from rotary-wing aircraft,
which generate lift and thrust by rotating blades.
Here are some key features and components of fixed-wing
aircraft:
Wings: Fixed-wing aircraft have wings that generate lift
when air flows over them. The shape and design of the
wings, including their airfoil shape and size, play a crucial
role in determining the aircraft's flight characteristics
7. Fuselage: The fuselage is the main body of the
aircraft and houses the cockpit, passenger cabin,
cargo hold, and various systems and equipment. It
provides structural support and stability to the
aircraft.
Engines: Most fixed-wing aircraft are powered by jet
engines or piston engines. Jet engines are common in
commercial and military aircraft, while piston
engines are used in smaller general aviation aircraft.
8. Tail Section: The tail section of an aircraft typically includes a vertical
stabilizer and a horizontal stabilizer. These control surfaces help stabilize
and control the aircraft's pitch and yaw movements.
Control Surfaces: Fixed-wing aircraft have control surfaces that include
ailerons on the wings (for roll control), elevators on the horizontal
stabilizer (for pitch control), and rudders on the vertical stabilizer (for yaw
control).
Cockpit: The cockpit is the area where the pilot and sometimes co-pilot or
flight crew operate the aircraft. It contains controls for navigation,
communication, and flight management.
9. Figure :Various wing design shapes
yield different performance
Rectangular Wing: This is a simple, straight wing
design , the leading and trailing edges are parallel. It is
commonly found on many general aviation and training
aircraft.
Tapered Wing: They have a wider chord at the root and
gradually narrow toward the tip. This design reduces
drag and improves performance at higher speeds. It's
often seen on faster aircraft like business jets.
Canard Wing: They are small forward wings
located in front of the main wing or fuselage.
They provide additional lift and control.
Elliptical Wing: They are characterized by an
elliptical planform. This design minimizes
induced drag and is known for its efficiency..
10. Figure: Wing attach points and wing dihedrals.
Figure :“Left” and “right” on an aircraft are oriented to
the perspective of a pilot sitting in the cockpit.
11. They are critical structural components in the wings of fixed-wing aircraft.
They are load-bearing members that run from the root to the tip of the
wing and are responsible for distributing the aerodynamic forces, such as
lift and drag, to the rest of the wing structure.
Key characteristics and functions of wing spars include:
Load Distribution: Wing spars transfer the various loads experienced by
the wings during flight, including the lift generated by the wings, the
weight of the aircraft, and aerodynamic forces like turbulence and gusts.
12. Stiffness and Rigidity: Spars provide stiffness and rigidity to the
wings, which is essential for maintaining the wing's shape and
preventing deformation under load.
Fuel Storage: In many aircraft, especially smaller ones, the wing
spars may incorporate fuel tanks, allowing the wings to double as
storage for aviation fuel. This design maximizes the use of space in
the aircraft.
Aerodynamic Efficiency: The design of the spar, along with its
placement and size, can influence the aerodynamic efficiency of the
wing.
13. There are several types of spars used in aircraft, including:
Box Spar: A box spar is a closed, rectangular or box-like structure that forms a strong and
rigid frame. It is a common design for high-wing aircraft and provides excellent torsional
strength and support.
I-Beam Spar: The I-beam .spar has a cross-sectional shape resembling the letter "I." It is
commonly used in low-wing and mid-wing aircraft. The upper and lower flanges of the I-
beam provide strength, while the vertical web provides stiffness.
D-Box Spar: It is a variant of the box spar and is often used in the main wing of gliders. It
consists of a D-shaped frame with the curved side facing forward to minimize drag
14. Wing ribs are essential structural components in the wings of fixed-wing aircraft. They are responsible for shaping
and supporting the wing's airfoil, Here are the key functions and characteristics of wing ribs:
Airfoil Shape: Wing ribs provide the wing with its desired airfoil shape. The airfoil shape is crucial for generating
the necessary lift to keep aircraft aloft. Ribs create curvature & contours of the wing, ensuring that it has the right
camber and angle of attack to produce lift efficiently.
