Homeostasis refers to the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment to maintain a stable equilibrium. It is actively maintained through feedback mechanisms involving organs like the lungs, kidneys, and blood vessels. There are two types of feedback - negative feedback works to inhibit changes from the original stimulus and return the body to homeostasis, like insulin regulating blood sugar levels. Positive feedback enhances the original stimulus, like oxytocin intensifying contractions during childbirth or platelets attracting more platelets during blood clotting. Feedback mechanisms are important for maintaining homeostasis in the body.

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Ass.Lec. Inas S. Mohammed
Biomedical Engineering
University of Technology
Homeostasis and
feedback mechanism

2. Definition of Homeostasis
 Homeostasis: The tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal
environment and maintain equilibrium, usually by a system of feedback controls, so as
to stabilize health and functioning.
 Every organ in the body contributes to homeostasis. A complex set of chemical,
thermal, and neural factors interact in complex ways, both helping and hindering the
body while it works to maintain homeostasis.
 Homeostasis can be considered in regards to a cell, tissue, organ, biological system,
or environmental system.
 Actively maintained by organs and tissues
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3.  Lungs provide oxygen consumed by cells, and remove carbon dioxide produced by
cells
 Kidneys regulate ion concentrations by disposal of waste product.
 Arrest of bleeding.
 Prevent excessive blood loss.
1- Vasoconstriction of damaged blood vessels.
2- Platelet plug forming.
3- Coagulation or blood clotting.
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Definition of Homeostasis

4. TYPES OF FEEDBACK
MECHANISM
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There are two types of feedback mechanism:-
1-Negative feedback mechanism.
2- Positive feedback mechanism.
Negative feedback mechanism
Negative feedback : Is the primary mechanism through which your endocrine system
maintains “ homeostasis “.
*Example :-
The control of blood sugar (glucose) by insulin is another good example of a negative
feedback mechanism. When blood sugar rises, receptors in the body sense a change .
In turn, the control center (pancreas) secretes insulin into the blood effectively
lowering blood sugar levels. Once blood sugar levels reach homeostasis, the pancreas
stops releasing insulin.

5. POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISM
Positive feedback mechanism: Increase in function in response to a stimulus
-
*Example :
A- A good example of a positive feedback system is child birth. During labor, a
is released that intensifies and speeds up contractions.
oxytocin
hormone called
to be released and the cycle
oxytocin
The increase in contractions causes more
goes on until the baby is born. positive feedback mechanism.
B- Another good example of a positive feedback mechanism is blood clotting. Once a
vessel is damaged, platelets start to cling to the injured site and release
chemicals that attract more platelets. The platelets continue to pile up and
release chemicals until a clot is formed.
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6. POSITIVE & NEGATIVE
FEEDBACK MECHANISM
*Note :-
Just remember that positive feedback mechanisms enhance the
original stimulus and negative feedback mechanisms inhibit it.
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7. FEEDBACK MECHANISM
A feedback mechanism is a process that uses the conditions of one
component to regulate the function of the other. It is done to either
increase or dampen the change in the system. When the process tends
to increase the change in the system, the mechanism is known as
positive feedback. Negative feedback is when the process seeks to
counter the change and maintain equilibrium.
*Homeostasis is the tendency to resist change in order to maintain
a stable, relatively constant internal environment.
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8. THE END
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