Critical Review Essay

Critical Review Essay
Clinical Operational Management – Assignment 2 (Critical Review Essay) Article Reviewed Clarke, C., Harcourt, M., & Flynn, M. (2013).
Clinical Governance, Performance Appraisal and Interactional and Procedural Fairness at a New Zealand Public Hospital. Journal of Business Ethics,
117(3), 667–678. http://dx.doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10551–012–1550–9 Introduction This is a review of article titled, "Clinical Governance,
Performance Appraisal and Interactional and Procedural Fairness at a New Zealand Public Hospital" by Clarke, Harcourt, and Flynn (2013) which
focuses on performance appraisal (PA). The intention of the article is two–fold. It explores how nurses perceive fairness in the process of their PA and
how the...show more content...
Kim and Rubianty (2011) revealed that intrinsic motivation of an employee correlates significantly with perceived fairness of PA. Hence it is
recommended that adequate attention be paid to avoid discrepancies and injustices, aiming at continuity of pursuance for fairness and transparency
during the PA process (Ikemefuna & Chidi, 2012). Though the author agrees with the significance and implications of this article, there were
many notable weaknesses identified especially in the area of the research methodology which affects the credibility of the article. This review will
discuss the strengths and weaknesses of the article following the structure of the article reviewed. Critique of reviewed article Title and Abstract The
title was ambiguous as many key terms e.g.; clinical governance, PA, interactional and procedural fairness were identified as possible phenomena's of
interest and no targeted population were identified. Despite a vague title, the abstract was clear in stating the purpose of the article which was to
explore the conduct of PA and how perceived injustices impact the PA's effectiveness. The methodology was also described; including sample size,
research design and data collection
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Introduction "Proposal writing is essential to the fundraising process, but it can be intimidating for the novice (Geever, 2001)". Here is the critical
review on the strengths and weaknesses of the proposal on youth leaders training programme for the 21st century ("the Programme") in CCC Ming Yin
College ("the College"), which is in hopes of obtaining funds from Quality Education Fund of Hong Kong. Prepared by the Student's Affairs
Committee, the proposal set its goal to benefit the majority of the students in the College. In this review, apart from the summary of the proposal, I will
first set out the strengths and weaknesses, followed by the conclusion. In short, the proposal was written against a comprehensive background,...show
more content...
However they were not able to be deemed as effectives statements as some basic elements were missed. There are six elements in effective statement
of need, which are "supporting statistics and facts, hopes to reader, ability to develop a model, acuteness of the need, superiority of the programme
over other similar ones, and no circular reasoning" (Geever, 2001). In the proposal, the planner stated that because the HKSAR government put
leadership training as top priority, the College should put forward the programme. It is a circular reasoning that the planner did not explain why
leadership training is essential in the context of the College, although the details of it were apparently revealed. The programme was of no urgency to
be funded, and there was no illustration to the specialties of the Programme. Why should the funder not subsidise students in the College to leadership
courses which are well–founded? Although it was claimed that the students were mostly from the mainland or low–income families, it is not
reasonable to say they did not have exposure to genuine leadership which argument had no necessary causal relationship. Even if the relationship can
be justified with detailed explanation with seamless logical sequence, it would solely be a perceived need, but not a normative need, which is referred
to the need they already known (Kettner, et al., 1999). As such, the proposal should have included a

Essay about Critical Review of Journal Article
INTRODUCTION This critical review of the quantitative study "Evaluation of a multiprofessional community stroke team: a randomised controlled
trial. Clinical Rehabilitation; 18 pp 40–47 STUDY PURPOSE The study aims to conclusively evaluate how effective it is to employ a specialist
community stroke team for the rehabilitation of stroke victims in a community based setting. This is clearly established at within the opening lines of
the article. In the summary at the beginning of the article the author claims that the available evidence is inconclusive and his aim is to provide
conclusive proof with regards to evidence based practise for the patient. A research article should state its' aims clearly and should assume the audience
has no...show more content...
According to Sim and Wright (2000) the accessible population is the portion of the target population that is available to the researcher and the sample
is then taken from this accessible population. The groups are similar to each other with regards to gender and age distribution; this also increases the
validity of the study as this similarity reduces the variables of the study. The overall population was a convenience sample which was then randomized
to two groups. DATA COLLECTION Six months after randomization all the patients were sent a letter asking them to consent to being in a study to
evaluate the input of a community stroke team. According to Lincoln et al (2004) the consent forms and outcome questionnaires were sent this late so
as to reduce bias. It was thought that group A which was receiving routine care would have lower expectations if confronted with the realization that the
alternate group may receive superior care. Some would possibly insist on being referred to the specialist community stroke team The Local Research
Ethics Committee granted ethical approval for this study to go ahead. This indicates that the value of the research undertaken outweighed any harm
that this consenting method may have caused as patients in Group A were still receiving routine care. However, the department of health has