Support for the Wing Skin: The skin or covering of the wing is attached to the wing ribs. The ribs help distribute
the aerodynamic forces and loads experienced by the wing, including the lift generated during flight and the drag
created by the airstream.
Structural Support: Ribs play a role in maintaining the overall structural integrity of the wing. They help distribute
the loads, particularly the bending loads, from the wing's spar to the rest of the wing structure.
Figure :Examples of wing ribs
FFFFFFconstructed of wood
16. The wing skin, also known as the wing covering, is the outermost layer of an aircraft's wing. It serves as the
protective and aerodynamic surface that covers the wing's underlying structural components, such as the wing ribs
and spars.
The wing skin is an integral part of the wing's airfoil, and its design plays a significant role in the aircraft's
performance and efficiency.
17. Here are the key functions and characteristics of the wing skin:
Aerodynamic Shape: The wing skin is responsible for shaping the
wing into an aerodynamic airfoil. The airfoil shape is critical for
generating lift when the aircraft is in flight. It ensures that the wing's
upper surface has the right curvature & angle of attack to create lift as
air flows over it.
Smooth Surface: The wing skin is designed to be smooth and free of
irregularities. A smooth surface reduces aerodynamic drag, which is
crucial for maintaining the aircraft's performance and fuel efficiency.
18. Protection: The wing skin acts as a protective barrier, shielding the
internal wing structure from environmental elements, such as rain,
snow, and bird strikes. It also protects the aircraft's fuel tanks and
other systems located within the wing.
Weight and Structural Efficiency: The wing skin is designed to be
lightweight, as excessive weight can negatively impact an aircraft's
performance. However, it must also be strong enough to withstand
the forces and stresses encountered during flight.
Maintenance and Inspection: The wing skin may require regular
inspection and maintenance to ensure it remains in good condition.
Aircraft technicians and engineers assess the skin for signs of wear,
damage, and corrosion. Any issues are addressed to maintain the
aircraft's structural integrity
19. Figure : The skin is an integral load carrying part of a stressed
bbbbbbskin design
Figure : Fuel is often carried in the wings.
20. It seems you are referring to "nacelles." Nacelles are an important component of an aircraft and are
commonly found on jet engines. They serve several crucial functions in the context of aviation:
Figure :The honeycomb panel is a staple in aircraft construction. Cores can be either constant thickness (A) or tapered (B).
jjjjjjjjjjjjjjjTapered core honeycomb panels are frequently used as flight control surfaces and wing trailing edges
21. Housing for Engines: Nacelles are the streamlined enclosures that house the aircraft's engines, such as
turbofan or turbojet engines. They provide protection to the engines from the external environment,
including weather conditions, and help maintain the overall aerodynamic shape of the aircraft.
Aerodynamic Efficiency: Nacelles are designed to reduce drag and improve the aircraft's aerodynamic
efficiency. By enclosing the engines in a streamlined shape, nacelles help minimize air resistance, which
contributes to better fuel efficiency and overall performance.
Noise Reduction: Nacelles also play a role in reducing engine noise. They are equipped with acoustic
treatments and sound-absorbing materials that help muffle the loud noises produced by jet engines,
making air travel more comfortable for passengers and minimizing noise pollution in communities
surrounding airports.
Inlets and Outlets: Nacelles have inlets at the front to allow air to flow into the engine for combustion.
The shape and design of these inlets are carefully engineered to optimize engine performance. At the rear
of the nacelle, exhaust outlets direct the hot gases produced by the engine backward.
Thrust Reversers: Some nacelles, especially on commercial jetliners, are equipped with thrust
reversers. These are mechanisms that, when deployed after landing, redirect engine thrust forward,
helping to slow down the aircraft and reduce landing distance.
23. Nacelles are an important component of an aircraft and are commonly
found on jet engines. They serve several crucial functions in the context of
aviation:
Housing for Engines: Nacelles are the streamlined enclosures that house
the aircraft's engines, such as turbofan or turbojet engines. They provide
protection to the engines from the external environment, including
weather conditions.
