1. 1-1
Integrated Principles of Zoology, 14/e
Cleveland P. Hickman, Jr.
Larry S. Roberts
Allan Larson
Helen I'Anson
David Eisenhour
2. ■ Zoology:
The scientific study of animal life
■ Knowledge of the animal world is gained
by actively applying important guiding
principles to our investigations
■ Exploration of the animal world depends
critically on our questions, methods, and
principles
1-2
The Uses of Principles
3. General Properties of Living
Systems
1-3
■ Complexity and Hierarchical Organization:
Living systems demonstrate a unique and
complex hierarchical organization
■ In living systems there exists a hierarchy of
levels that includes:
Macromolecules
Cells
Organisms
Populations
Species
5. General Properties of Living
Systems
1-5
■ Metabolism:
Living organisms maintain themselves by
acquiring nutrients from their environments
■ Metabolic processes include:
■Digestion
■Energy production (Respiration)
■Synthesis of required molecules and
structures by organisms
6. General Properties of Living
Systems
1-6
■ Development:
All organisms pass through a
characteristic life cycle
■ Development describes the characteristic
changes that an organism undergoes from its
origin to its final adult form
8. General Properties of Living
Systems
1-8
■ Environmental Interaction:
All animals interact with their environments
■ Ecology: The study of organismal interaction
with an environment
■ All organisms respond to environmental
stimuli, a property called irritability
10. General Properties
of Living Systems
1-10
■ Movements even at the cellular level are
required for:
Reproduction
Growth
Responses to stimuli
Development in multicellular organisms
■ On a larger scale:
Entire populations or species may disperse from one
geographic location to another over time
11. Zoology As Part of Biology
■ Characteristics of Animals:
■ Eukaryotes: cells contain membrane-enclosed
nuclei
■ Heterotrophs: Not capable of directly
manufacturing their own food and must rely
on external food sources
■ Cells lack cell walls
1-11
12. ■ Cell Theory
■ All living organisms are composed of cells
■ All cells come from pre-existing cells -
remember this is a theory
4-12
Cell Concept
13. ■ All cells arise from the division of preexisting cells
■ Cell division -
■Mitosis (somatic cells) Fig 3.65
■Meiosis (sex cells)
■ Division of the cytoplasm (cytokinesis)
■ In most multicellular organisms, all cells originate
from the zygote
■ Single cell resulting from union of an egg and
a sperm (gametes)
4-13
Mitosis and Cell Division
14. ■
4-14
Cellular Metabolism
■ The chemical processes that occur within
living cells
■ Concept of energy fundamental to all life
processes
■ Energy cannot be seen
■ Can be identified only by how it affects matter
Energy and the Laws of
Thermodynamics
15. Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance
5-15
■ Meiosis: Reduction Division of Gametes
■ Sex cells (gametes) transmit genetic
information from parents to offspring in
sexually reproducing organisms
■ Chromosomes occur in pairs: homologs
■ One member or the pair is donated by the mother,
the other by the father
■ Homologs
■ Contain similar genes encoding the same set of
characteristics
■ Usually have the same size and shape
16. ■ Meiosis Fig 5.12
■ Special type of nuclear division
■ Associated with gamete production
■ Genetic material replicates once followed by 2
successive nuclear divisions
■ Produces 4 daughter cells
■ Each with only 1 member of each homologous
chromosome pair or 1 set of chromosomes
(haploid)
5-16
Chromosomal Basis of
Inheritance
17. ■ Evolutionary Trends
■Trends are directional changes in features
and diversity of organisms
■Fossil record allows observation of
evolutionary change over broad periods of
time.
■Animals species arise and become
repeatedly extinct.
■Animal species typically survive 1–10
million years
6-35
Darwinian Evolutionary Theory:
The Evidence
18. Nature of the Reproductive
Process
7-18
■ Reproduction is one of the properties of life
■ Evolution is inextricably linked to
reproduction
■ Two modes of reproduction are
recognized
■ Asexual
■ Sexual
19. ■ Asexual Reproduction
■ Involves only one parent
■ No special reproductive organs or cells
■ Genetically identical offspring are produced
■ Production of offspring is simple, direct, and
rapid
■ Widespread in bacteria, unicellular eukaryotes
and many invertebrate phyla
■ Ensures rapid increase in numbers
7-19
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
20. ■ Asexual Reproductive Methods
■ Binary Fission
■ Common among bacteria and protozoa
■ The parent divides by mitosis into two parts
■ Each grows into an individual similar to the parent
■ Multiple Fission
■ Nucleus divides repeatedly
■ Cytoplasmic division produces many daughter cells
7-20
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
21. ■ Sporogony (Spore Formation)
■Form of multiple fission in parasitic
protozoa (like Plasmodium / malaria)
■ Budding
■Unequal division of an organism
■Bud is an outgrowth of the parent
■Develops organs and then detaches
7-21
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
22. ■ Fragmentation
■Multicellular animal breaking into
many fragments that become a new
animal
■Starfish examples are known
7-22
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
23. ■ Sexual Reproduction
■ Generally involves two parents
■ Special germ cells unite to form a zygote
■ Sexual reproduction recombines parental
characters
■ A richer, more diversified population results
■ In haploid asexual organisms
■ Mutations are expressed and selected quickly
■ In sexual reproduction
■ Normal gene on the homologous chromosome may
mask a gene mutation
7-23
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
24. ■ Hermaphroditism
■ Both male and female organs in the same individual
■ Many sessile, burrowing and/or endoparasitic
invertebrates and some fish
■ Most avoid self-fertilization
■ Exchange gametes with member of same species
■ Each individual produces eggs
■ Hermaphroditic species could potentially produce twice as
many offspring as dioecious species
■ Sequential Hermaphroditism
■ A genetically programmed sex change occurs with an
individual organism - clownfish example !
7-24
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
25. ■ Parthenogenesis
■ Development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg
■ Male and female nuclei fail to unite after fertilization
■ Avoids the energy and dangers of bringing two sexes
together
■ Narrows the diversity available for adaptation to new
conditions
■ Ameiotic Parthenogenesis
■ No meiosis occurs
■ Egg forms by mitosis
7-25
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
26. ■ Meiotic Parthenogenesis
■Haploid ovum formed by meiosis
■Develops without fusion with male nucleus
■ Sperm may be absent
or
■ May only serve to activate development
■In some species, the haploid egg returns
to a diploid condition by chromosomal
duplication or autogamy (rejoining of haploid
nuclei)
7-26
Nature of the
Reproductive Process
27. ■ Haplodiploidy - can determine sex
■Occurs in bees, wasps and ants
■Queen controls whether the eggs are
fertilized or unfertilized
■Fertilized eggs
■ Become female workers or queens
■ Unfertilized eggs become drones
7-27
Nature of the Reproductive
Process
