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From Technologies to Market
LED PACKAGING
-
Market,Technology
and Industry
Landscape
2017 Sample
Market and Technology Report
Source: Nasa
2
REPORT OBJECTIVES
This report serves to detail:
• LED industry and market status
• Process flows and technologies in LED packaging
• Recent LED packaging trends
• The importance of cost reduction in LED packaging
• Who is doing what
This report also provides market
• metrics at the LED material level
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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REPORT METHODOLOGY
Market segmentation methodology
Market forecast methodology
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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REPORT METHODOLOGY
Technology analysis methodology Information collection
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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o About the Author of the Report P8
o Glossary P9
o Executive Summary P10
o Status of the LED Industry (1/2) P35
 LED Epitaxy Capacity Trends
• GaN MOCVD Capacity Evolution per Region (2010-2016)
• Top 10 Global LED Chip Manufacturers by Capacity
• Focus on China
• Top-20 LED Chipmakers In China
• Analysis
• GaN MOCVD Capacity Supply vs. Demand Trends
• Capacity and Wafer Start Geographic Breakdown
 Packaged LED Market and Industry Trends
• Segmentation of Packaged LEDs
• History of LED Industry
• Market landscape
• Industrial Landscape
• Key Highlights
• Packaged LED Revenue Forecast - Split by Application
• Packaged LED Volume Forecast
• Split by Application
• Split by Package Type
• Split by Chip Type
• 2015 in a nutshell
• 2016 in a nutshell
• LED Market Trends
• Displays
• General Lighting
• Video Projector for Outdoor Display
• LED Packaging Companies Overview
o Status of the LED Industry (2/2) P35
 Leading LED Packaging Companies / Regions
• Top-10 Players Revenue Analysis (2012 - 2015)
• 2015 Top-30 Players
• Market Shares Evolution per Region
• Trends
 Zoom on Chinese Packaged LED Market and Industry
• Chinese Packaged LED Market and Industry Overview
• Top-30 LED Packaging Companies
• Overview
• Geographical Distribution
• 2015 Revenue
• Capacity (as of Q3-2016)
• Global Trends
 Recent Trends in the Packaged LED Industry
• Overview
• Application Diversification - Automotive Lighting
• Vertical Integration - Module Level
• Vertical Integration - System Level
• Product Diversification - UV LEDs
• Product Diversification - IR LEDs
o LED Package Development (1/2) P78
 Introduction
 GaN-on-Si LEDs and GaN-on-GaN LEDs
• GaN-on-Si LEDs
• GaN-on-GaN LEDs
• Trends
 Chip on Board (COB) LEDs
• Introduction
• Positioning - Package or Module?
• Drivers for Integration
TABLE OF CONTENT (1/6)
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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o LED Package Development (2/2) P78
 Chip on Board (COB) LEDs
• Technology Trends
• High Density COB
• Spectrum Enhanced COB
• COB Evolution
• Industry
• Overview of Suppliers
• Main Areas of Development
• Manufacturing Process
• Market Segmentation and Uses
• COB LED Volume Forecast (2012 - 2021)
 LED Filaments
• Overview
• Substrate Materials
• Manufacturing Process
• Performance and Cost
• Industry Trends
 Flip Chip LEDs
• Introduction
• Benefits
• Key Players
• Applications
• TV
• Flash
• Automotive and General Lighting
• Flip Chip LED Volume Forecast (2012 - 2021)
 Chip Scale Package (CSP) LEDs (1/2)
• Introduction
• Benefits
• CSP vs. Conventional Package
• Differences in CSP Architectures / Packages
 Chip Scale Package (CSP) LEDs (2/2)
• CSP Cost Structure
• Low and Middle Power LEDs
• High Power LEDs
• Manufacturing Process
• Challenges
• Overview
• CSP Assembly onto Module / PCB
• Industry
• Key Players
• Highlights on US and European Manufacturers
• Highlights on Japanese Manufacturers
• Highlights on Korean Manufacturers
• Highlights on Taiwanese Manufacturers
• Highlights on Chinese Manufacturers
• Applications
• Flash
• Backlighting
• General Lighting
• Market Opportunities and Challenges
• CSP LED Volume Forecast (2012 - 2021)
o Overview of LED Packaging P144
 The Functions of LED Packaging
 Key Components of a Packaged LED
 LED Packaging Typical Process Flow
 Trends in GaN LED Chip Designs
 Low and Middle Power LED Packaging
 High Power LED Packaging
 LED Package Power vs. Application
 Cost Structure of Packaged LED
 Supply Chain (Equipment and Material)
TABLE OF CONTENT (2/6)
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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o Wafer Bonding P158
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 Introduction
 Process Selection
 Technologies (Status, Trends and Alternatives)
 Carrier Substrate
 Equipment Suppliers
 Miscellaneous - IP Aspects
o Substrate Removal P168
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 Introduction
 Technologies
 Laser Lift Off
• Overview
• Equipment Suppliers
• IP Aspects
• Yield Aspects
 Chemical Lift Off
 Other Techniques
 The Case of GaAs-Based LEDs
o Die Singulation P180
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 Introduction
 Overview of Die Singulation Techniques
 Diamond Scribing
 UV Laser Scribing
 Scribing & Breaking - Comparison of Scribing Techniques
 Blade Dicing
• Overview
• Advantages & Drawbacks
 Laser Dicing / Ablation
• Overview
• Advantages & Drawbacks
• Focus on Serial Multibeam Laser Dicing
 Stealth Dicing
• Overview
• Comparison with Traditional Dicing Techniques
 Plasma Dicing
• Introduction
• Technologies of Panasonic and Plasma-Term
 Global Benchmark of Dicing Technologies
 Comparison of Die Singulation Technologies for LED
 Cost Aspects
 Dicing (and Backgrinding) Tape
 Equipment Suppliers
 Market Share by Technology
o Packaging Substrates (1/2) P205
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 Introduction
 Low and Middle Power Packaged LEDs
• Overview
• New Materials (PCT, EMC, SMC and Ceramic)
 High Power Packaged LEDs
• Thermal Management of High Power LEDs
• Leadframe Substrates
• Ceramic Substrates
• Choosing the Substrate Type
TABLE OF CONTENT (3/6)
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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o Packaging Substrates (2/2) P205
 Chip On Board
• Substrate Comparison - MCPCB vs. Ceramic PCB
• COB vs. Package Substrate
 Packaging Substrate Market
• Substrates vs. Circuit Board Material Options
• Choosing the Right Substrate
• High Power LED Substrate - Market Share by Substrate Type
• High Power LED Substrate Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 -2021)
o ESD Protection P245
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 ESD / EOS Issues of High Power LEDs
 Where are ESD / TVS Diodes Used?
 Typical Symptom of ESD / EOS Damage
 Zener / Avalanche Diodes
• Overview
• Illustration
• Trends
 Zener / Avalanche Diodes Suppliers
 Zener / Avalanche Diodes Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 - 2021)
o Die Attach (1/2) P257
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 Introduction
 Overview of Materials and Techniques
 Resin / Adhesives
• Epoxy, Acrylic and Silicone
• Silver-Filled Epoxy
• Gold-Filled Epoxy
o Die Attach (1/2) P257
 HMP Eutectic Soldering
• Au/Sn Solder Paste
• Metallization Techniques
• Flux Eutectic vs. Direct Eutectic
 Silver Sintering
 Potential Failure Associated to Die Attach
 Comparison of Die Attach Techniques
• Gluing vs. Soldering
• Matching with Packaging Substrate
 Die Attach Material vs. LED Package Power (and Applications)
 Die Attach Technique vs. LED Package Type
 Die Attach Material Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 - 2021)
o Interconnections P286
 Position in the Process
 Synthesis
 Overview
 Wire Bonding
• Overview
• Comparison of Techniques
• Challenges
• Typical Failure
• Alternative - Ribbon Bonding
 Flip Chip
• Overview
• Layout Principles and Technologies
• Main Techniques
• Underfill
• Trends
TABLE OF CONTENT (4/6)
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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o Encapsulation / Primary Optics P316
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 Introduction
 Materials
• Overview
• Epoxy vs. Silicone
• Silicone (Overview and Comparison of Silicone Types)
 Process
• Overview of Main Techniques
• Dispensing
• Molding
• Transfer vs. Compression Process
• Processability
• Comparison (Dispensing vs. Molding)
 Interactions Encapsulant / Phosphors
• Overview
• Focus on Phosphor Sedimentation
• Focus on Chemical Compatibility
 Failure Mechanisms
 Material Suppliers (Overview, Analysis, Emerging Players & Recent Exits)
 The Case of Packaged LED Lens
• Manufacturing Process
• Material
 Trends
• Epoxy vs. Silicone
• Other Developments
 Price Trends
 Encapsulant Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 - 2021)
 Packaged LED Lens Material Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 -2021)
o Phosphors (1/2) P350
 Position in the Process Flow
 Synthesis
 The Different Ways to Generate White Light!
 Key Requirements for LED Downconverters
 LED Downconverters for Display Applications
 LED Downconverters for Lighting Applications
 Major White LED Designs
• Downconverter Combinations
• Trends
 Configurations and Deposition Methods
 On-Chip Configuration
• Overview
• Comparison
• The Case of CSP
 Remote Phosphor
 Material / Compositions
• Yellow Phosphors
• Green and Red Phosphors
• Focus on Garnets
• Focus on Silicates
• Focus on Nitrides and Oxynitrides
• Focus on Mn4+ Red Phosphors (PFS / KFS)
• Focus on “UV Chip + RGB Phosphor” Solutions
• Trends
• Timeline
• Application Matrix
 Competitive Landscape
• Overview
• Focus on China
TABLE OF CONTENT (5/6)
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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o Phosphors (2/2) P350
 Price Trends
• Introduction
• Focus on YAG and Nitrides
 Quantum Dots
• Benefits & Challenges
• Display Applications
• Lighting Applications
 Phosphor Volume Forecast (2012-2021) - Remote vs. On-Chip
 Phosphor Revenue Forecast (2012-2021) - Split by Material
o Wafer Level Packaging P394
 Synthesis
 Overview
 Manufacturing Status of WLP
 True WLP
 Technology Challenges
 Trends
o Conclusion P402
o Appendix P406
TABLE OF CONTENT (6/6)
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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Biography & contact
ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Pars Mukish
Pars Mukish holds a master’s degree in Materials Science & Polymers (ITECH - France) and a master’s degree in Innovation &
Technology Management (EM Lyon - France). Since 2015, he has overseen developing LED, OLED, and sapphire activities as a
Business Unit Manager at Yole Développement. Previously, Pars worked for several years as a Marketing Analyst and Techno-
Economic Analyst at the CEA (French Research Center).
