FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT tutorialoutletdotcom PREDICTIONS 1. Urine output will be highest during: Water Loading 2. Urine osmolality will be lowest during: Dehydration 3. Plasma osmolality: increases with dehydration METHODS AND MATERIALS

1. BIOS 256 What technique
FOR MORE CLASSES VISIT
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PREDICTIONS
1. Urine output will be highest during: Water Loading
2. Urine osmolality will be lowest during: Dehydration
3. Plasma osmolality: increases with dehydration
METHODS AND MATERIALS
1. Dependent variable: Urine and plasma values
2. Independent variable: fluid intake
3. Controlled variables: age, gender and weight/ Room temperature
4. Subjects were asked to refrain from alcohol and caffeine for a day
before the start of
the experiment. Explain why this is important. This is important as
caffeine and alcohol
could affect the outcome of the experiment especially these products
could cause
excretion of urine since they are diuretics and effect plasma work.
5. What technique was used to measure urine and plasma osmolality?
The centrifuge
was used to separate the plasma. The plasma and urine was then
refrigerated and later
accessed and placed in the osmometer for results
RESULTS
See Table 3: Urine Production Rate
See Graph 1: Average Daily Urine Production Under Different
Hydration States Type in the following AVERAGE urine production
rate (L/day) Normal Dehydrated Water Loaded Subject 1
Subject 2
Subject 3

2. Average Normal
1.98
1.96
1.82
1.92 Dehydrated
0.63
0.62
0.64
0.63 Water Loaded
7.59
7.18
7.48
7.42 1. Does dehydration increase, decrease, or not change average urine
production rate
(L/day)? Dehydration decreases urine production
2. Does water loading increase, decrease, or not affect average urine
production rate
(L/day)? Water loading increases the urine production rate
See Table 4: Osmolality (mosm/L)
See Graph 2: Blood Plasma and Urine Osmolality Under Different
Hydration States
Type in the following AVERAGE urine osmolality (mosm/L) Normal
Dehydrated Water Loaded
Urine Subject 1
Subject 2
Subject 3
Average Normal
630
585
621
612 Dehydrated
1250
1180
1170
1200 Water Loaded

3. 188
188
162
179 3. Does dehydration increase, decrease, or not change average urine
osmolality
(mosm/L)? Dehydration increases urine osmolality 4. Does water
loading increase, decrease, or not change average urine osmolality
(mosm/L)? Water loading decreases urine osmolality
Type in the following AVERAGE plasma osmolality (mosm/L) Normal
Dehydrated Water Loaded
Plasma Subject 1
Subject 2
Subject 3
Average Normal
304
295
268
295 Dehydrated
307
306
308
307 Water Loaded
283
270
273
275 5. Does dehydration increase, decrease, or not change average
plasma osmolality
(mosm/L)? Dehydration slightly increases plasma osmolality
6. Does water loading increase, decrease, or not change average plasma
osmolality
(mosm/L)? Water loading decreases osmolality
DISCUSSION
1. State whether dehydration results in production of a concentrated or
dilute
urine.

4. Dehydration results in production of concentrated Urine
2. State whether water loading results in production of concentrated or
dilute urine.
Water loading results in dilute urine
3. Describe how ADH secretion during dehydration changes urine
production and
osmolality. ADH secretion changes urine production by aiding in the
change of
reabsorption. When you are dehydrated, you will release more ADH,
which will reabsorb
water, making you have more blood volume and lower osmolality. 4.
Describe how ADH secretion during water loading changes urine
production and
osmolality. ADH secretion during water loading allows for more water
to be secreted
and less is absorb however the osmolality becomes less concentrated or
lower
5. Describe how ADH secretion maintains plasma osmolality levels
during dehydration
and water loading. ADH secretion maintains plasma osmolality with a
balance in
reabsorption and ADH is released when there is low plasma volume
(dehydrated) and
inhibited when there is high plasma volume water loading (the effect of
plasma volume
on ADH is not as great as plasma osmolality).
6. Explain why in this experiment you did not see significant changes in
plasma
osmolality during dehydration or water later loading. There was not
significant changes
in plasma osmolality because the concentration vs. dilute was only
affected by water
and no other foods or liquids
7. Discuss why maintaining plasma osmolality within normal limits is
important.

5. Mainitaining plasma osmolality is important because it is a balance of
electrolytes within
the body. Without this balance they could be a problem with dehydration
as well as
problems with cell functions.
8. Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your
experiment
that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and
correct them,
giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction. My
predictions were
that Urine output would be highest during Water Loading, which was
correct. Urine
osmolality will be lowest during dehydration which was which was
incorrect. The
osmolality increased being that the urine became more concentrated and
lastly Plasma
osmolality would increases with dehydration, which was also correct.
Plasma osmolality
increase because the concentration increased. APPLICATION
1. Drinking alcoholic or caffeinated beverages increases urine output
more than drinking
an equivalent amount of water. How do you think these beverages affect
ADH secretion? They counteract ADH
secretion being that they are diuretics, which can affect its reabsorption
properties. Would urine osmolality be increased or decreased?
Osmolality would increase 2. Explain why someone with diabetes
insipidus must drink more water than normal. A
person with this condition not only feels the need to drink more water
because of they
feel thirsty all the time but also because the body constantly rids itself of
water/urine.
3. Explain what happens to plasma osmolality when you give a severely
dehydrated
person large amounts of pure water.

6. The osmolality would decrease being that the person is drinking large
amounts of water,
which dilutes the plasma
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7. The osmolality would decrease being that the person is drinking large
amounts of water,
which dilutes the plasma
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