Critical Analysis of Group Work Essay example
After completing the group task of preparing a presentation on, transferring individual facilitation skills into a group work setting I will critically
reflect upon my own participation. I will evaluate my self–awareness while working in the group, as well as those around me. The way that I personally
dealt with any issues that arose within the group and how that affected the group dynamics. I will also briefly discuss the roles in which each member
of the group took and how role allocation affected, the group dynamics and the working relationships. Finally I will evaluate my work having discussed
it with my fellow group members.
In order to evaluate my role within the group it is important to identify what makes a group. A group must...show more content...
Similar to Tuckman's five stages of group development is Corey and Corey, they claim that the first stage; Pregroup is "setting expectations,
establishing group rules and procedures, role preparation and skills building" (Corey, Corey, Corey 2010 p123). The group did well in this stage,
as the group was given a very clear aim, we discussed each members skill sets and while preparing a group contract with our aims objectives and
rules. A group contract is a very useful facilitation tool as it sets out very clear guidelines for the group and defines what is acceptable and
unacceptable behaviour for the group members (Tuckman 1965). The group members were able to gain clarity from the group contract, allowing
them to identify the norms and boundaries of the group. For example our group decided that if a member were for any reason not be able to attend a
meeting they would have to let the team know in advance, if this did happen the rest of the team would relay the information via email to the missing
group member.
The next time the group met they were in the storming stage (Tuckman 1965). This stage is where any conflict happens, the group member explore
their roles within the group. Within this stage there can often be a struggle for power, status and control. Even though conflict

Critical Review Of Forrest Gump
Paramount presented Robert Zemeckis' Forest Gump in theaters on July 6, 1994. This movie became a six time, Oscar winning film at the 67th
Academy Awards. Tom Hanks stared in this movie as Forrest Gump. He developed this character in a way that would drive the plot smoothly. He
was a lover, a fighter, a football star, and a multimillionaire. Hanks was able to portray Forrest as an all–American man in the 20th century. Forrest
Gump is a great, uplifting saga about a boy's good–natured attempts to overcome his disabilities through the people he encountered and the deeply
moving experiences in his lifetime.
Forrest Gump started off with a scene of a feather drifting off to a bench at a bus stop. Forrest starts to tell a story of him growing up in rural Alabama.
He was raised by a single mother, Sally Field. She composed many famous saying in the film such as, "Life is like a box of chocolates. You never know
what you're going to get", and "Stupid is as stupid does." Mrs. Gump was an important role because she helped shape Forrest to person he became. She
dedicated herself to giving him a normal life and making him believe that he was just as good as everyone else. Before she passed away she left him
with her last piece of advice, "Death is just a part of life."
Forrest found a friend in a young girl named Jenny. Jenny and Forrest grew fond of each other and became best friends. He grew up with an IQ of 75
and struggled with boyhood bullies. During an altercation with the

Systematic Review Essay examples
Systematic Review
NUR/518
University of Phoenix
Systematic Review The purpose of a systematic review is to attempt to find, evaluate and synthesize high quality research relevant to the research
question. A systematic review uses carefully developed data collection and sampling procedures that are put in place in advance as a protocol. (Polit,
2012). A systematic review must contain the following: a clear inclusion and exclusion criteria, an explicit search strategy, systematic coding and
analysis of included studies, and a meta–analysis if possible. (Hemingway & Brereton, 2009). Systematic reviews are conducted by nurse researchers to
avoid reaching incorrect or misleading conclusions that...show more content...
(Bae, 2011).
Seven studies used the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index to measure nurse working conditions, one used the Work Environment
Survey, and the remaining three used a variety of instruments from prior studies.
In examining the association between working conditions and patient outcomes, the eleven studies contained a total of fourteen different patient
outcome variables. The association between autonomy and patient outcomes were examined in two studies. Six studies measure the philosophy
emphasizing the quality of clinical care and the association with patient outcomes.
Nurse participation was examined in regards to the relationship between nurse participator and the patient outcomes, as well as the association between
supportive managers and patient outcomes. Other areas that were examined were collaborative relationships with physicians, supportive relationships
with peers, staffing and decentralization, patient–centered climate and busyness.
The findings of this systematic review suggest that evidence supporting a positive relationship between better nurse working conditions and improved
patient outcomes is