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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Sample of the report
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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Total MOCVD
capacity
increased
almost by a
factor x5 since
2010 driven
mostly by China
(x25).
GaN MOCVD Capacity Evolution per Region (2010-2016)
LED EPITAXY CAPACITY TRENDS
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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LED packaging companies have emerged in time in what could be simplistically summarized as 4 waves:
• 1st wave: The technology pioneers which developed GaN chips and white LED technologies through the 1990’s are usually referred to in the
industry as the big 5.
• 2nd wave: A large group of LED companies later appeared in Taiwan composed of start ups leveraging technologies developed by the Industrial
Technology Research Institute (ITRI) as well as existing optoelectronic components manufacturers leveraging on their existing competences and
infrastructure to enter the high brightness LED business.
• 3rd wave: After year of R&D and strong IP activities, both LG and Samsung invested massively in LED chip and packaging capacity in order to
partially supply internal needs for LCDTV backlight and positioning themselves for future growth in the lighting business.
• 4th wave: The strong focus on energy and technology in the China’s 12th 5-year plan made vast amount of subsidies available in order to develop a
strong LED supply chain from chips to systems.This resulted in the emergence of 100’s of new LED packaging and luminaire companies.
History of the LED industry - Industrial landscape
STATUS OF THE LED INDUSTRY
1st wave:
“The big 5”
• Nichia (JP)
• Toyoda Gosei (JP)
• Osram (EU)
• Philips Lumileds (US)
• Cree (US)
2nd wave:
Taiwan and Korea “start ups” and new entrants
• Everlight (TW)
• Oasis (TW)
• Unity Opto (TW)
• Edison Opto (TW)
• Lite On (TW)
• Harvatek (TW)
• Kingbright (TW)
• BrightLED (TW)
• Seoul Semiconductors (KR) (…)
3rd wave:
The Korean Chaebols
(Conglomerates)
• LG (KR)
• Samsung (KR)
4th wave:
China’s12th 5-Year Plan
• Honglitronics (CN)
• Nationstar (CN)
• Refond (CN)
• MLS (CN)
• Jufei (CN)
• Mason (CN) (…)
1995 - 2000 2000-2006 2007-2008 2011-2015
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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Smart lighting
will provide a
further boost to
lighting
applications.
We expect
“planned
obsolescence” to
become part of
the luminaire
maker strategy in
consumer
application.
LED MarketTrends - General Lighting
STATUS OF THE LED INDUSTRY
• General lighting will drive LED demand.
• Strong penetration in outdoor and architectural lighting.
• Accelerating penetration in residential lighting.
• Better prospects than initially expected for LED as replacement of fluorescent tubes.
• Better prospects than expected in industrial lighting.
• Socket saturation won’t occur as fast as initially anticipated!
• Models usually assumed that because of the long lifetime of LEDs, the market will saturate once the majority of the light sockets have
been converted… BUT:
• Actual lifetime is not as long as initially anticipated: 20,000-25,000 hours (or less) rather than 50,000 to 100,000 hours (initially quoted by
the industry).
• Smart lighting will trigger obsolescence in some markets.
• The availability of efficient, cheap and versatile light sources (LED) will increase the average consumption of artificial light per capita.
Photo credit: Nasa
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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Overall
utilization rate
stands at 74% in
Q3-2016 after
Epistar
decreased its
capacity.
GaN MOCVD Capacity Supply vs. DemandTrends
LED EPITAXY CAPACITY TRENDS
Highlights:
Wafer consumption dropped significantly in Q3- and Q4-2015 but recovered rapidly in the first half of 2016 and reached record high in
early Q3. We expect demand to show some seasonal weakness in Q4 as LED makers adjust their inventory but not at the scale
experienced in 2015.
Capacity increase over the last 12 months reflects mostly process efficiency improvement and new reactor procurement at San’an.
However, not all reactors have been started yet
LED Reactor End Demand vs. Capacity
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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More and more
packaged LED
manufacturers
moving to
module level!
Vertical Integration - Module Level
RECENT TRENDS IN THE PACKAGED LED INDUSTRY
• Packaged LED manufacturers master LED binning strategy which represent a strong competitive advantage for LED lighting module
assembly.
• Process manufacturing variability creates multiple binning of LED parameters: Color control / Flux control /VF control.
• Good binning strategy helps to select the LEDs for:
• Reaching the product specification.
• Guarantying the supportability.
• Minimizing the stocks.
• Control of LED production allows to stabilize value at module level using variable LEDs.
LED
Full Proliferation
Color, flux and voltage
specification
Substrate
(size, material, connectivity version…)
ASSEMBLY LED LINE FOR LED MODULE
Binning
Tables
Pick &
Place
Reflow Control LED Module
Source: LED Module Report - Yole Développement©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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Most of the
COB LED
manufacturers
are located in
Asia.
Industry - Overview of Suppliers
COB LED
US:
Cree, Bridgelux, Lumileds (…)
+ 3 other players detailled in
the report
Russia:
XX
South Korea:
Seoul Semi., LG Innotek (…)
+ 6 other players detailled in the report
China:
Honglitronic, APT, CETC Huaying Electronics (…)
+ 17 other players detailled in the report
Germany:
Osram
Japan:
Sharp, Nichia, (…)
+ 4 other players
detailled in the report
Taiwan:
Edison Opto, Lextar,
Everlight (…)
+ 14 other players
detailled in the report
Finland:
XX
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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While a
dedicated
supply chain has
emerged,
sapphire
filaments are
often produced
from rejected
LED wafers.
Manufacturing Process (1/2)
LED FILAMENT
• The filament substrates typical dimension is: 30 (L) * 0.8 (W) * 0.4 to 0.8 (thickness) mm.
• They were initially cut with wire saws from 2” sapphire wafers (in many cases, reject from production for LED substrates).
• As demand increased, a dedicated supply chain emerged: many suppliers now start from a rectangular brick which is then sliced into
individual window blanks before double side polishing. Laser cutting has replaced diamond wire saws.
• The filaments are then assembled onto a lead frame to facilitate subsequent processing for the manufacturing of the COB-type
filament (silver electrode metallization, die attach, interconnect, phosphor coating…).
Sapphire filament substrates
Picture: Zhejiang Terios New Energy
Finished and assembled LED filaments
Picture: Tevaja
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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Compared to
MESA and
vertical
structures, Flip
Chip LED can
offer advantages
toward reliability
and lifetime,
luminous output,
package size and
manufacturing
cost.
Benefits (1/2)
FLIP CHIP LED
• Flip Chip (FC) LED manufacturing process use (in most case) a gold-tin eutectic direct bonding method where the chip is “stuck” on
to the package substrate.
• Such structure of package allow for several features compared to MESA and vertical LEDs which have some unavoidable
disadvantages, such as faulty wire weld, surge strike, insufficient resistance to high current, bond wire breakage caused by the thermal
expansion and contraction of packaging silicone, yield affected by bond wire in manufacturing process (…).
No Wire Bonding
Reduce LEDs damage risk1
Increase light emitting area
Reduce package size
Low Sheet Resistance
/ Low Driving Current
Allow for better thermal dissipation
Low Thermal
Resistance
Allows for high electrical currents
Flip Chip
LED
-
Direct
Bumping
or Eutectic
Bonding
Increase of reliability
and lifetime
Increase of luminosity
(with increased
operating efficiency)
Potential increase of
lm/W and lm/$
Decrease of package
size and allow for new
package structure
1. As gold wire can break during LED manufacturing process, under LED operation with huge temperature differences (…).
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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• Nichia has developed a CSP architecture to enable light output only on top of the LED contrary to other LED manufacturers.
• It allow to place the LEDs close to each other on the PCB because there is no side emission of the light and therefore no mutual absorption of light.
• Gap between LED can be reduced to 0.2mm compared to 1mm for conventional CSP LEDs.
• Following Nichia statement, there is no color shifting contrary to other CSP LEDs.
Differences in CSP Architectures / Packages
CSP LED
Difference between Nichia and conventional CSP architecture
Source: Nichia
• Seoul Semiconductor has developed its own CSP architecture that is simpler than conventional CSP
design since there is no ceramic substrate.
• WICOP (Wafer Level Integrated Chip on PCB) is designed to directly connect the chip to the PCB as there
is no intermediate substrate.
• As the LED chip is directly connected onto the PCB, hence its thermal dissipation channel is especially
short, and has low thermal resistance. As a result, the driving current is double that of the average LED
package.
• Even if there are some differences between CSP LED manufacturers in the architecture of the “package”,
all CSP LEDs have no need for main parts such as package or wire bonding.
Difference between Seoul
Semiconductor CSP and conventional
CSP architecture
Source: Seoul Semiconductor
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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LED Packaging Process Flow
OVERVIEW OF LED PACKAGING
Epiwafer
Carrier wafer
Epitaxial
substrate
Die
Lens
Carrier wafer
MESA
&
Vertical
Flip
Chip
LEGEND
Only for vertical LED
packaging
Can be “mixed” with
interconnection for Flip
Chip LED packaging
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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For both GaAs-
based and
Sapphire-based
LEDs, wafer
bonding enables
improved
thermal,
electrical and/or
optical
properties.
Introduction (2/2)
WAFER BONDING
• In such designs (i.e.:VTF andTFFC LEDs), Sapphire is replaced by another carrier that offers higher thermal conductivity:
• Silicon-based LEDs involve also the transfer to a silicon carrier (i.e.: bonding step) and removal of the original Silicon
substrate. Indeed, unlike Sapphire which is transparent, Silicon re-absorbs most of the light emitted toward the substrate.
This significantly decreases the efficiency of the LED. The most common solution to the problem is to use a vertical LED structure:
• Regarding GaN-based LEDs (i.e.:GaN-on-GaN LEDs), no wafer bonding process is required.
