2. Geriatrics
The study of the old age includes the physiology, pathology, diagnosis and
management of the diseases of older adults.
The board field of gerontology is the study of the aging process and includes the
biological, physiological, and sociological sciences.
3. Gerontology nursing:-
It is a field of nursing that specialized in
care of the elderly.
The basic nursing process of assessment,
diagnosis, planning, implementation and
evaluation is used with specialized
knowledge of aging.
It can be in acute, chronic or community
setting.
Emphasis of care placed on promoting of
independence and maintain functional
status.
4. The nurse helps the older person to maintain
dignity and maximum autonomy despite
physical, social and physiological losses and
work in collaborate with interdisciplinary
team to obtain non-nursing services and
provide a holistic approach to care.
Physical disability associated with aging. in
national surveys, A disability is reported by
up to 40% of adult aged 65 years and older.
5. Chronic diseases are the major cause of
disability. Heart diseases, cancer and
stork account for more than 75% of
elderly death.
But some older adult perform certain
activities of daily living (ADLs) or
instrumental activities living (IADLs).
This demonstrating adaptation to a
decline in physical performance.
6. ADLs:- include bathing, dressing, eating
and getting around the house.
IADLs:_ include preparing meals,
shopping, managing money, using the
telephone, doing house work and taking
medications
7. Psychosocial aspects of aging:-
Successful psychological aging is reflected in the older
person’s ability to adapt to physical, social and emotional
losses and to achieve contentment, serenity and life
satisfactions.
Attitudes toward older people differ in ethnic subculture
prejudice or discrimination against older people. It is based
on stereotypes. Some factors are responsible for negative
feeling:-
Fear of aging.
In ability to comfort aging process.
Retirement and preserved non-productivity.
8. Quality of elderly live can be improved by:-
Understanding of aging process treats elderly
with dignity.
encouraged to maintain autonomy respect for
each person as an individual
9. Stress and coping in older
adult
Coping patterns and the ability to adapt
to stress are developed over the course of
a lifetime
The older person will have fewer choices
and diminished resources to deal with
stress event
Common stressor of old age include :-
1-normal aging changes that impair physical
function ,activates and appearance
2- disabilities of chronic illness
10. 3- social and environmental losses of income roles and
activates
4-deaths of significant others
*many older adults rely strongly on their spiritual
believes for comfort during stressful times
Developmental theories of aging :-
Erikson (1963) developed the concept of eight stages of
humans, each stage representing crucial turning point
in the life –span stretching from birth to death
Havighurst (1972) also suggest developmental tasks that
occurring during life time. The task of the older person
include :-
11. * Adjusting to retirement from a life time of
employment.
* possible reduction of income
* decrease in physical strength and health and
* death of spouse .
* establishing affiliation with ones age group.
* adapting to new social roles in flexible way
* establishing satisfactory physical living arrangement
12. combing these concept result in the
following tasks
1- maintenance of self –work
2- conflict resolution
3- adjustment to the loss of dominant roles
4- adjustment to the death of significant
others
5- environmental adaptation and
6-Maintenance of optimal level of wellness
13. Sociological theories of aging:-
Sociologic theories of aging attempt to predict and explain
the social interactions and roles that contribute to the older
adults successful adjustment to old age
Cognitive aspects of aging.
Cognition can be affected by many variables including :-
1- sensory impairment
2- physiologic health
3- environmental psychosocial influences .
14. Older adults may expert temporary changes in cognitive
function when hospitalized or admitted to skilled nursing
facilities rehabilitation centers or long –term facilities
related to
1- change in environment
2- medical therapy
3- alteration in role performance
15. Definitions of aging
Biologic aging :-Refers to the changes in structure and
function that occur over the life span
Functional aging
Refers to the capacities of individuals function in
society as compared with that of others of the same
age
16. Demographic back ground of old age
Elderly population is increasing rabidly the
increasing is more in developing world were the
rate of population growth is much higher than
capacity of their country in term of health ,
nutrition basic needs for reasonable stander of
living ,
It is expected that the world of old people will be
greater than population under 50 years
17. In 1950 according to UN estimate there were
approximately 2,000,000 (million ) above 60
years
-1975 the number had increased by 350,000,000 .
It is expected to reach 625 million by year 2005
and 2 billion by 2025 .
-in Africa there are 38,000,000 and projected to
reach 212 million by year 2050 .
In Sudan there are 8,5 %of elder people above
60 years from total population .
18. United nation principle of elderly person
1/independence :-
-Access to adequate food ,water ,shelter ,clothing
,health care through profession of income ,family
and community support .
-Opportunity to work or to have access to other income
generated activity .
Be able to participate in determine when and at what
pace with drawl from labour hours take place .
19. Access to appropriate education and training program .
Be able to live in environment that are safe and adequate to
any personal changes .
To be able to reside at home for long as possible .