Critical Appraisal Essay
The purpose of this report is to conduct a critical appraisal of a published article.
Carnwell (1997) describes a critical appraisal as an unbiased and balanced
scrutiny of the research paper so that both its strengths and weaknesses are
highlighted. The focus of the appraisal with be on "Promoting the health of
people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; patients and their carer's
views" (Caress et al, 2010). The format of the appraisal will be formed around a
set of criteria (see appendix 1).
The journal looks at the views of patients and their carer's experiences with living
the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), its causes, how they manage
with the symptoms, its progression and what role...show more content...
Caress et al (2010) have included literature from as far
back as 1968. The literature does offer some epidemiology in relation to cause,
distribution and control of the disease with the population but there has been no
research literature put forward for discussion. There is also one journal included

titles "A descriptive study of meaning of illness in chronic renal disease" it could
be argued that this wasn't really relevant to the research being carried out.
There has also been no mention of family systems theory as this would have
been quite beneficial as it looks at the broader picture and takes into
consideration the impact that the disease has on other family members. This
could have supported the decision for including family members within the study.
Caress et al (2010) successfully obtained ethical approval; they state that
"Relevant ethical and institutional/governance was obtained" however there was
no mention of who the professional body was that approved them. Beauchamp
and Childress (2001) identify four fundamental principles in achieving ethical
approval, autonomy, non–maleficence, benefince and justice. Autonomy refers to
the individual's right to freely decide if they wish to participate without fear of
coercion, Greaney et al (2012) advise that it is also important to give potential
participants adequate time to freely decide if they

critical appraisal of two articles using the appropriate CASP guidelines":
Introduction:
CASP (Critical Appraisal Skills programme 2010) is a tool for one to criticize research paper. The questions provided, make one think and consider
whether a research study is convincing and trustworthy. In the following, CASP will be used to criticize 1quantitative research and 1 qualitative
research.
Paper 1
For quantitative research, Experiences of sub–fertility among Chinese couples in Hong Kong: a qualitative study (Loke, A, Yu P, Hayter M (2011)
would be used.
1.Was there a clear statement of aims of the research?
Yes, the aim is clearly stated in the essay, "This study aimed to explore the lived experience of sub–fertility...show more content...
& Breuer, F. [2003]) , since there is none further explanation on the relationship of the participants and the researcher, which means some of the
participants may be direct friends of the research which may cause some bias based on the experience they had. For example, if one pair of the
participants are an old friend of the researcher, this pair may not willing to open their private issue to this old friend, still, they would like to help for
the research, or on the other hand, the researcher may have a subjective opinion based on his perception to this pair old friends, as a result, the result
may have false based on 2 way. 1. Hidden information from interviewee to interviewer or 2. Misinterpret the conversation on the interview by the
researcher. The research has not enough consideration and explanation.
7.Have ethical issues been taken into considerations?
Yes, the researcher has got the ethical approval from the Hong Kong Polytechnic University's ethical committees before the study. The participants
were explained fully and the interviews are recorded. Confidentiality is also guaranteed. The participants can also leave the research whenever they
want, so they are not forced to be interviewed, giving false answers.
8.Was the data analysis sufficiently rigorous?
The method of data analysis is clear, with deep explanation of colazzis approach. However, there are 3 points that making the

Critical Review Model
The first two questions established formality through basic questions such as the reasoning behind the interest in this particular career path and the
longevity of the career. As the interviewee started to feel more comfortable the interview took a shift in focus on the learning disabilities that they came
across and how they aid in the students' attentiveness. The notion behind these questions was to understand how they aid students' concentration level,
which was tackled in the latter question. Question 7 focused on what causes discomfort to students while Question 8 asked how such obstacles are
tackled in the best manner. In the last question the personal opinion of the LSAs is asked regarding what can be added to improve the students'...show
more content...
The chosen scenarios of the various classroom setups were asked to see what Ms. Buttigieg could relate to and her opinion regarding the classroom
environment on the students' concentration level.
3.5 Evaluation Stage/Testing
The success of the executed design was tested by re–tracing back to the audience that formed the data of the research. Therefore, the interviewees, Ms.
Fava, Ms. Buttigieg and the LSAs shall be shown the design for evaluation. ALP's administration will also be shown the final design for evaluation.
The testing of the final design will be carried out in the form of a physical model and visual renders of the proposed space.
3.5