Epitaxy Substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers
1. LED epiwafer
Bonding Layer
Bonding Layer
Carrier substrate
Epitaxy Substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers
Bonding Layer
Carrier substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding layer
Carrier substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers
4. VTF LED structure
Bonding Layer
n-contact pad
Epitaxy Substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers
Bonding Layer
Bonding Layer
Carrier substrate
Epitaxy Substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers
Bonding Layer
Carrier substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding layer
Carrier substrate
LED Epitaxial Layers
Bonding Layer
n-contact pad
Typical process flow of Vertical
Thin Film (VTF) LED
manufacturing
n-GaN
p-GaN
Epitaxy Substrate (Si)
Mirror layer
Carrier substrate (Si)
n-GaN
p-GaN
Epitaxy Substrate (Si)
Mirror layer
n-GaN
p-GaN
Active layers
Epitaxy
Substrate (Si)
Emitted
light
Absorbed
light
n-GaN
p-GaN
Mirror layer
Carrier substrate (Si)
1. LED-on-Si 2. Mirror layer deposition 3. Carrier substrate bonding 4. Substrate removal
Bonding and removal
process for LED-On-Si
2. Carrier substrate bonding 3. Substrate removal
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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LLO is the most
common substrate
removal technique
used for volume
manufacturing.
However, IP
constraints,cost,
performance
limitations and
damage caused to
the epilayer
provide incentive
for the
development of
alternatives.
OtherTechniques
SUBSTRATE REMOVAL
• We have identified 3 new techniques for substrate removal but current performance (development status) are not sufficient yet to
directly compete with LLO.
Technique Developer Comments
Chemical Mechanical
Planarization
ASTRI
• The process uses standard grinding and polishing combined with “polish stops”
structures made of hard material embedded into the structure to protect the
epi layers.
• Potentially, multiple wafers can be processed in batch.Also, there is less patent
issues than for LLO.And an increase of yield in terms of reverse current
specification can be achieved compared to LLO.
Electrochemical Etching
Yale
University
• Substrate removal technique based on the creation of a nanoporous layer of
GaN using an electrochemical etcher. Further nitride layers are then grown.A
new substrate can then be applied to the top of the structure and the growth
substrate removed at the weakened nanoporous region.
MechanicalTransfer
NTT
• NTT has developed a technique for growing high-quality layered BN thin films
on sapphire substrates, and also growing high-quality GaN-based thin films on
BN. Since in this structure the cleavable BN plays the role of a release layer, one
can easily detach the GaN-based thin-film devices from the sapphire substrates
and transfer them to the other substrate.
More details on these OtherTechniques
given in appendix
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Global Benchmark of DicingTechnologies (i.e.: Not LED-Centric) (1/2)
DIE SINGULATION
Blade Dicing Laser Ablation Stealth Dicing Plasma Dicing
Upfront cost $200k XX XX
Cost of
Ownership (CoO)
Medium XX Medium XX
Technology type Chipping Chipping No chipping No chipping
Debris Dust XX Dust-free XX
Water XX Required No water / cleaning required XX
Die strength Low XX Medium XX
Production yield Dicing line limitation Not so good: Line limitation Low kerf loss better yield High productivity
Thermal effect on
the device
Heat effect Heat effect Unaffected Heat-free
Wafer breakage Breakage strength Wafer breakage Superior breakage strength Chip strength: > 3,000 MPa
Main Advantages
• Standard process suitable for thick
wafer (> 250µm)
• XX
• Clean process
• XX
• XX
• High level device strength
• Independent of die size
• XX
• XX
Main Drawbacks
• Dirty process
• Crack propagation
• Increased damage for thinner wafers
and small die
• XX
• Lateral damage
• XX
• Scratch on the surface > 200 µm
• XX
• XX
• Heat propagation can damage the die
• Disruptive technology
• XX
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The diversity of
LED structures,
power levels,
applications and
process
equipment
considerations
require different
die attach
solutions to
optimize cost
and performance
aspects.
Die Attach Material vs. LED Package Power (and Applications)
DIE ATTACH
ApplicationThermal ConductivityDie Attach Material
LEGEND
LOW POWER SUPER HIGH POWERHIGH POWERMIDDLE POWER
XX
XX
XX, XX, XX
LED Downlight
XX
Automotive Exterior Lighting (DRL,Tail, Signal)
Auto Head Lamp
T8 Tube Lamps
7 - XXW/mK
XX - XXW/mK > 200W/mKXX - 200W/mK
• XX
• XX
• Silver-Filled Epoxy
• XX
Pressure-Assisted Sintered
Ag
Pressureless SinteredAg
XX
Performance(ThermalandReliability)
0 - 0.3W > 4W1 - 4W0.3 - 1W
Source: Yole Développement / Alpha
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
27
• White light from packaged LEDs is generated by combining blue photons from LED chips with photons of other colors from phosphor material(s).
However, as phosphors are mostly produced as powders, LED manufacturers have to blend it the encapsulant to suspend the phosphor powder
and allow for simple deposition onto the blue LED chip.
• Many encapsulating materials are available on the market with a wide variety of physical and performance characteristics. LED packagers evaluate
performance of such materials along optical, mechanical, chemical and thermal metrics (with some figures of merit bearing more importance to
the overall package performance than others).
• Additionally, they have to make sure that such material will have the best fit with the phosphor used.
• Below are presented key parameters to consider for encapsulant and potential associated interactions with phosphor materials.
Interactions Encapsulant / Phosphors - Overview
ENCAPSULATION / PRIMARY OPTICS
KEY PARAMETERS
OF
INTERACTIONS
BETWEEN
ENCAPSULANT
AND PHOPSHORS
OPTICAL PROPERTIES
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
CURING PROCESS
More details on Each Parameter of
Interactions in appendix
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
28
Encapsulant
material should
represent a
market volume
of ~XX Metric
Tons by 2021,
mostly driven
by Methyl
Silicone (and
Phenyl Silicone)
materials.
EncapsulantVolume Forecast (2012-2021)
ENCAPSULATION / PRIMARY OPTICS
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
29
Phosphor
quantity can
vary significantly
from one type
of package to
another.
On-Chip Configuration - Overview
PHOSPHORS
• Downconverters are usually mixed with a binder (Silicone, Epoxy) and deposited on the device. Alternatively, they can be in a ceramic
form or embedded into a solid-state binder that is paired with phosphor chips afterwards (e.g.: glass).The major types are:
Increasing phosphor packing density
Casting (Dispersion): XX
CREE Osram
Conformal Coating
Package level:
Conformal Coating or
Pre-Form – Chip only:
Philips
LumiledsPicture: System Plus Consulting
Volume conversion On-Chip conversion
Cost efficient but:
• Particle segregation, binder viscosity hard to control.
• XX
• XX
 For XX and XX power packages.
Better color uniformity & XX (especially with
ceramics) but more expensive.
 2014: Mostly for XX packages.
 2015+: Increased adoption in XX.
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
30
Silicates were
developed as an
alternative to
YAG and will
lose ground as
YAG IP falls into
public domain.
Material / Compositions - Focus on Silicates
PHOSPHORS
• M2SiO4:Eu2+ (M=Ba, Sr, Ca) phosphors were originally studied in the 60’s.
• Compositions for LEDs silicate phosphors and the associated intellectual property has been
asserted by a group called the BOSE consortium, consisting of Tridonic, Leuchtstoffwerk
Breitungen (LWB) and Litec (now part of Merck) all assignees on the fundamental
US6809347 silicate patent. The consortium later added Toyoda Gosei which extended the
claims.
• The BOSE consortium later signed a cross licensing agreement with Intematix. Attempt by
the consortium to trademark the name BOSE for phosphors was denied after a complaint
by electronic audio company Bose.
• Other companies like GE and Osram also own some IP on silicate phosphors for LEDs.
• Compositions have been developed to cover the green and red portions of the spectra,
from 500 to more than 610 nm. However, thermal quenching and chemical instability are
often issues for the most extreme wavelength.
• Significant progress has been made on those aspects. Various types of coating have been
used to improve stability and performance have improved on a continuous basis.
Performance of the best silicates are now approaching those of Yellow/Green YAG
phosphors. However, those higher performance silicates come at a cost premium.
• Yellow silicates are being quickly displaced by YAG. Green silicates remain used in display
applications. Orange silicates offer a cheaper alternative to some nitride for mid power LED
where photon flux and operating temperature are not too high.
Companies constituting the BOSE consortium
or having cross licensing agreement on silicates
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
31
RELATED REPORTS
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within our bundles here.
©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALES 
© 2016
Yole Développement
FromTechnologies to Market
33
FIELDS OF EXPERTISE
Yole Développement’s 30 analysts operate in the following areas
MEMS  Sensors
LED
Compound
Semi.
Imaging
Photonics
MedTech
Manufacturing
Advanced
Packaging
Batteries / Energy
Management
Power
Electronics
Displays
RF
Devices 
Techno.