Aerodynamic Efficiency: Nacelles are designed to reduce drag and
improve the aircraft's aerodynamic efficiency. By enclosing the engines in
a streamlined shape, nacelles help minimize air resistance, which
contributes to better fuel efficiency and overall performance.
Noise Reduction: Nacelles also play a role in reducing engine noise. They
are equipped with acoustic treatments and sound-absorbing materials that
help muffle the loud noises produced by jet engines, making air travel
more comfortable for passengers.
Figure : An engine nacelle firewall.
24. Inlets and Outlets: Nacelles have inlets at the front to allow air to flow into
the engine for combustion. The shape and design of these inlets are carefully
engineered to optimize engine performance..
Thrust Reversers: Some nacelles, especially on commercial jetliners, are
equipped with thrust reversers. These are mechanisms that, when deployed
after landing, redirect engine thrust forward, helping to slow down the
aircraft and reduce landing distance.
Mounting Points: Nacelles also serve as the mounting points for the
engines. They are attached to the aircraft's wings or fuselage, providing the
necessary support and structural integrity for the engines.
Heat Dissipation: Nacelles are designed to manage and dissipate the heat
generated by the engines. Efficient cooling is crucial to prevent overheating
and maintain the integrity of the nacelle structure.
Figure : Cowling on a transport category turbine engi
llllllllllllllllnacelle
25. Flight control surfaces in aircraft are movable components that are designed
to control the orientation and direction of an aircraft in flight.The primary
flight control surfaces on most fixed-wing aircraft include:
1) Ailerons: Ailerons are hinged control surfaces on the wings, typically
located near the trailing edge of each wing. They work in pairs, with one
aileron moving up while the other moves down to create a rolling motion.
2) Elevators: Elevators are usually located on the horizontal stabilizer at the
tail of the aircraft. They move in opposite directions, with one elevator
going up while the other goes down.
3) Rudder: The rudder is a control surface on the vertical stabilizer at the tail
of the aircraft. It moves left and right, and its primary function is to control
the yaw, or side-to-side movement of the aircraft.
26. In addition to these primary flight control surfaces, there are also secondary or auxiliary control surfaces
that aid in controlling the aircraft's behavior. Some of these include:
Flaps: Flaps are typically located on the trailing edge of the wings. They can be extended or retracted by
the pilot and are used to increase lift and drag during takeoff and landing, allowing for slower approach
speeds and steeper descents.
Slats: Slats are found at the leading edge of some wings and can be extended to increase the wing's
camber and generate additional lift at low speeds, such as during takeoff and landing.
Spoilers: Spoilers are panels that can be raised on the wings' upper surface to disrupt the smooth flow of
air and reduce lift. They are often used during descent and landing to control airspeed and descent rate.
Trim tabs: Trim tabs are small, adjustable surfaces on the primary control surfaces that allow the pilot to
make fine adjustments to maintain a desired attitude without continuous manual input on the controls.
27. A dual-purpose flight control surface is a component on an
aircraft that serves multiple functions or can be used for
different purposes depending on the situation. Two common
examples of dual-purpose flight control surfaces are:
Flaperons:
• They combine the functions of ailerons and flaps. Ailerons are
control surfaces that control roll by moving in opposite
directions to bank the aircraft left or right.
• Flaps, on the other hand, are used to increase lift and drag
during takeoff and landing, allowing for slower approach
speeds and steeper descents.
• During takeoff and landing, flaperons can be extended to act as
flaps to increase lift and decrease approach speed.
• The pilot can use flaperons to optimize the aircraft's
performance for different flight phases.
28. Elevon:
• They combine the functions of elevators and ailerons. Elevators are used to
control the aircraft's pitch, allowing it to increase or decrease its angle of
attack in the pitch axis.
• Ailerons control roll by banking the aircraft left or right. Elevons are
commonly found on delta-wing aircraft, such as some fighter jets and
flying wings.
• They are hinged control surfaces on the trailing edge of the wing and can
move both up and down. By adjusting the elevons, the pilot can
simultaneously control pitch and roll.