example of a critical review
PL4S111
Example: Critical Review of a Journal Article
Article: Carroll, J. (2002). Play Therapy: the children's views, Child and Family Social Work, 7, pg 177–187
This article is recent, published within a peer–reviewed journal. The author–conducted research is empirical, qualitative and phenomenologically
designed, uniquely enabling children to describe their play therapy experiences and identify factors that influence these experiences.
The article's title clarifies the project's purpose of eliciting the child's view. However, although Carroll clearly describes how children's experiences
should take "centre stage" (p.178), she hears the opinions of the children's therapists first, potentially influencing her questioning of the children...show
more content...
The accuracy, reliability and comprehensive nature of transcripts is therefore called into question, potentially compromising analysable data.
Carroll's semi–structured questioning may encourage reciprocal communication and perhaps formulated in–depth data. However, she also offers
leading questions: "was that the best thing about it?" (p.180); "do you think it was helpful playing like that?" (p.184). Such 'closed' questions could
elicit yes or no responses, or suggest a preferred response. Due to the lack of full transcripts, the reader cannot ascertain whether other leading
questions were used and the impact these had on data gathered. Carroll, as interviewer and data analyst, does not consider this risk.
As grounded theory was employed by Carroll, data analysis and findings were based on the categorisation of themes. Although Carroll's data analysis
methodology has been deemed appropriate to qualitative research (Strauss, 1997, p. 180), the reader questions whether majority perspectives were
favoured over individual for analysis, potentially distorting eventual findings.
Carroll outlines categories as a result of her data analysis, providing numerous excerpts from interview transcripts to support her interpretation and
analysis of children's perspectives and to add credibility to her assertions and categorisation. However, the excerpts chosen are mainly positive

Critical Review of вЂњTheology: the BasicsвЂќ Essay
Critical Review: Theology; The Basics
By: Luke Knoll
Survey Of Christian Beliefs
Kerry Pretty
Pacific Life Bible College
Theology: The Basics; Critical Review As Christians we often believe certain things simply because it's what our parents and the people around us
believe. We often go about our Christian walk without ever giving thought or reason to why we believe what we do. The world of Christian Theology
is a place where Christians can find answer to the 'what and why' of Christianity. If we are able to begin comprehending Christian Theology and the
rudimental knowledge of it, then we can take it with us into more in depth books and discussions about theology, know the importance of it and how
vital it is for Christians...show more content...
In doing this McGrath lets our minds have enough backstory to more easily understand the information given. After giving historical background
McGrath breaks down the topic in a very clear format. When talking about Jesus (pg. 58–76) He talks about why Jesus is important "Christology", but
then he educates us by breaking down the considerably large topic of Jesus into more manageable categories such as the names of Jesus; Messiah,
Lord, Son of God, Son of Man, God. After going through the names of Jesus he then educates us on other important theological discussions of
Jesus like: Functional statements about Jesus, Early Christological Models, The Council of Chalcedon, The incarnation and icons, and Christ as
mediator. Then after discussing the 'meat' of the topic he then gives us an opportunity to "Engage with a text" at the end of every topic. These texts
give different examples and opinions for each topic and then McGrath gives the reader a short series of questions for individual or small group
discussion about the text/topic he had given. Though McGrath did do a very good job at giving us insight on the historical background of the topics
and also educated us in a very easy, elementary level on the theology, he lacked personal touch. In this I'm talking about some personal stories or
experiences from his life that has helped him engage these theological terms and ideas. It was very "theological" in its approach, however the simple
addition of some personal

Example Of A Critical Review
A Critical Review of Music Therapy's Effect on Postoperative Pain, Anxiety, and Noise Satisfaction
Ross Tapley
University of Memphis
"The Effect of Complementary Music Therapy on the Patient's Postoperative State Anxiety, Pain Control, and Environment Noise Satisfaction" This is
a critical review of the article, "The Effect of Complementary Music Therapy on the Patient's Postoperative State Anxiety, Pain Control, and
Environment Noise Satisfaction". This study was printed in the Medsurg Nursing Journal in October of 2013. The authors are Tressa Comeaux and
Susan Steele–Moses. This critical review will analyze the experimental research paper in various aspects. The purpose of this critique is to determine if
the author's research...show more content...
Strengths and Weaknesses
The problem being researched is clinically significant. The purpose is clearly explained and identifies the reason for the study. The study did not
identify who was blinded to the patients, data collectors, or staff increasing the potential for bias. The hypothesis can only be partially supported due to
various issues regarding sample size, control manipulation, and the patient's reactions to a negative diagnosis. The training of the data collectors was
not clearly expressed. The data was collected ethically and consistently throughout the study.
Internal and External Validity
The instruments used measured indirectly and were not always reliable due to various issues with patients. Because the control group was not told to
change any behaviors some of the patients listened to music which tainted their responses. The instrumentation remained the same throughout the
study, but some participants found the questionnaire too disturbing to answer. The researchers did provide an adequate description of the measurement
methods and can find the extent of their errors.
Clinical