©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
34
4 BUSINESS MODELS
o Consulting and Analysis
• Market data  research, marketing analysis
• Technology analysis
• Strategy consulting
• Reverse engineering  costing
• Patent analysis
www.yole.fr
o Reports
• Market Technology reports
• Patent Investigation and patent infringement risk
analysis
• Teardowns  Reverse Costing Analysis
• Cost SimulationTool
www.i-Micronews.com/reports
o Financial services
• MA (buying and selling)
• Due diligence
• Fundraising
• Maturation of companies
• IP portfolio management  optimization
www.yolefinance.com
www.bmorpho.com
o Media
• i-Micronews.com website
• @Micronews e-newsletter
• Communication  webcast services
• Events
www.i-Micronews.com
©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
35
A GROUP OF COMPANIES
Market,
technology and
strategy
consulting
www.yole.fr
MA operations
Due diligences
www.yolefinance.com
Innovation and business maker
www.bmorpho.com
Manufacturing costs analysis
Teardown and reverse engineering
Cost simulation tools
www.systemplus.fr
IP analysis
Patent assessment
www.knowmade.fr
©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
36
OUR 2016 REPORTS PLANNING (1/2)
MARKET ANDTECHNOLOGY REPORTS
byYole Développement
o MEMS  SENSORS
− Gas Sensor Technology and Market 2016
− Status of the MEMS Industry 2016
− Sensors for Cellphones andTablets 2016
− Inkjet Printhead Market  Technology Trends 2016
− Sensors for Biometry and Recognition 2016
− Finger Print Sensors Market andTechnologies 2016
− Silicon Photonics 2016
− Emerging NonVolatile Memories 2016
o IMAGING  OPTOELECTRONICS
− Status of the CMOS Image Sensor Industry 2016
− Uncooled Infrared Imaging Technology  MarketTrends 2016
− Imaging Technologies for Automotive 2016
− Sensors for Drones  Robots: Market Opportunities and Technology
Evolution 2016
− Silicon Photonics 2016
o MEDTECH
− BioMEMS: Microsystems for Healthcare Applications 2016
− Point of Need Testing 2016:Application of MicrofluidicTechnologies
o ADVANCED PACKAGING
− Fan-Out WLP:Technology Trends and Business Update 2016
− Embedded Die Packaging:Technologies and Markets Trends 2016
− 2.5D  3D IC Business Update 2016
− Status and Prospects for the Advanced Packaging Industry in China 2016
− Fan-in Wafer Level Packaging: Market and Technology Trends 2016
o MANUFACTURING
− Equipment and Materials for Fan Out Technology (Wafer vs Panel)**
− Equipment and Materials for 3D T(X)V Technology**
− Thinning  Dicing Equipment for Advanced Packaging, MEMS, Photovoltaics,
LED, CMOS 2016
**To be confirmed
©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
37
OUR 2016 REPORTS PLANNING (2/2)
o COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS
− Power SiC 2016: Materials, Devices, Modules, and Applications
− GaN Modules, Devices and Substrates for Power Electronics 2016
− Sapphire Applications  Market 2016: from LED to Consumer Electronics
− GaN RF Devices Market:Applications, Players,Technology, and Substrates
2016 – 2022
− RF components and modules for cellphones 2016**
o LED
− Sapphire Applications and Market 2016: From LED to Consumer Electronics
− Thermal Management for LED and Power 2016
− LED Packaging 2016
− Microdisplays and MicroLEDs 2016**
− UV LEDs - Technology, Manufacturing and Application Trends
− OLED for Lighting - Technology, Industry and Market Trends 2016
− Automotive Lighting:Technologies, Industry and MarketTrends 2016
o POWER ELECTRONICS
− Power Electronics for EV/HEV 2016: Market, Innovations and Trends
− Status of Power Electronics Industry 2016
− Passive Components Technologies and MarketTrends for Power Electronics
2016
− Power SiC 2016: Materials, Devices, Modules, and Applications
− GaN Modules, Devices and Substrates for Power Electronics 2016
− InverterTechnologies Trends  Market Expectations 2016
− Opportunities for Power Electronics in Renewable Electricity Generation
2016
− Thermal Management for LED and Power 2016
− GaN RF Devices Market:Applications, Players,Technology, and Substrates
2016 - 2022
o BATTERY
− Stationary Storage and Automotive Li-ion Battery Packs
− Beyond Li-ion Batteries: Present and Future Li-ion Technology Challengers
PATENT ANALYSIS by Knowmade
o Patent Infringement (crossed analysis based on Knowmade and System Plus
Analysis expertise)
o Patent Investigation (crossed analysis based on Knowmade Yole Développement
expertise)
o Patent Landscape
TEARDOWN  REVERSE COSTING by System Plus
Consulting
More than 30 teardowns and reverse costing analysis and cost simulation tools to be
published in 2016.
©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
38
OUR 2015 PUBLISHED REPORTS LIST
o MEMS  SENSORS
− Sensors and Data Management for Autonomous Vehicles
− Sensors for Wearable Electronics And Mobile Healthcare
− Status of the MEMS Industry
− Uncooled Infrared Imaging Technology  Market Trends
− Infrared Detector Technology  Market Trends
− High-End Gyroscopes, Accelerometers and IMUs for Defense, Aerospace 
Industrial
− Emerging Non Volatile Memory (NVM) Technology  Market Trends
o IMAGING  OPTOELECTRONICS
− Camera Module Industry
− Uncooled Infrared Imaging Technology  Market Trends
− Status of the CMOS Image Sensors
− Infrared Detector Technology  Market Trends
o MEDTECH
− Sample Preparation Automation Through Emerging Microfluidic Technologies
− 2015 Microfluidic Applications in the Pharmaceutical, Life Sciences, In-Vitro
Diagnostic, and Medical Device Markets
− Sensors for Wearable Electronics And Mobile Healthcare
o COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS
− Sapphire Applications  Market 2015: from LED to Consumer Electronics
− SiC, GaN, and other Wide Band Gap (WBG) materials for power electronics
applications
− GaN and SiC Devices for Power Electronics Applications
o LED
− LED Lighting Module Technology, Industry and Market Trends 2015
− UV LED - Technology, Manufacturing and Application Trends
− Phosphors  Quantum Dots 2015: LED Downconverters for Lighting  Displays
− Sapphire Applications  Market 2015: from LED to Consumer Electronics
o POWER ELECTRONICS
− Power Packaging Technology Trends and Market Expectations
− Energy Management for Smart Grid, Cities and Buildings: Opportunities for Battery
Electricity Storage Solutions
− Status of Chinese Power Electronics Industry
− New Technologies and Architectures for Efficient Data Center
− IGBT Market and Technology Trends
− Status of Power Electronics Industry
− SiC, GaN, and other Wide Band Gap (WBG) materials for power electronics
applications
− GaN and SiC Devices for Power Electronics Applications
o ADVANCED PACKAGING
− Status of the Advanced Packaging Industry
− Supply Chain Readiness for Panel Manufacturing in Packaging
− Fan-in Wafer Level Packaging: Market and Technology Trends
− Flip Chip: Technologies and Markets Trends
− Fan-Out and Embedded Die: Technologies  Market Trends
o MANUFACTURING
− Photolithography Equipment and Materials for Advanced Packaging, MEMS and
LED Applications
− Emerging Non Volatile Memory (NVM) Technology  Market Trends
©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
39
CONTACT INFORMATION
Follow us on
• Consulting and Specific Analysis
• North America: Steve LaFerriere, Director of Northern America Business Development
Email: laferriere@yole.fr
• Japan  Asia:Takashi Onozawa, Representative Director,Yole KK
Email: onozawa@yole.fr
• RoW: Jean-Christophe Eloy, CEO  President,Yole Développement
Email eloy@yole.fr
• Report business
• North America: Steve LaFerriere, Director of Northern America Business Development
Email: laferriere@yole.fr
• Europe: Lizzie Levenez, EMEA Business Development Manager
Email: levenez@yole.fr
• Japan  Asia:Takashi Onozawa, Representative Director,Yole KK.
Email: onozawa@yole.fr
• Greater China: Mavis Wang, Business Development Director
Email: wang@yole.fr
• Financial services
• Jean-Christophe Eloy, CEO  President
Email: eloy@yole.fr
• General
• Email: info@yole.fr
©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement

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LED Packaging 2016: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape - 2016 Report by Yole Developpement

  • 1. From Technologies to Market LED PACKAGING - Market,Technology and Industry Landscape 2017 Sample Market and Technology Report Source: Nasa
  • 2. 2 REPORT OBJECTIVES This report serves to detail: • LED industry and market status • Process flows and technologies in LED packaging • Recent LED packaging trends • The importance of cost reduction in LED packaging • Who is doing what This report also provides market • metrics at the LED material level ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 3. 3 REPORT METHODOLOGY Market segmentation methodology Market forecast methodology ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 4. 4 REPORT METHODOLOGY Technology analysis methodology Information collection ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 5. 5 o About the Author of the Report P8 o Glossary P9 o Executive Summary P10 o Status of the LED Industry (1/2) P35  LED Epitaxy Capacity Trends • GaN MOCVD Capacity Evolution per Region (2010-2016) • Top 10 Global LED Chip Manufacturers by Capacity • Focus on China • Top-20 LED Chipmakers In China • Analysis • GaN MOCVD Capacity Supply vs. Demand Trends • Capacity and Wafer Start Geographic Breakdown  Packaged LED Market and Industry Trends • Segmentation of Packaged LEDs • History of LED Industry • Market landscape • Industrial Landscape • Key Highlights • Packaged LED Revenue Forecast - Split by Application • Packaged LED Volume Forecast • Split by Application • Split by Package Type • Split by Chip Type • 2015 in a nutshell • 2016 in a nutshell • LED Market Trends • Displays • General Lighting • Video Projector for Outdoor Display • LED Packaging Companies Overview o Status of the LED Industry (2/2) P35  Leading LED Packaging Companies / Regions • Top-10 Players Revenue Analysis (2012 - 2015) • 2015 Top-30 Players • Market Shares Evolution per Region • Trends  Zoom on Chinese Packaged LED Market and Industry • Chinese Packaged LED Market and Industry Overview • Top-30 LED Packaging Companies • Overview • Geographical Distribution • 2015 Revenue • Capacity (as of Q3-2016) • Global Trends  Recent Trends in the Packaged LED Industry • Overview • Application Diversification - Automotive Lighting • Vertical Integration - Module Level • Vertical Integration - System Level • Product Diversification - UV LEDs • Product Diversification - IR LEDs o LED Package Development (1/2) P78  Introduction  GaN-on-Si LEDs and GaN-on-GaN LEDs • GaN-on-Si LEDs • GaN-on-GaN LEDs • Trends  Chip on Board (COB) LEDs • Introduction • Positioning - Package or Module? • Drivers for Integration TABLE OF CONTENT (1/6) ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 6. 6 o LED Package Development (2/2) P78  Chip on Board (COB) LEDs • Technology Trends • High Density COB • Spectrum Enhanced COB • COB Evolution • Industry • Overview of Suppliers • Main Areas of Development • Manufacturing Process • Market Segmentation and Uses • COB LED Volume Forecast (2012 - 2021)  LED Filaments • Overview • Substrate Materials • Manufacturing Process • Performance and Cost • Industry Trends  Flip Chip LEDs • Introduction • Benefits • Key Players • Applications • TV • Flash • Automotive and General Lighting • Flip Chip LED Volume Forecast (2012 - 2021)  Chip Scale Package (CSP) LEDs (1/2) • Introduction • Benefits • CSP vs. Conventional Package • Differences in CSP Architectures / Packages  Chip Scale Package (CSP) LEDs (2/2) • CSP Cost Structure • Low and Middle Power LEDs • High Power LEDs • Manufacturing Process • Challenges • Overview • CSP Assembly onto Module / PCB • Industry • Key Players • Highlights on US and European Manufacturers • Highlights on Japanese Manufacturers • Highlights on Korean Manufacturers • Highlights on Taiwanese Manufacturers • Highlights on Chinese Manufacturers • Applications • Flash • Backlighting • General Lighting • Market Opportunities and Challenges • CSP LED Volume Forecast (2012 - 2021) o Overview of LED Packaging P144  The Functions of LED Packaging  Key Components of a Packaged LED  LED Packaging Typical Process Flow  Trends in GaN LED Chip Designs  Low and Middle Power LED Packaging  High Power LED Packaging  LED Package Power vs. Application  Cost Structure of Packaged LED  Supply Chain (Equipment and Material) TABLE OF CONTENT (2/6) ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 7. 