for 446 classes

1. 01
WINTER
Template
Cognitive Categories
Prototype & Periphery
Members
Assistant Professor Wichian Sunitham
Prototype series 4.1

2. 02
teapot
mug
cup/mug
cup
goblet
cup/mug

3. 03
office chair
three-legged stool
four-legged stool
chair
bench
couch

4. 04
parrot
emu
ostrich
robin
hornbill
peacock hen

5. 05

6. 06
WINTER
Main findings of Berlin & Kay (1969: 2-3)
Template
1. All languages contain terms for white and black.
2. If a language contains three terms, then it contains a term for red.
3. If a language contains four terms, then it contains a term for either
green or yelllow (but not both).
4. If a language contains five terms, then it contains a term for both
green and yellow.
5. If a language contains six terms, then it contains a term for blue.
6. If a language contains seven terms, then it contains a term for brown.
7. If a language contains eight or more terms, then it contains a term
for purple, pink, orange, grey, or some combination of these.

7. 07
Berlin & Kay, 1969: 3

8. 08
Findings of Berlin and Kay (1969)
1. Consistency in chip selecton: the selection of color
chips from the chart was consistent; that is, only the
chips from particular areas were chosen by most people.
2. Foci: The chips were called foci or focal colors
as they represent best colors.
3. Universality of foci: The foci are shared by not only
speakers of the same language, but by speakers of
different languages.

9. 09
Characteristics of foci
1. They are monomorphemic and monolxemic
2. They are included in other color terms.
3. They are not in restricted applications
4. They are psychological salient.

10. 10
Eleanor Rosch (1970s)
Are foci a matter of language or of the mind? Salience of
foci is to be investigated.
Were foci be more attractive to Dani pre-school children
than were non-focal colors?
In a color-matching task, which color group, between foci
and non-foci, was matched more accurately?
In a recognition task (STM), which color group, between
foci and non-foci, was matched more accurately?
In a learning task (LTM), which color group, between
foci and non-foci, was matched more accurately?

11. 06
WINTER
Template
Cognitive Categories
family resemblances & fuzzy
boundaries
Assistant Professor Wichian Sunitham
Prototype series 4.2

12. 07
Aitchison, 1987

13. 08
Some member are better than the others.
Categorization can be graded.
Some members, though are not really similar to the
prototype, still share overlapping similarities with it.
[family resemblance]
Members' boundaries are fuzzy, not clear-cut.

14. 09

15. 10
Longman Dictionary of Comtemporary English Online

16. 06
WINTER
a piece of furniture for one person to sit on, with a back,
Template
legs, and sometimes two arms
a chair that has two curved pieces under it, so that when
someone sits on it they can move it backwards and forwards
a chair, especially in an office, with a seat that can turn
around in a circle without you having to move the legs
a large comfortable chair with parts for you to rest your arms
on. It is often part of a set of chairs called a suite that also
includes a sofa (=a long chair for two or three people)
a chair with large wheels that someone who cannot walk
uses for moving around
a tall chair that very young children sit in to eat

17. 06
WINTER
Template
Cognitive Categories
Lexical categorization
Assistant Professor Wichian Sunitham
Prototype series 4.3

18. Conceptual categories 07
Similarity categorization Feature-list categorization
Levels of categorization
General level
Fundamental level
Levels of exclusiveness
Specific level

19. Conceptual categories 08
General level Superordinate level
Fundamental level Basic level
Specific level Subordinate level
Prototypical member

20. Basic level categories 09
They are used for everyday neutral reference
- They form a clear visual image.
- They give characteristic patterns of behavioral
interaction.
- They show clear part-whole information.
- They are more rapidly categorized.

21. Superordinate level categories 10
- Compared to basic level categories, their within-category
resemblance is relatively low.
- They have fewer defining attributes than basic level
categories.
- Linguistically, names of superordinate categories are
often mass nouns.

22. Subordinate level categories 06
WINTER
- Members have high mutual resemblance, but low distinctiveness.
Template
- They are much less informative relative to their immediate basic
level items.
- Linguistically, they are polymorphemic.

23. One-word description 07

24. One-word description 08