29. Secondary or auxiliary control surfaces on aircraft are additional movable components that assist in
controlling the aircraft's behavior and improving its performance in specific flight conditions. It control
surfaces are not considered primary flight control surfaces like ailerons, elevators, and rudder,. Some
common secondary or auxiliary control surfaces include:
Flaps: They are commonly found on the trailing edge of the wings. They can be extended or retracted by
the pilot. It used primarily during takeoff and landing phases. By extending flaps, the wing's camber
increases, which generates more lift and additional drag. This allows the aircraft to maintain a slower
airspeed during takeoff and landing.
Slats: It located at the leading edge of some wings. Like flaps, slats can be extended or retracted. When
extended, slats increase the wing's camber and generate extra lift at low speeds, such as during takeoff
and landing.
Spoilers: They are panels or surfaces that can be raised on the wings' upper surface. They disrupt the
smooth flow of air over the wing and reduce lift. Spoilers are often used during descent and landing to
control airspeed and descent rate. By deploying spoilers on one wing more than the other, the aircraft can
also assist in roll control and improve lateral stability.
30. Spoilers: They are panels or surfaces that can be raised on the wings' upper surface. They disrupt the smooth
flow of air over the wing and reduce lift. Spoilers are often used during descent and landing to control airspeed
and descent rate.
31.
32.
33. Trim Tabs: It used to maintain a specific attitude or control forces without the need for continuous manual input from
the pilot. They are small surfaces that can be adjusted to slightly change the position of the control surface they are
attached to. Trim tabs help balance the aircraft and relieve the pilot of the need to apply constant pressure on the
control yoke or stick to maintain level flight.
Balance Tabs: They are typically used in conjunction with control surfaces to reduce the forces required to move
those surfaces. They are attached to the trailing edge of the primary control surface and deflect in the opposite
direction. By doing so, they help reduce the aerodynamic loads on the control surface, making it easier for the pilot to
move the controls.
Anti-servo Tabs: They are often used on the trailing edge of control surfaces like elevators. They work in the same
direction as the control surface and serve to increase control surface effectiveness and prevent excessive control
forces. They provide additional stability and control authority, especially at high speeds.
Servo Tabs: Servo tabs are similar to anti-servo tabs but work in the opposite direction. They are used to reduce the
control surface effectiveness and prevent overcontrol at high speeds.
Flap Tabs: They are used in conjunction with flap systems to assist in controlling the extension and deflection of
flaps. They help optimize the position of flaps for different flight phases, such as takeoff, landing, and cruise
34.
35. Leading Edge Devices:
◦ Krueger Flaps: These are movable sections of the wing's leading edge, often used on larger transport. They extend
during takeoff and landing to increase lift and improve low-speed performance.
Wing Fence:
◦ Wing fences are vertical or nearly vertical structures on the wing's upper surface. They are used to control spanwise
airflow & reduce the tendency for spanwise flow.
Wing Fuel Tanks:
◦ Some aircraft, especially long-range airliners and military aircraft, may have wing fuel tanks that are integrated into
the wing structure.
High-Lift Devices:
◦ These devices, which include flaps, slats, and other aerodynamic components, are deployed to enhance lift and
control during takeoff and landing.
Leading-Edge Slats:
o Leading-edge slats are movable sections on the leading edge of the wing, which deploy at low speeds to enhance lift
and improve the wing's performance during takeoff and landing.
36. Landing gear, also known as undercarriage, is a critical component of an aircraft that provides support
and stability during takeoff, The landing gear serves several important functions, including:
Support and Load Distribution: The landing gear supports the weight of the aircraft when it is on the
ground. It distributes this weight over a relatively large area to prevent excessive pressure on the runway
or landing surface.
Taxiing: The wheels of the landing gear enable the aircraft to move on the ground, whether taxiing on
the runway, moving on the apron. This mobility is essential for ground operations.
Takeoff and Landing: During takeoff and landing, the landing gear provides a stable platform. It allows
the aircraft to rotate for takeoff and maintain the correct attitude for landing.