7 o Wafer Bonding P158  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  Introduction  Process Selection  Technologies (Status, Trends and Alternatives)  Carrier Substrate  Equipment Suppliers  Miscellaneous - IP Aspects o Substrate Removal P168  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  Introduction  Technologies  Laser Lift Off • Overview • Equipment Suppliers • IP Aspects • Yield Aspects  Chemical Lift Off  Other Techniques  The Case of GaAs-Based LEDs o Die Singulation P180  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  Introduction  Overview of Die Singulation Techniques  Diamond Scribing  UV Laser Scribing  Scribing & Breaking - Comparison of Scribing Techniques  Blade Dicing • Overview • Advantages & Drawbacks  Laser Dicing / Ablation • Overview • Advantages & Drawbacks • Focus on Serial Multibeam Laser Dicing  Stealth Dicing • Overview • Comparison with Traditional Dicing Techniques  Plasma Dicing • Introduction • Technologies of Panasonic and Plasma-Term  Global Benchmark of Dicing Technologies  Comparison of Die Singulation Technologies for LED  Cost Aspects  Dicing (and Backgrinding) Tape  Equipment Suppliers  Market Share by Technology o Packaging Substrates (1/2) P205  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  Introduction  Low and Middle Power Packaged LEDs • Overview • New Materials (PCT, EMC, SMC and Ceramic)  High Power Packaged LEDs • Thermal Management of High Power LEDs • Leadframe Substrates • Ceramic Substrates • Choosing the Substrate Type TABLE OF CONTENT (3/6) ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 8. 8 o Packaging Substrates (2/2) P205  Chip On Board • Substrate Comparison - MCPCB vs. Ceramic PCB • COB vs. Package Substrate  Packaging Substrate Market • Substrates vs. Circuit Board Material Options • Choosing the Right Substrate • High Power LED Substrate - Market Share by Substrate Type • High Power LED Substrate Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 -2021) o ESD Protection P245  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  ESD / EOS Issues of High Power LEDs  Where are ESD / TVS Diodes Used?  Typical Symptom of ESD / EOS Damage  Zener / Avalanche Diodes • Overview • Illustration • Trends  Zener / Avalanche Diodes Suppliers  Zener / Avalanche Diodes Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 - 2021) o Die Attach (1/2) P257  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  Introduction  Overview of Materials and Techniques  Resin / Adhesives • Epoxy, Acrylic and Silicone • Silver-Filled Epoxy • Gold-Filled Epoxy o Die Attach (1/2) P257  HMP Eutectic Soldering • Au/Sn Solder Paste • Metallization Techniques • Flux Eutectic vs. Direct Eutectic  Silver Sintering  Potential Failure Associated to Die Attach  Comparison of Die Attach Techniques • Gluing vs. Soldering • Matching with Packaging Substrate  Die Attach Material vs. LED Package Power (and Applications)  Die Attach Technique vs. LED Package Type  Die Attach Material Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 - 2021) o Interconnections P286  Position in the Process  Synthesis  Overview  Wire Bonding • Overview • Comparison of Techniques • Challenges • Typical Failure • Alternative - Ribbon Bonding  Flip Chip • Overview • Layout Principles and Technologies • Main Techniques • Underfill • Trends TABLE OF CONTENT (4/6) ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 9. 9 o Encapsulation / Primary Optics P316  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  Introduction  Materials • Overview • Epoxy vs. Silicone • Silicone (Overview and Comparison of Silicone Types)  Process • Overview of Main Techniques • Dispensing • Molding • Transfer vs. Compression Process • Processability • Comparison (Dispensing vs. Molding)  Interactions Encapsulant / Phosphors • Overview • Focus on Phosphor Sedimentation • Focus on Chemical Compatibility  Failure Mechanisms  Material Suppliers (Overview, Analysis, Emerging Players & Recent Exits)  The Case of Packaged LED Lens • Manufacturing Process • Material  Trends • Epoxy vs. Silicone • Other Developments  Price Trends  Encapsulant Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 - 2021)  Packaged LED Lens Material Volume and Revenue Forecast (2012 -2021) o Phosphors (1/2) P350  Position in the Process Flow  Synthesis  The Different Ways to Generate White Light!  Key Requirements for LED Downconverters  LED Downconverters for Display Applications  LED Downconverters for Lighting Applications  Major White LED Designs • Downconverter Combinations • Trends  Configurations and Deposition Methods  On-Chip Configuration • Overview • Comparison • The Case of CSP  Remote Phosphor  Material / Compositions • Yellow Phosphors • Green and Red Phosphors • Focus on Garnets • Focus on Silicates • Focus on Nitrides and Oxynitrides • Focus on Mn4+ Red Phosphors (PFS / KFS) • Focus on “UV Chip + RGB Phosphor” Solutions • Trends • Timeline • Application Matrix  Competitive Landscape • Overview • Focus on China TABLE OF CONTENT (5/6) ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 10. 10 o Phosphors (2/2) P350  Price Trends • Introduction • Focus on YAG and Nitrides  Quantum Dots • Benefits & Challenges • Display Applications • Lighting Applications  Phosphor Volume Forecast (2012-2021) - Remote vs. On-Chip  Phosphor Revenue Forecast (2012-2021) - Split by Material o Wafer Level Packaging P394  Synthesis  Overview  Manufacturing Status of WLP  True WLP  Technology Challenges  Trends o Conclusion P402 o Appendix P406 TABLE OF CONTENT (6/6) ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 11. 11 Biography & contact ABOUT THE AUTHORS Pars Mukish Pars Mukish holds a master’s degree in Materials Science & Polymers (ITECH - France) and a master’s degree in Innovation & Technology Management (EM Lyon - France). Since 2015, he has overseen developing LED, OLED, and sapphire activities as a Business Unit Manager at Yole Développement. Previously, Pars worked for several years as a Marketing Analyst and Techno- Economic Analyst at the CEA (French Research Center). ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 12. 12 Sample of the report ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 13. 13 Total MOCVD capacity increased almost by a factor x5 since 2010 driven mostly by China (x25). GaN MOCVD Capacity Evolution per Region (2010-2016) LED EPITAXY CAPACITY TRENDS ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 14. 14 LED packaging companies have emerged in time in what could be simplistically summarized as 4 waves: • 1st wave: The technology pioneers which developed GaN chips and white LED technologies through the 1990’s are usually referred to in the industry as the big 5. • 2nd wave: A large group of LED companies later appeared in Taiwan composed of start ups leveraging technologies developed by the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) as well as existing optoelectronic components manufacturers leveraging on their existing competences and infrastructure to enter the high brightness LED business. • 3rd wave: After year of R&D and strong IP activities, both LG and Samsung invested massively in LED chip and packaging capacity in order to partially supply internal needs for LCDTV backlight and positioning themselves for future growth in the lighting business. • 4th wave: The strong focus on energy and technology in the China’s 12th 5-year plan made vast amount of subsidies available in order to develop a strong LED supply chain from chips to systems.This resulted in the emergence of 100’s of new LED packaging and luminaire companies. History of the LED industry - Industrial landscape STATUS OF THE LED INDUSTRY 1st wave: “The big 5” • Nichia (JP) • Toyoda Gosei (JP) • Osram (EU) • Philips Lumileds (US) • Cree (US) 2nd wave: Taiwan and Korea “start ups” and new entrants • Everlight (TW) • Oasis (TW) • Unity Opto (TW) • Edison Opto (TW) • Lite On (TW) • Harvatek (TW) • Kingbright (TW) • BrightLED (TW) • Seoul Semiconductors (KR) (…) 3rd wave: The Korean Chaebols (Conglomerates) • LG (KR) • Samsung (KR) 4th wave: China’s12th 5-Year Plan • Honglitronics (CN) • Nationstar (CN) • Refond (CN) • MLS (CN) • Jufei (CN) • Mason (CN) (…) 1995 - 2000 2000-2006 2007-2008 2011-2015 ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 15. 15 Smart lighting will provide a further boost to lighting applications. We expect “planned obsolescence” to become part of the luminaire maker strategy in consumer application. LED MarketTrends - General Lighting STATUS OF THE LED INDUSTRY • General lighting will drive LED demand. • Strong penetration in outdoor and architectural lighting. • Accelerating penetration in residential lighting. • Better prospects than initially expected for LED as replacement of fluorescent tubes. • Better prospects than expected in industrial lighting. • Socket saturation won’t occur as fast as initially anticipated! • Models usually assumed that because of the long lifetime of LEDs, the market will saturate once the majority of the light sockets have been converted… BUT: • Actual lifetime is not as long as initially anticipated: 20,000-25,000 hours (or less) rather than 50,000 to 100,000 hours (initially quoted by the industry). • Smart lighting will trigger obsolescence in some markets. • The availability of efficient, cheap and versatile light sources (LED) will increase the average consumption of artificial light per capita. Photo credit: Nasa ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 16. 16 Overall utilization rate stands at 74% in Q3-2016 after Epistar decreased its capacity. GaN MOCVD Capacity Supply vs. DemandTrends LED EPITAXY CAPACITY TRENDS Highlights: Wafer consumption dropped significantly in Q3- and Q4-2015 but recovered rapidly in the first half of 2016 and reached record high in early Q3. We expect demand to show some seasonal weakness in Q4 as LED makers adjust their inventory but not at the scale experienced in 2015. Capacity increase over the last 12 months reflects mostly process efficiency improvement and new reactor procurement at San’an. However, not all reactors have been started yet LED Reactor End Demand vs. Capacity ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 17. 17 More and more packaged LED manufacturers moving to module level! Vertical Integration - Module Level RECENT TRENDS IN THE PACKAGED LED INDUSTRY • Packaged LED manufacturers master LED binning strategy which represent a strong competitive advantage for LED lighting module assembly. • Process manufacturing variability creates multiple binning of LED parameters: Color control / Flux control /VF control. • Good binning strategy helps to select the LEDs for: • Reaching the product specification. • Guarantying the supportability. • Minimizing the stocks. • Control of LED production allows to stabilize value at module level using variable LEDs. LED Full Proliferation Color, flux and voltage specification Substrate (size, material, connectivity version…) ASSEMBLY LED LINE FOR LED MODULE Binning Tables Pick & Place Reflow Control LED Module Source: LED Module Report - Yole Développement©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 18. 18 Most of the COB LED manufacturers are located in Asia. Industry - Overview of Suppliers COB LED US: Cree, Bridgelux, Lumileds (…) + 3 other players detailled in the report Russia: XX South Korea: Seoul Semi., LG Innotek (…) + 6 other players detailled in the report China: Honglitronic, APT, CETC Huaying Electronics (…) + 17 other players detailled in the report Germany: Osram Japan: Sharp, Nichia, (…) + 4 other players detailled in the report Taiwan: Edison Opto, Lextar, Everlight (…) + 14 other players detailled in the report Finland: XX ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 19. 