Dinitrophenol DNP was marketed as a weight loss drug in th.pdf

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Dinitrophenol (DNP) was marketed as a weight loss drug in the 1930 's but was later banned in the US because of dangerous complications including death. How DNP works: DNP allows protons (H+)to cross the mitochondrial inner membrane, back into the matrix. The crossing of the protons generates heat but no ATP because the protons do not pass through the ATPase channel. The electron chain transport (flow of electrons) is not affected by DNP. Question: 1. Please describe what happens to the proton gradient generated by the electron transport chain if DNP is transporting H+ across the inner membrane into the matrix. 2. What happens to ATP synthesis by oxidative phosphorylation in the presence of DNP? 3. Please propose how DNP would work as a weight loss drug? But a dangerous weight loss drug?.

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Light Reactions Light reactions or photochemical phase is directly depends on light Light reaction phase include Light absorption Splitting of water molecule Release of oxygen molecule Formation of high energy chemical intermediates (ATP and NADPH) Several protein complexes are involved in the process The pigments are organised into two discrete photochemical light harvesting complexes (LHC) within the Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II). THE ELECTRON TRANSPORT When PS Il absorbs red light of 680 nm wavelength, electrons are excited and transferred to an electron acceptor. The electron acceptor passes them to a chain of electrons transport system. Electron transport system consist of Pheophytin  Plastoquinone  Cytochrome complex  Plastocyanin This movement of electrons is downhill, in terms of redox potential scale The electrons are transferred to the pigments of PS I. Simultaneously, electrons in PS I are also excited when they receive red light of 700 nm and are transferred to another accepter molecule having a greater redox potential. These electrons are moved downhill to a molecule of NADP+. Iron sulphur proteins and ferredoxin helps electron reach to NADP+ Reductase. As a result, NADP+ is reduced to NADPH + H+ Transfer of electrons from PS II to PS I and finally downhill to NADP+ is called the Z scheme, due to its zigzag shape. This shape is formed when all the carriers are placed in a sequence on a redox potential scale. SPLITTING OF WATER The water splitting complex in PS II is located on the inner side of the thylakoid membrane. Water is split into H+, O and electrons. So PS Il can supply electrons continuously by replacing electrons from water splitting. Thus PS II provides electrons needed to replace those removed from PS I. O2, is liberated as by-product of photosynthesis. PHOTO - PHOSPHORYLATION The synthesis of ATP by cells (in mitochondria & chloroplasts) is called phosphorylation. Photo-phosphorylation is the synthesis of ATP from ADP in chloroplasts in presence of light. It occurs in 2 ways: Non- cyclic photo-phosphorylation Cyclic photo-phosphorylation Reference:- https://rajusbiology.com/photosynthesis-in-higher-plants-class-11-notes/

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