Shock Absorption: Landing gear struts are equipped with shock-absorbing mechanisms to absorb and
dissipate the energy generated during landing. This helps protect the aircraft's structure and occupants
from excessive forces.
Ground Clearance: The landing gear design ensures that there is sufficient ground clearance for the
aircraft's engines, flaps, and other components while on the ground.
37. Landing gear configurations can vary depending on the type of aircraft and its intended use. There are
three main types of landing gear:
Conventional Landing Gear: This type features two main wheels under the wings and a tail wheel or
tail skid at the rear of the aircraft. It is commonly found on older or smaller aircraft.
Tricycle Landing Gear: It consists of a nosewheel and two main wheels located under the wings. This
configuration provides better stability and control on the ground and is common on most modern aircraft,
including commercial airliners.
Tandem Landing Gear: Some military aircraft use a tandem landing gear configuration, with two sets
of wheels in tandem under the fuselage. This design provides enhanced rough-field landing capabilities.
38. An amphibious aircraft is sometimes called a flying boat
because the fuselage doubles as a hull.
An aircraft with tail wheel gear
Landing gear can be fixed (top) or retractable
(bottom)
39. Maintaining an aircraft is a complex and highly regulated process to ensure its
safety, reliability, and airworthiness. Aircraft maintenance involves scheduled
inspections, routine checks, repairs, and the replacement of components as needed.
Here are the key aspects of maintaining an aircraft:
Regulatory Compliance: Aircraft maintenance is subject to strict regulations and
oversight by aviation authorities such as the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA)
in the United States or the European Union Aviation Safety Agency (EASA) in
Europe.
Scheduled Maintenance: Aircraft manufacturers provide maintenance manuals
that outline specific inspection intervals and maintenance tasks
40. Preventive Maintenance: Routine tasks such as cleaning,
lubrication, and visual inspections are performed on a regular
basis. These activities help prevent the accumulation of dirt,
the development of corrosion, and other issues.
Structural Inspection: Aircraft structures, including the
airframe, wings, tail, and landing gear, are inspected for signs
of wear, corrosion, and damage. Structural inspections are
critical to ensure the aircraft's integrity.
Engine Maintenance: Aircraft engines undergo regular
inspections, oil changes, and other maintenance to ensure their
continued reliability and efficiency. Engine overhauls may be
required after a certain number of flight hours or cycles
41. Avionics and Systems Checks: Avionics systems, such as navigation and communication equipment, as
well as onboard computer systems, are regularly tested and inspected to ensure they function correctly.
Component Replacement: Aircraft components, including tires, brakes, landing gear, and avionics
components, are replaced when they reach their service limits or show signs of wear or damage.
Troubleshooting and Repairs: Aircraft maintenance crews perform troubleshooting and repairs as
necessary to address any issues that may arise during inspections or regular operations.
Record-Keeping: Comprehensive maintenance records are kept for each aircraft. These records
document all maintenance activities, inspections, repairs, and component replacements. Accurate record-
keeping is essential for tracking the aircraft's maintenance history and demonstrating compliance with
regulatory requirements.
Mandatory Inspections: Certain mandatory inspections, such as the annual inspection in the United
States, are required by aviation authorities to ensure the airworthiness of the aircraft. These inspections
are typically conducted by certified maintenance personnel.
42. To locate structures to the right or left of the center line of an aircraft,
a similar method is employed. Many manufacturers consider the
center line of the aircraft to be a zero station from which
measurements can be taken to the right or left to locate an airframe
member.
Fuselage stations are numbered in inches from a reference or zero
point known as the reference datum. The reference datum is an
imaginary vertical plane at or near the nose ofthe aircraft from which
all fore and aft distances are measured.
43. The various body stations relative to a single point of origin illustrated in inches or some other measurement (if of
foreign development).
Butt line diagram of a horizontal stabilizer
44. Aircraft: Access and inspection panels are critical for aircraft maintenance. They
allow mechanics and inspectors to access internal components, wiring, avionics,
and systems without having to dismantle the entire aircraft.