19 While a dedicated supply chain has emerged, sapphire filaments are often produced from rejected LED wafers. Manufacturing Process (1/2) LED FILAMENT • The filament substrates typical dimension is: 30 (L) * 0.8 (W) * 0.4 to 0.8 (thickness) mm. • They were initially cut with wire saws from 2” sapphire wafers (in many cases, reject from production for LED substrates). • As demand increased, a dedicated supply chain emerged: many suppliers now start from a rectangular brick which is then sliced into individual window blanks before double side polishing. Laser cutting has replaced diamond wire saws. • The filaments are then assembled onto a lead frame to facilitate subsequent processing for the manufacturing of the COB-type filament (silver electrode metallization, die attach, interconnect, phosphor coating…). Sapphire filament substrates Picture: Zhejiang Terios New Energy Finished and assembled LED filaments Picture: Tevaja ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 20. 20 Compared to MESA and vertical structures, Flip Chip LED can offer advantages toward reliability and lifetime, luminous output, package size and manufacturing cost. Benefits (1/2) FLIP CHIP LED • Flip Chip (FC) LED manufacturing process use (in most case) a gold-tin eutectic direct bonding method where the chip is “stuck” on to the package substrate. • Such structure of package allow for several features compared to MESA and vertical LEDs which have some unavoidable disadvantages, such as faulty wire weld, surge strike, insufficient resistance to high current, bond wire breakage caused by the thermal expansion and contraction of packaging silicone, yield affected by bond wire in manufacturing process (…). No Wire Bonding Reduce LEDs damage risk1 Increase light emitting area Reduce package size Low Sheet Resistance / Low Driving Current Allow for better thermal dissipation Low Thermal Resistance Allows for high electrical currents Flip Chip LED - Direct Bumping or Eutectic Bonding Increase of reliability and lifetime Increase of luminosity (with increased operating efficiency) Potential increase of lm/W and lm/$ Decrease of package size and allow for new package structure 1. As gold wire can break during LED manufacturing process, under LED operation with huge temperature differences (…). ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 21. 21 • Nichia has developed a CSP architecture to enable light output only on top of the LED contrary to other LED manufacturers. • It allow to place the LEDs close to each other on the PCB because there is no side emission of the light and therefore no mutual absorption of light. • Gap between LED can be reduced to 0.2mm compared to 1mm for conventional CSP LEDs. • Following Nichia statement, there is no color shifting contrary to other CSP LEDs. Differences in CSP Architectures / Packages CSP LED Difference between Nichia and conventional CSP architecture Source: Nichia • Seoul Semiconductor has developed its own CSP architecture that is simpler than conventional CSP design since there is no ceramic substrate. • WICOP (Wafer Level Integrated Chip on PCB) is designed to directly connect the chip to the PCB as there is no intermediate substrate. • As the LED chip is directly connected onto the PCB, hence its thermal dissipation channel is especially short, and has low thermal resistance. As a result, the driving current is double that of the average LED package. • Even if there are some differences between CSP LED manufacturers in the architecture of the “package”, all CSP LEDs have no need for main parts such as package or wire bonding. Difference between Seoul Semiconductor CSP and conventional CSP architecture Source: Seoul Semiconductor ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 22. 22 LED Packaging Process Flow OVERVIEW OF LED PACKAGING Epiwafer Carrier wafer Epitaxial substrate Die Lens Carrier wafer MESA & Vertical Flip Chip LEGEND Only for vertical LED packaging Can be “mixed” with interconnection for Flip Chip LED packaging ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 23. 23 For both GaAs- based and Sapphire-based LEDs, wafer bonding enables improved thermal, electrical and/or optical properties. Introduction (2/2) WAFER BONDING • In such designs (i.e.:VTF andTFFC LEDs), Sapphire is replaced by another carrier that offers higher thermal conductivity: • Silicon-based LEDs involve also the transfer to a silicon carrier (i.e.: bonding step) and removal of the original Silicon substrate. Indeed, unlike Sapphire which is transparent, Silicon re-absorbs most of the light emitted toward the substrate. This significantly decreases the efficiency of the LED. The most common solution to the problem is to use a vertical LED structure: • Regarding GaN-based LEDs (i.e.:GaN-on-GaN LEDs), no wafer bonding process is required. Epitaxy Substrate LED Epitaxial Layers 1. LED epiwafer Bonding Layer Bonding Layer Carrier substrate Epitaxy Substrate LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding Layer Carrier substrate LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding layer Carrier substrate LED Epitaxial Layers 4. VTF LED structure Bonding Layer n-contact pad Epitaxy Substrate LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding Layer Bonding Layer Carrier substrate Epitaxy Substrate LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding Layer Carrier substrate LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding layer Carrier substrate LED Epitaxial Layers Bonding Layer n-contact pad Typical process flow of Vertical Thin Film (VTF) LED manufacturing n-GaN p-GaN Epitaxy Substrate (Si) Mirror layer Carrier substrate (Si) n-GaN p-GaN Epitaxy Substrate (Si) Mirror layer n-GaN p-GaN Active layers Epitaxy Substrate (Si) Emitted light Absorbed light n-GaN p-GaN Mirror layer Carrier substrate (Si) 1. LED-on-Si 2. Mirror layer deposition 3. Carrier substrate bonding 4. Substrate removal Bonding and removal process for LED-On-Si 2. Carrier substrate bonding 3. Substrate removal ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 24. 24 LLO is the most common substrate removal technique used for volume manufacturing. However, IP constraints,cost, performance limitations and damage caused to the epilayer provide incentive for the development of alternatives. OtherTechniques SUBSTRATE REMOVAL • We have identified 3 new techniques for substrate removal but current performance (development status) are not sufficient yet to directly compete with LLO. Technique Developer Comments Chemical Mechanical Planarization ASTRI • The process uses standard grinding and polishing combined with “polish stops” structures made of hard material embedded into the structure to protect the epi layers. • Potentially, multiple wafers can be processed in batch.Also, there is less patent issues than for LLO.And an increase of yield in terms of reverse current specification can be achieved compared to LLO. Electrochemical Etching Yale University • Substrate removal technique based on the creation of a nanoporous layer of GaN using an electrochemical etcher. Further nitride layers are then grown.A new substrate can then be applied to the top of the structure and the growth substrate removed at the weakened nanoporous region. MechanicalTransfer NTT • NTT has developed a technique for growing high-quality layered BN thin films on sapphire substrates, and also growing high-quality GaN-based thin films on BN. Since in this structure the cleavable BN plays the role of a release layer, one can easily detach the GaN-based thin-film devices from the sapphire substrates and transfer them to the other substrate. More details on these OtherTechniques given in appendix ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 25. 25 Global Benchmark of DicingTechnologies (i.e.: Not LED-Centric) (1/2) DIE SINGULATION Blade Dicing Laser Ablation Stealth Dicing Plasma Dicing Upfront cost $200k XX XX Cost of Ownership (CoO) Medium XX Medium XX Technology type Chipping Chipping No chipping No chipping Debris Dust XX Dust-free XX Water XX Required No water / cleaning required XX Die strength Low XX Medium XX Production yield Dicing line limitation Not so good: Line limitation Low kerf loss better yield High productivity Thermal effect on the device Heat effect Heat effect Unaffected Heat-free Wafer breakage Breakage strength Wafer breakage Superior breakage strength Chip strength: > 3,000 MPa Main Advantages • Standard process suitable for thick wafer (> 250µm) • XX • Clean process • XX • XX • High level device strength • Independent of die size • XX • XX Main Drawbacks • Dirty process • Crack propagation • Increased damage for thinner wafers and small die • XX • Lateral damage • XX • Scratch on the surface > 200 µm • XX • XX • Heat propagation can damage the die • Disruptive technology • XX ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 26. 26 The diversity of LED structures, power levels, applications and process equipment considerations require different die attach solutions to optimize cost and performance aspects. Die Attach Material vs. LED Package Power (and Applications) DIE ATTACH ApplicationThermal ConductivityDie Attach Material LEGEND LOW POWER SUPER HIGH POWERHIGH POWERMIDDLE POWER XX XX XX, XX, XX LED Downlight XX Automotive Exterior Lighting (DRL,Tail, Signal) Auto Head Lamp T8 Tube Lamps 7 - XXW/mK XX - XXW/mK > 200W/mKXX - 200W/mK • XX • XX • Silver-Filled Epoxy • XX Pressure-Assisted Sintered Ag Pressureless SinteredAg XX Performance(ThermalandReliability) 0 - 0.3W > 4W1 - 4W0.3 - 1W Source: Yole Développement / Alpha ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 27. 27 • White light from packaged LEDs is generated by combining blue photons from LED chips with photons of other colors from phosphor material(s). However, as phosphors are mostly produced as powders, LED manufacturers have to blend it the encapsulant to suspend the phosphor powder and allow for simple deposition onto the blue LED chip. • Many encapsulating materials are available on the market with a wide variety of physical and performance characteristics. LED packagers evaluate performance of such materials along optical, mechanical, chemical and thermal metrics (with some figures of merit bearing more importance to the overall package performance than others). • Additionally, they have to make sure that such material will have the best fit with the phosphor used. • Below are presented key parameters to consider for encapsulant and potential associated interactions with phosphor materials. Interactions Encapsulant / Phosphors - Overview ENCAPSULATION / PRIMARY OPTICS KEY PARAMETERS OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN ENCAPSULANT AND PHOPSHORS OPTICAL PROPERTIES MECHANICAL PROPERTIES CHEMICAL COMPATIBILITY THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY CURING PROCESS More details on Each Parameter of Interactions in appendix ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 28. 28 Encapsulant material should represent a market volume of ~XX Metric Tons by 2021, mostly driven by Methyl Silicone (and Phenyl Silicone) materials. EncapsulantVolume Forecast (2012-2021) ENCAPSULATION / PRIMARY OPTICS ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 29. 29 Phosphor quantity can vary significantly from one type of package to another. On-Chip Configuration - Overview PHOSPHORS • Downconverters are usually mixed with a binder (Silicone, Epoxy) and deposited on the device. Alternatively, they can be in a ceramic form or embedded into a solid-state binder that is paired with phosphor chips afterwards (e.g.: glass).The major types are: Increasing phosphor packing density Casting (Dispersion): XX CREE Osram Conformal Coating Package level: Conformal Coating or Pre-Form – Chip only: Philips LumiledsPicture: System Plus Consulting Volume conversion On-Chip conversion Cost efficient but: • Particle segregation, binder viscosity hard to control. • XX • XX  For XX and XX power packages. Better color uniformity & XX (especially with ceramics) but more expensive.  