A sewer line is a network of underground pipes used to transport sewage from homes or businesses to a treatment facility or disposal site. A sanitary sewer is a particular kind of gravity sewer and a component of the larger sewer system. Industrial effluent may also be transported by sanitary sewers that serve industrial districts. Separate storm drains may route surface runoff into surface water in sewer-served regions.

1. Types, benefits & materials used in sewer lines
A sewer line is a network of underground pipes used to transport sewage from
homes or businesses to a treatment facility or disposal site. A sanitary sewer is
a particular kind of gravity sewer and a component of the larger sewer system.
Industrial effluent may also be transported by sanitary sewers that serve
industrial districts. Separate storm drains may route surface runoff into surface
water in sewer-served regions.
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Types of sewer lines
Here are the various sorts of sewer lines that can be found today.
Conventional gravity sewers
A sewer is a pipe that transports sewage to a sewage treatment facility from a
building through one or more tiers of underground mains in developed
nations. The main network is connected to the surface via vertical pipes,
known as shafts, which are often composed of precast concrete. Depending on
the use and location, these vertical tubes may be cylindrical, eccentric, or
concentric. Sewer lines can be accessed through manholes for inspection,
maintenance and sewage gas venting.
Force mains
Where the gravity sewer serves remote or elevated locations that are lower
than the treatment facility, a force main or riser is a pumped sewer that is

2. required. An accumulation of sewage is carried to a higher level by a lifting
station, which is a sewer pump. Reverse syphons that are used to bridge rivers
and other barriers can also be constructed using it. The sewage treatment
facility or another gravity sewer can receive the pump's outflow directly. A
pressurised sewer that serves a single property and allows wastewater to be
discharged to a nearby gravity main is substantially different from a forced
main.
Effluent sewer
The wastewater from homes and other businesses is collected in a septic tank
by an effluent sewage system, sometimes referred to as a septic tank drainage
system (STED) or a solids-free sewer (SFS). After that, a decentralised
wastewater treatment system or a centralised wastewater treatment plant
receives the tank's wastewater for additional treatment. Treatment plants can
be significantly smaller than normal plants since septic tanks remove the
majority of solids. The waste stream is pressed into the contour of the land and
placed slightly below the surface.
Pressure sewer
A pressure sewer can serve as an alternate connection option if diverting
wastewater from the plant to a gravity sewer is neither feasible or practical.
Sewage is discharged to the closest gravity sewer via a small-diameter high-
pressure conduit from a macerator pump situated in a pumping hole close to
the property.
Simplified sewer
Simplified sewers typically have pipes with a diameter of 100 mm (4 inches) or
less and are installed on slopes that are 1 in 200 or less. Simplified piping
channels may have capital costs that are about half those of traditional
channels. However, the operating and upkeep standards are generally higher.
The majority of developing nations, including many others, use basic sewers.
Vacuum sewer
In lowland communities, hoover sewers are frequently used to transport
sewage. The diameter of a pipe can range from 125 millimetres (4.9 inches) to
280 millimetres (11 inches). This sewage system transports liquids to a central
hoover station by using variations in atmospheric pressure.

3. Sewer lines: Substances used in sewers
There are several things to consider when choosing the materials for sewers.
These include things like flow qualities, watertightness, physical toughness,
price, durability, resistance to acids, alkalies, gases, solvents, etc. When
creating a sewage system, there are several requirements that no one material
can meet. Different materials can be chosen for different components of a
same project, but the decision must be made for the individual application.
Following is a list of typical materials:
 Brick
 Concrete
 cast-ahead concrete
 concrete that is strengthened in-place
 Ceramic or vitrified stoneware
 containing asbestos
 Iron Steel Cast
 pipes made of ductile iron
 synthetic pipes made of non-metallic, non-concrete materials
 uPVC pipe
 pipes made of high-density polyethylene
 pipework in a structured wall
 Plastic pipes strengthened with glass fibre
 Fiberglass-reinforced plastic pipes
Sewer lines: Benefits of sewage treatment facilities and sewer lines
 Historically, wastewater was physically drained and collected.
Wastewater can now be removed, processed, transported, and treated
with a minimum of labour thanks to technology. Modern wastewater
treatment facilities can also process enormous amounts of wastewater,
which cuts down on long working hours.

4.  Large volumes of organic material found in wastewater are used to
produce electricity. After pretreatment, anaerobic digestion is used to
break down the sludge. Methane gas generated by anaerobic digestion
fuels the grid. Both sewage treatment facilities and residential areas can
be powered by it. Additionally, sewage gas can be set up as a combined
heat and power (CHP) plant.
 There are significant levels of biodegradable materials, nitrogen, and
phosphorus in the sludge that is collected for treatment. As a result,
after going through the sludge drying process, the sludge is transformed
into a biodegradable fertiliser that can be applied to farming.
 Wastewater treatment facilities go through several phases of water
treatment to get rid of microbes, chemicals, poisons, and large solid
particles. Because of the safe reuse of the treated water, water demand
and pollution are decreased.
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