2/Participation:-
Remain integrated in society participation activity, especially
the polices that affect their well being they should share by
their
20. Knowledge and skills
-They should work as volunteer in position appropriate to their
interest and capability.
-Able to form movement or association to elder people
3/care :-
-Benefit from family (community) care participation in accordance
society system and cultural values .
-Access to health care ,physical ,mental and social ,well to prevent
or delay the onset of illness
21. Access to social ,legal services to protect their needs.
Be able to utilize the appropriate level of institutional
care providing rehabilitation (secure environment )
Be able to enjoy human right (fundamental freedom) when
residing in any shelter , care should include respect to
their dignity ,beliefs , needs ,privacy and to make decision
about their care and quality of their life .
22. 4/self fulfillment :-
Be able to pursue opportunity or the full development of
their potential for development of their self .
Access to educational ,culture ,spiritual ,recreational
resource of society
5/ dignity :-
Be able to live in dignity ,security and be free of exploitation
and physical or mental abuse
23. To be treated fairly regard less of age , gender ,ethnical
back ground ,disabilities or other status and they should
be independently to their economical contribution .
24. Problem and needs of elderly
Old age is concept with change by time and most society their
role is change due to impairment of many system e.g.
Dependence mechanism ,digestive and most mechanism
system so they are prone to many disease and problems
.many factors like social ,physical emotional affect needs and
demands of elder people .
25. The following problems and needs affect the elder people greater or
lesser degree every where :-
(1)poverty :-
Loss of ability to earn so they need to obtain
Adequate and basic necessary needs .
(2)Poor nutrition :-
Due to many factors the food may be un adequate in quality or quantity
(3)Loneless :-
When family group married , or move away to jobs or in case of broken
of extended family .
26. (physical disability :-
Elder people often develop serious infirmity such as blindness ,deafness
,paralysis
(5)Mental confusion :-
Due to physical deterioration and changes in blood supply to the brain
and poor nutrition .
(6)Lack of personal hygiene :-
Due to depression disinterest in their live (due to physical problems ).
(7)Dental problems :-
It is common in elderly to find loss of teeth and most condition they
use denture .
27. (8)feet problem :-
Injury ,infection ,growing toes or inability or neglected in coping
feet problem .
(9)Lack of transport to reach the treatment centers .
(10)Housing :-
In adequate ,or it need repairer maintenance or cleaning.
(11)Combination :-
Specially during sickness .
28. They need some one to care for them and this difficult
when they are alone special at night .
(12)Reactional activities for creativity
(13) Adequate heating to prevent hypothermia.
(14) Assistance with daily living activities. (ADL).
29. NUTRITION OF ELDRLY PEOPLE
Factor affecting nutritional status of elderly people :
Family life :
Living alone
Absents care given
Sons and daughter away
Responsibility for kits
34. Food intake
In ability to obtain food (poverty)
Poor nutritional knowledge
Lack of certain subject
Take diet alone
Gastro intestinal problems (poor diet,
poor nutritional status )
35. Nutritional requirement of
elderly people
The food should be
balance in quantity and quality
Free from any subject that lead to health
problems
energy food is necessary for all physical
activities. the amount need for elderly is reduced
by 50%compair with adult (1780-2075 kilo calories
because there is some
36. Changes in occupation ,reduction in
metabolism
Sources :-
1-Starch :-sugar rice
2-animal:-fats and oils
Elderly should not recommended high fat to
avoid many health problems like obesity and
cardiac diseases .
3-protein :-it help in growth and repaired. If it
deficient it lead to anemia .
37. The recommended amount is ,8mg/kg/day it
provided body with calcium ,strength the
bone ,teeth ,muscles .also it provide iron
which help formation of Hb provide vitamins
and mineral
Source of protein :-
Animal product :milk and its product
Meats :(red- white ).all beans as plants product
so it essential to provide adequate amount of
protein and avoid excessive amount for
elderly to prevent rheumatoid
38. 4- vitamin and mineral :- these include ADECK and vit B
complex
Sources :-meats ,milk ,green vegetable ,fruits .all vitamins
and mineral are important because they are :-
1-prevent infection
2-help in healing of wound .
3-important of rehabilitation in cases of chronic
illness.
39. 5- water :-help in digestive process
-formation of tissues .
-all body function .(chemical
reaction depend on water ,old people required lipral
amount of fluid 30 ml/kg/day (2-3l/day )in term of
shoise and
40. Medication & elderly
Altered Response to medication:
Adults over age 65 consume 30% to 40% of all
prescription drugs &an even higher proportion
of the over the counter drugs consumed. Age
related changes predispose older adults to
problems with medication S/E.
41. Etiology/Altered physiology:
A) Factors altering drug responses in the elderly :
1.Drug absorption is affected by the fallowing age related
changes:
Decrease gastric acid .
Decrease GI motility.
Decrease gastric blood flow.
Changes in GI villi.
Decrease blood flow & body temp. in rectum.