2014: Mostly for XX packages.  2015+: Increased adoption in XX. ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 30. 30 Silicates were developed as an alternative to YAG and will lose ground as YAG IP falls into public domain. Material / Compositions - Focus on Silicates PHOSPHORS • M2SiO4:Eu2+ (M=Ba, Sr, Ca) phosphors were originally studied in the 60’s. • Compositions for LEDs silicate phosphors and the associated intellectual property has been asserted by a group called the BOSE consortium, consisting of Tridonic, Leuchtstoffwerk Breitungen (LWB) and Litec (now part of Merck) all assignees on the fundamental US6809347 silicate patent. The consortium later added Toyoda Gosei which extended the claims. • The BOSE consortium later signed a cross licensing agreement with Intematix. Attempt by the consortium to trademark the name BOSE for phosphors was denied after a complaint by electronic audio company Bose. • Other companies like GE and Osram also own some IP on silicate phosphors for LEDs. • Compositions have been developed to cover the green and red portions of the spectra, from 500 to more than 610 nm. However, thermal quenching and chemical instability are often issues for the most extreme wavelength. • Significant progress has been made on those aspects. Various types of coating have been used to improve stability and performance have improved on a continuous basis. Performance of the best silicates are now approaching those of Yellow/Green YAG phosphors. However, those higher performance silicates come at a cost premium. • Yellow silicates are being quickly displaced by YAG. Green silicates remain used in display applications. Orange silicates offer a cheaper alternative to some nitride for mid power LED where photon flux and operating temperature are not too high. Companies constituting the BOSE consortium or having cross licensing agreement on silicates ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
  • 31. 31 RELATED REPORTS Discover more related reports within our bundles here. ©2016 | www.yole.fr | LED Packaging 2017: Market, Technology and Industry Landscape | Sample
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The buyer has to choose one license: • One user license: one person at the company can use the report. • Multi-user license: the report can be used by unlimited users within the company. Subsidiaries and Joint-Ventures are not included. • Corporate license: purchased under “Annual Subscription” program, the report can be used by unlimited users within the company. Joint-Ventures are not included. “Products”: Depending on the purchase order, reports or database on MEMS, CSC, Optics/MOEMS, Nano, bio… to be bought either on a unit basis or as an annual subscription. (i.e. subscription for a period of 12 calendar months). The annual subscription to a package (i.e. a global discount based on the number of reports that the Buyer orders or accesses via the service, a global search service on line on I-micronews and a consulting approach), is defined in the order. Reports are established in PowerPoint and delivered on a PDF format and the database may include Excel files. “Seller”: Based in Lyon (France headquarters), Yole Développement is a market research and business development consultancy company, facilitating market access for advanced technology industrial projects. With more than 20 market analysts, Yole works worldwide with the key industrial companies, RD institutes and investors to help them understand the markets and technology trends. 1. SCOPE 1.1 The Contracting Parties undertake to observe the following general conditions when agreed by the Buyer and the Seller. ANY ADDITIONAL, DIFFERENT, OR CONFLICTING TERMS AND CONDITIONS IN ANY OTHER DOCUMENTS ISSUED BY THE BUYER AT ANY TIME ARE HEREBY OBJECTED TO BY THE SELLER, SHALL BE WHOLLY INAPPLICABLE TO ANY SALE MADE HEREUNDER AND SHALL NOT BE BINDING IN ANY WAY ON THE SELLER. 1.2 This agreement becomes valid and enforceable between the Contracting Parties after clear and non-equivocal consent by any duly authorized person representing the Buyer. For these purposes, the Buyer accepts these conditions of sales when signing the purchase order which mentions “I hereby accept Yole’s Terms and Conditions of Sale”. This results in acceptance by the Buyer. 1.3 Orders are deemed to be accepted only upon written acceptance and confirmation by the Seller, within [7 days] from the date of order, to be sent either by email or to the Buyer’s address. In the absence of any confirmation in writing, orders shall be deemed to have been accepted. 2. MAILING OF THE PRODUCTS 2.1 Products are sent by email to the Buyer: • within [1] month from the order for Products already released; or • within a reasonable time for Products ordered prior to their effective release. In this case, the Seller shall use its best endeavours to inform the Buyer of an indicative release date and the evolution of the work in progress. 2.2 Some weeks prior to the release date the Seller can propose a pre-release discount to the Buyer The Seller shall by no means be responsible for any delay in respect of article 2.2 above, and including incases where a new event or access to new contradictory information would require for the analyst extra time to compute or compare the data in order to enable the Seller to deliver a high quality Products. 2.3 The mailing of the Product will occur only upon payment by the Buyer, in accordance with the conditions contained in article 3. 2.4. The mailing is operated through electronic means either by email via the sales department or automatically online via an email/password. If the Product’s electronic delivery format is defective, the Seller undertakes to replace it at no charge to the Buyer provided that it is informed of the defective formatting within 90 days from the date of the original download or receipt of the Product. 2.5 The person receiving the Products on behalf of the Buyer shall immediately verify the quality of the Products and their conformity to the order. Any claim for apparent defects or for non-conformity shall be sent in writing to the Seller within 8 days of receipt of the Products. For this purpose, the Buyer agrees to produce sufficient evidence of such defects. . 2.6 No return of Products shall be accepted without prior information to the Seller, even in case of delayed delivery. Any Product returned to the Seller without providing prior information to the Seller as required under article 2.5 shall remain at the Buyer’s risk. 3. PRICE, INVOICING AND PAYMENT 3.1 Prices are given in the orders corresponding to each Product sold on a unit basis or corresponding to annual subscriptions. They are expressed to be inclusive of all taxes. The prices may be reevaluated from time to time. The effective price is deemed to be the one applicable at the time of the order. 3.2 Yole may offer a pre release discount for the companies willing to acquire in the future the specific report and agreeing on the fact that the report may be release later than the anticipated release date. In exchange to this uncertainty, the company will get a discount that can vary from 15% to 10%. 3.3 Payments due by the Buyer shall be sent by cheque payable to Yole Développement, credit card or by electronic transfer to the following account: HSBC, 1 place de la Bourse 69002 Lyon France Bank code: 30056 Branch code: 00170 Account n°: 0170 200 1565 87 BIC or SWIFT code: CCFRFRPP IBAN: FR76 3005 6001 7001 7020 0156 587 To ensure the payments, the Seller reserves the right to request down payments from the Buyer. In this case, the need of down payments will be mentioned on the order. 3.4 Payment is due by the Buyer to the Seller within 30 days from invoice date, except in the case of a particular written agreement. If the Buyer fails to pay within this time and fails to contact the Seller, the latter shall be entitled to invoice interest in arrears based on the annual rate Refi of the «BCE» + 7 points, in accordance with article L. 441-6 of the French Commercial Code. Our publications (report, database, tool...) are delivered only after reception of the payment. 3.5 In the event of termination of the contract, or of misconduct, during the contract, the Seller will have the right to invoice at the stage in progress, and to take legal action for damages. 4. LIABILITIES 4.1 The Buyer or any other individual or legal person acting on its behalf, being a business user buying the Products for its business activities, shall be solely responsible for choosing the Products and for the use and interpretations he makes of the documents it purchases, of the results he obtains, and of the advice and acts it deduces thereof. 4.2 The Seller shall only be liable for (i) direct and (ii) foreseeable pecuniary loss, caused by the Products or arising from a material breach of this agreement 4.3 In no event shall the Seller be liable for: a) damages of any kind, including without limitation, incidental or consequential damages (including, but not limited to, damages for loss of profits, business interruption and loss of programs or information) arising out of the use of or inability to use the Seller’s website or the Products, or any information provided on the website, or in the Products; b) any claim attributable to errors, omissions or other inaccuracies in the Product or interpretations thereof. 4.4 All the information contained in the Products has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable. The Seller does not warrant the accuracy, completeness adequacy or reliability of such information, which cannot be guaranteed to be free from errors. 4.5 All the Products that the Seller sells may, upon prior notice to the Buyer from time to time be modified by or substituted with similar Products meeting the needs of the Buyer. This modification shall not lead to the liability of the Seller, provided that the Seller ensures the substituted Product is similar to the Product initially ordered. 4.6 In the case where, after inspection, it is acknowledged that the Products contain defects, the Seller undertakes to replace the defective products as far as the supplies allow and without indemnities or compensation of any kind for labor costs, delays, loss caused or any other reason. The replacement is guaranteed for a maximum of two months starting from the delivery date. Any replacement is excluded for any event as set out in article 5 below. 4.7 The deadlines that the Seller is asked to state for the mailing of the Products are given for information only and are not guaranteed. If such deadlines are not met, it shall not lead to any damages or cancellation of the orders, except for non acceptable delays exceeding [4] months from the stated deadline, without information from the Seller. In such case only, the Buyer shall be entitled to ask for a reimbursement of its first down payment to the exclusion of any further damages. 4.8 The Seller does not make any warranties, express or implied, including, without limitation, those of sale ability and fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to the Products. Although the Seller shall take reasonable steps to screen Products for infection of viruses, worms, Trojan horses or other codes containing contaminating or destructive properties before making the Products available, the Seller cannot guarantee that any Product will be free from infection. 5. FORCE MAJEURE The Seller shall not be liable for any delay in performance directly or indirectly caused by or resulting from acts of nature, fire, flood, accident, riot, war, government intervention, embargoes, strikes, labor difficulties, equipment failure, late deliveries by suppliers or other difficulties which are beyond the control, and not the fault of the Seller. 6. PROTECTION OF THE SELLER’S IPR 6.1 All the IPR attached to the Products are and remain the property of the Seller and are protected under French and international copyright law and conventions. 