Building and HVAC Systems: In construction and facilities management, access
panels are used to reach building utility systems, electrical wiring, plumbing, and
HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning) equipment. They are often
concealed behind walls, ceilings, or floors.
Vehicles: Automotive and transportation vehicles have access panels to reach
various systems and components, including the engine, fuel tank, batteries, and
undercarriage.
45. Machinery and Industrial Equipment: Industrial machines
and equipment incorporate access panels to facilitate
maintenance, inspections, and the replacement of worn or
damaged parts. These panels are found in manufacturing,
power plants, and other industrial settings.
Electrical Panels: Electrical systems often include access
panels to allow electricians and technicians to access circuitry,
breakers, and control systems safely.
Ceiling and Wall Panels: In interior design, ceiling and wall
access panels are used for concealing utility connections,
plumbing, wiring, and HVAC systems while providing easy
access for maintenance.
46. Helicopter structures are designed to provide support, stability, and protection to the various components
and systems of a helicopter. Helicopter structures include the following components:
Fuselage: The fuselage is the main body of the helicopter and houses the crew, passengers, and cargo. It
also accommodates various systems, such as the engine, transmission, and avionics.
Tailboom: It is the rear section of the fuselage that extends backward and supports the tail rotor
assembly. It also contains the tail rotor gearbox and transmission components.
Rotor System: It includes the main rotor and the tail rotor. The main rotor is mounted on top of the
fuselage and generates lift and thrust for vertical flight.
Landing Gear: The landing gear consists of wheels or skids that provide support and stability when the
helicopter is on the ground. Helicopters may have tricycle or skid-type landing gear, depending on their
design and purpose.
Cabin: The cabin is the enclosed area within the fuselage where passengers and crew are seated.
Depending on the helicopter's purpose, the cabin can vary in size and configuration.
47. Windows and Doors: Helicopters have windows and doors for access, visibility, and ventilation. These
components need to be designed to withstand aerodynamic forces and to provide structural integrity.
Control Surfaces: Helicopters have control surfaces like elevators and ailerons to assist with pitch and
roll control. These surfaces are typically smaller and less prominent than those found on fixed-wing
aircraft.
Structural Components: The overall structural integrity of the helicopter is maintained by a variety of
structural components, including frame members, bulkheads, and stringers. These components are
carefully designed and manufactured to handle the stresses and loads experienced during flight.
Fuel Tanks: Helicopters have fuel tanks that store aviation fuel. These tanks are designed with safety
features to prevent fuel leaks in case of impact.
Airframe Fairings: These are streamlined covers and fairings that improve the helicopter's aerodynamic
performance and reduce drag.
48. Wing stations are often referenced off the butt line, which bisects the center of the fuselage longitudinally. Horizontal stabilizer
stations referenced to the butt line and engine nacelle stations are also shown
Water line diagram
49. Large aircraft are divided into zones and subzones for identifying the location of various components
50. The term "main motor system" could be used to refer to the primary propulsion system of a vehicle, such
as an aircraft, spacecraft, or electric vehicle. The specific components and design of a main motor system
will vary depending on the type of vehicle and its power source.
Aircraft: In an aircraft, the main motor system refers to the engines that provide thrust for propulsion.
Depending on the type of aircraft, this could be a piston engine, a turboprop engine, a turbofan engine.
Spacecraft: For a spacecraft, the main motor system often includes the rocket engines or thrusters
responsible for providing the necessary propulsion for orbital maneuvers, trajectory changes, and space
travel.
Electric Vehicles (EVs): In an electric vehicle, the main motor system consists of the electric motor(s)
that drive the wheels. The power is typically supplied by batteries or other energy storage systems.
Industrial Machinery: In the context of industrial equipment, the main motor system refers to the
primary motors or engines that power the machinery for various manufacturing or processing operations.
51. Many helicopters use a turboshaft engine to drive the main
transmission and rotor systems. The main difference between
a turboshaft and a turbojet engine is that most of the energy
produced by the expanding gases is used to drive a turbine
rather than producing thrust through the expulsion of exhaust
gases.
