Chapter 6 Learning Outcomes Describe the roles of carbon .pdf

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Chapter 6 Learning Outcomes - Describe the roles of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen in microbial growth and reproduction. - Compare four basic categories of organisms based on their carbon and energy sources. - Distinguish among anaerobes, aerobes, aerotolerant anaerobes, facultative anaerobes, and microaerophiles. - Define nitrogen fixation, and explain its importance. - Explain how extremes of temperature, pH, and osmotic pressure limit microbial growth. - Describe biofilm formation. - Describe methods for collecting clinical specimens from the skin, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, stomach, urine, lungs, and diseased tissue. - Describe the two most common methods by which microorganisms can be isolated for culture. - Differentiate between the six types of general culture media available for bacterial culture and explain their purpose in a lab setting. - Contrast refrigeration, deep-freezing, and lyophilization as methods for preserving cultures of microbes. - Describe binary fission as a means ofExplain what is meant by the generation time of bacteria and be able to calculate it. Describe logarithmic growth Be able to draw and label a bacterial growth curve and describe what happens to the population at each phase. - Contrast direct and indirect methods of measuring bacterial reproduction. Be able to calculate microbial population estimates via direct microscopic count, serial dilutions and CFUs, and MPN..

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As you have learned in Modules 1 and 2, prokaryotes share many common features that differentiate them from eukaryotes, such as: Lack of nuclear membrane, unicellularity, division by binary-fission and generally small size. As introduced on the Home page of Module 3, various species differ and can be classified into taxonomic groups based on several characteristics. One characteristic commonly used to differentiate an organism as belonging to one species or another is the potential for the individuals to reproduce sexually and produce viable offspring. However, this characteristic cannot be applied to prokaryotes, and so their identification and classification is often determined based on: Phylogeny : All bacteria stem from a common ancestor and diversified since, consequently possess different levels of evolutionary relatedness Metabolism : Different bacteria may have different metabolic abilities Environment : Different bacteria thrive in different environments, such as high/low temperature and salt Morphology : There are many structural differences between bacteria, such as cell shape, Gram stain (number of lipid bilayers) or bilayer composition Pathogenicity : Some bacteria are pathogenic to plants or animals All microbial metabolisms can be arranged according to three principles: 1. How the organism obtains carbon for synthesizing cell mass: autotrophic – carbon is obtained from carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) heterotrophic – carbon is obtained from organic compounds mixotrophic – carbon is obtained from both organic compounds and by fixing carbon dioxide 2. How the organism obtains reducing equivalents used either in energy conservation or in biosynthetic reactions: lithotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from inorganic compounds organotrophic – reducing equivalents are obtained from organic compounds 3. How the organism obtains energy for living and growing: chemotrophic – energy is obtained from external chemical compounds phototrophic – energy is obtained from light In practice, these terms are almost freely combined. Typical examples are as follows: chemolithoautotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide. ie: Nitrifying bacteria photolithoautotrophs obtain energy from light and carbon from the fixation of carbon dioxide, using reducing equivalents from inorganic compounds. For example: Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic autotrophs. Cyanobacteria split water, H 2 O, molecules and use the electrons to reduce carbon in photosynthesis. Water is the electron donor. However, Chlorobiaceae and Chromatiaceae are also photosynthetic autotrophs, but they use hydrogen sulfide H 2 S as the electron donor, or reducing equivalent donor . chemolithoheterotrophs obtain energy from the oxidation of inorganic compounds, but cannot fix carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). chemoorganoheterotrophs obtain energy, carbon, and reducing equivalents for biosynthetic reactions by breaking apart.

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