6.2 The Buyer agreed not to disclose, copy, reproduce, redistribute, resell or publish the Product, or any part of it to any other party other than employees of its company. The Buyer shall have the right to use the Products solely for its own internal information purposes. In particular, the Buyer shall therefore not use the Product for purposes such as: • Information storage and retrieval systems; • Recordings and re-transmittals over any network (including any local area network); • Use in any timesharing, service bureau, bulletin board or similar arrangement or public display; • Posting any Product to any other online service (including bulletin boards or the Internet); • Licensing, leasing, selling, offering for sale or assigning the Product. 6.3 The Buyer shall be solely responsible towards the Seller of all infringements of this obligation, whether this infringement comes from its employees or any person to whom the Buyer has sent the Products and shall personally take care of any related proceedings, and the Buyer shall bear related financial consequences in their entirety. 6.4 The Buyer shall define within its company point of contact for the needs of the contract. This person will be the recipient of each new report in PDF format. This person shall also be responsible for respect of the copyrights and will guaranty that the Products are not disseminated out of the company. 6.5 In the context of annual subscriptions, the person of contact shall decide who within the Buyer, shall be entitled to access on line the reports on I-micronews.com. In this respect, the Seller will give the Buyer a maximum of 10 password, unless the multiple sites organization of the Buyer requires more passwords. The Seller reserves the right to check from time to time the correct use of this password. 6.6 In the case of a multisite, multi license, only the employee of the buyer can access the report or the employee of the companies in which the buyer have 100% shares. As a matter of fact the investor of a company, the joint venture done with a third party etc..cannot access the report and should pay a full license price. 7. TERMINATION 7.1 If the Buyer cancels the order in whole or in part or postpones the date of mailing, the Buyer shall indemnify the Seller for the entire costs that have been incurred as at the date of notification by the Buyer of such delay or cancellation. This may also apply for any other direct or indirect consequential loss that may be borne by the Seller, following this decision. 7.2 In the event of breach by one Party under these conditions or the order, the non-breaching Party may send a notification to the other by recorded delivery letter upon which, after a period of thirty (30) days without solving the problem, the non-breaching Party shall be entitled to terminate all the pending orders, without being liable for any compensation. 8. MISCELLANEOUS All the provisions of these Terms and Conditions are for the benefit of the Seller itself, but also for its licensors, employees and agents. Each of them is entitled to assert and enforce those provisions against the Buyer. Any notices under these Terms and Conditions shall be given in writing. They shall be effective upon receipt by the other Party. The Seller may, from time to time, update these Terms and Conditions and the Buyer, is deemed to have accepted the latest version of these terms and conditions, provided they have been communicated to him in due time. 9. GOVERNING LAW AND JURISDICTION 9.1 Any dispute arising out or linked to these Terms and Conditions or to any contract (orders) entered into in application of these Terms and Conditions shall be settled by the French Commercial Courts of Lyon, which shall have exclusive jurisdiction upon such issues. 9.2 French law shall govern the relation between the Buyer and the Seller, in accordance with these Terms and Conditions. TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALES 
  • 35. 33 FIELDS OF EXPERTISE Yole Développement’s 30 analysts operate in the following areas MEMS Sensors LED Compound Semi. Imaging Photonics MedTech Manufacturing Advanced Packaging Batteries / Energy Management Power Electronics Displays RF Devices Techno. ©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
  • 36. 34 4 BUSINESS MODELS o Consulting and Analysis • Market data research, marketing analysis • Technology analysis • Strategy consulting • Reverse engineering costing • Patent analysis www.yole.fr o Reports • Market Technology reports • Patent Investigation and patent infringement risk analysis • Teardowns Reverse Costing Analysis • Cost SimulationTool www.i-Micronews.com/reports o Financial services • MA (buying and selling) • Due diligence • Fundraising • Maturation of companies • IP portfolio management optimization www.yolefinance.com www.bmorpho.com o Media • i-Micronews.com website • @Micronews e-newsletter • Communication webcast services • Events www.i-Micronews.com ©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
  • 37. 35 A GROUP OF COMPANIES Market, technology and strategy consulting www.yole.fr MA operations Due diligences www.yolefinance.com Innovation and business maker www.bmorpho.com Manufacturing costs analysis Teardown and reverse engineering Cost simulation tools www.systemplus.fr IP analysis Patent assessment www.knowmade.fr ©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
  • 38. 36 OUR 2016 REPORTS PLANNING (1/2) MARKET ANDTECHNOLOGY REPORTS byYole Développement o MEMS SENSORS − Gas Sensor Technology and Market 2016 − Status of the MEMS Industry 2016 − Sensors for Cellphones andTablets 2016 − Inkjet Printhead Market Technology Trends 2016 − Sensors for Biometry and Recognition 2016 − Finger Print Sensors Market andTechnologies 2016 − Silicon Photonics 2016 − Emerging NonVolatile Memories 2016 o IMAGING OPTOELECTRONICS − Status of the CMOS Image Sensor Industry 2016 − Uncooled Infrared Imaging Technology MarketTrends 2016 − Imaging Technologies for Automotive 2016 − Sensors for Drones Robots: Market Opportunities and Technology Evolution 2016 − Silicon Photonics 2016 o MEDTECH − BioMEMS: Microsystems for Healthcare Applications 2016 − Point of Need Testing 2016:Application of MicrofluidicTechnologies o ADVANCED PACKAGING − Fan-Out WLP:Technology Trends and Business Update 2016 − Embedded Die Packaging:Technologies and Markets Trends 2016 − 2.5D 3D IC Business Update 2016 − Status and Prospects for the Advanced Packaging Industry in China 2016 − Fan-in Wafer Level Packaging: Market and Technology Trends 2016 o MANUFACTURING − Equipment and Materials for Fan Out Technology (Wafer vs Panel)** − Equipment and Materials for 3D T(X)V Technology** − Thinning Dicing Equipment for Advanced Packaging, MEMS, Photovoltaics, LED, CMOS 2016 **To be confirmed ©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
  • 39. 37 OUR 2016 REPORTS PLANNING (2/2) o COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS − Power SiC 2016: Materials, Devices, Modules, and Applications − GaN Modules, Devices and Substrates for Power Electronics 2016 − Sapphire Applications Market 2016: from LED to Consumer Electronics − GaN RF Devices Market:Applications, Players,Technology, and Substrates 2016 – 2022 − RF components and modules for cellphones 2016** o LED − Sapphire Applications and Market 2016: From LED to Consumer Electronics − Thermal Management for LED and Power 2016 − LED Packaging 2016 − Microdisplays and MicroLEDs 2016** − UV LEDs - Technology, Manufacturing and Application Trends − OLED for Lighting - Technology, Industry and Market Trends 2016 − Automotive Lighting:Technologies, Industry and MarketTrends 2016 o POWER ELECTRONICS − Power Electronics for EV/HEV 2016: Market, Innovations and Trends − Status of Power Electronics Industry 2016 − Passive Components Technologies and MarketTrends for Power Electronics 2016 − Power SiC 2016: Materials, Devices, Modules, and Applications − GaN Modules, Devices and Substrates for Power Electronics 2016 − InverterTechnologies Trends Market Expectations 2016 − Opportunities for Power Electronics in Renewable Electricity Generation 2016 − Thermal Management for LED and Power 2016 − GaN RF Devices Market:Applications, Players,Technology, and Substrates 2016 - 2022 o BATTERY − Stationary Storage and Automotive Li-ion Battery Packs − Beyond Li-ion Batteries: Present and Future Li-ion Technology Challengers PATENT ANALYSIS by Knowmade o Patent Infringement (crossed analysis based on Knowmade and System Plus Analysis expertise) o Patent Investigation (crossed analysis based on Knowmade Yole Développement expertise) o Patent Landscape TEARDOWN REVERSE COSTING by System Plus Consulting More than 30 teardowns and reverse costing analysis and cost simulation tools to be published in 2016. ©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
  • 40. 38 OUR 2015 PUBLISHED REPORTS LIST o MEMS SENSORS − Sensors and Data Management for Autonomous Vehicles − Sensors for Wearable Electronics And Mobile Healthcare − Status of the MEMS Industry − Uncooled Infrared Imaging Technology Market Trends − Infrared Detector Technology Market Trends − High-End Gyroscopes, Accelerometers and IMUs for Defense, Aerospace Industrial − Emerging Non Volatile Memory (NVM) Technology Market Trends o IMAGING OPTOELECTRONICS − Camera Module Industry − Uncooled Infrared Imaging Technology Market Trends − Status of the CMOS Image Sensors − Infrared Detector Technology Market Trends o MEDTECH − Sample Preparation Automation Through Emerging Microfluidic Technologies − 2015 Microfluidic Applications in the Pharmaceutical, Life Sciences, In-Vitro Diagnostic, and Medical Device Markets − Sensors for Wearable Electronics And Mobile Healthcare o COMPOUND SEMICONDUCTORS − Sapphire Applications Market 2015: from LED to Consumer Electronics − SiC, GaN, and other Wide Band Gap (WBG) materials for power electronics applications − GaN and SiC Devices for Power Electronics Applications o LED − LED Lighting Module Technology, Industry and Market Trends 2015 − UV LED - Technology, Manufacturing and Application Trends − Phosphors Quantum Dots 2015: LED Downconverters for Lighting Displays − Sapphire Applications Market 2015: from LED to Consumer Electronics o POWER ELECTRONICS − Power Packaging Technology Trends and Market Expectations − Energy Management for Smart Grid, Cities and Buildings: Opportunities for Battery Electricity Storage Solutions − Status of Chinese Power Electronics Industry − New Technologies and Architectures for Efficient Data Center − IGBT Market and Technology Trends − Status of Power Electronics Industry − SiC, GaN, and other Wide Band Gap (WBG) materials for power electronics applications − GaN and SiC Devices for Power Electronics Applications o ADVANCED PACKAGING − Status of the Advanced Packaging Industry − Supply Chain Readiness for Panel Manufacturing in Packaging − Fan-in Wafer Level Packaging: Market and Technology Trends − Flip Chip: Technologies and Markets Trends − Fan-Out and Embedded Die: Technologies Market Trends o MANUFACTURING − Photolithography Equipment and Materials for Advanced Packaging, MEMS and LED Applications − Emerging Non Volatile Memory (NVM) Technology Market Trends ©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement
  • 41. 39 CONTACT INFORMATION Follow us on • Consulting and Specific Analysis • North America: Steve LaFerriere, Director of Northern America Business Development Email: laferriere@yole.fr • Japan Asia:Takashi Onozawa, Representative Director,Yole KK Email: onozawa@yole.fr • RoW: Jean-Christophe Eloy, CEO President,Yole Développement Email eloy@yole.fr • Report business • North America: Steve LaFerriere, Director of Northern America Business Development Email: laferriere@yole.fr • Europe: Lizzie Levenez, EMEA Business Development Manager Email: levenez@yole.fr • Japan Asia:Takashi Onozawa, Representative Director,Yole KK. Email: onozawa@yole.fr • Greater China: Mavis Wang, Business Development Director Email: wang@yole.fr • Financial services • Jean-Christophe Eloy, CEO President Email: eloy@yole.fr • General • Email: info@yole.fr ©2016 | www.yole.fr | About Yole Développement