Critical Evaluation Of Cbt Counselling Session
Critical Evaluation of CBT Counselling Session The most frequently utilised evidence based psychotherapy intervention is Cognitive Behavioural
Therapy (CBT; Beck, 1995). CBT is a goal–orientated intervention strategy, derived from learning theory with principles of cognitive theory (Arch &
Craske, 2009). The efficacy of CBT, for a wide range of psychological concerns, is demonstrated extensively in the literature. CBT's empirical
validation has made it a well–accepted choice for psychotherapists seeking evidence–based approaches (Dobson & Dobson, 2009; Granvold, 2011).
Therefore, this essay will evaluate a CBT counselling session with a client who presents with a fear of flying. The essay will critically evaluate the
advanced micro–skills of challenging, reflection of meaning, and influencing, and how these skills influence the process of therapy. The essay will
further utilise Hill's (2004) Helping Skills Model to evaluate these advanced micro–skills within the stages of exploration, insight, and action, which is
based on cognitive behavioural techniques. Presenting Issue Nick is a 36 year old Caucasian male. His occupation sees him travelling frequently
by air. Nick has an excessive fear of flying and becomes anxious, and at times is unable to board the plane. Nick states that before boarding the plane
he becomes anxiety, gets nervous, his palms become sweaty, and he often experiences shortness of breath. Nick's goal of counselling is too be able to
comfortably fly again

Research Issues in Psychology
Critical Review of a Research Article
Pupils who exhibit gifted characteristics along with another disability are referred to as 'twice–exceptional students' (Morrison, 2001; Nielsen 2002).
This term is used in the article that I have chosen to review, which analyzes the responses and perceptions through interview, of one particular
individual (Andrew) who was identified as being gifted and talented (G/T) and who had emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD). What the
researchers aimed to accomplish through this analysis was a clearer understanding of Andrew's community and school experiences, as they stated that
there was a lack of empirical data focusing upon pupils who displayed such behaviors....show more content...
Teaching, according to the Teacher's Training Agency, "...is a job for those who like and respect young people" (2005). Andrew clearly from his
responses, suffered during his schooling, and perhaps felt disrespected as a result of being labelled. His position as an educator a number of years
later, enable him to look quite critically upon his educators, almost, one could argue with an expert eye.
As well as the questions which are raised about the size of the sample that was used, it is also necessary to point out the lack of detail present
concerning how the sample was chosen. Andrew's reflective experiences several years after they occurred surely cannot be as valid as for example, a
sample of children displaying twice–exceptional abilities within schools at the time of commencing the research. Perhaps Morrison and Omdal had
valid reasons for choosing Andrew as their lone participant, but this detail is missing from their study. There is no evidence either to suggest whether
Andrew was de–briefed about the nature of this study, which could prove significant with regard to his responses to the interview questions, especially
as he talks with such fervour about his experiences.
Since they only had one participant for this research, an interview was an appropriate method to gain access to Andrew's experiences in school and in
the community. An interview as stated in Cohen et al

Performance Appraisal: a Critical Review
PERFORMANCE APPRAISAL: A CRITICAL REVIEW Abstract: Performance appraisal is used in many organizations in order to assess the
performance of their employees. But there are some issues and problems that are associated with performance appraisal can have negative impacts
on the performance of employees and can make it useless. These issues and problems are: absence of objective criteria, gender issues, rater's bias,
social and ethnic issues. And there are empirical research evidences that are very much consistent with the problems and issues I identified before. But
performance appraisal should not be abandoned due to the problems mentioned above. Its can prove very effective if used by trained appraisers in a
constructive manner...show more content...
Problems with performance appraisal: Having described the definition, objectives, and the key elements of performance appraisal, we move on to
problems or dilemmas with performance appraisal. Performance appraisal is considered a way or tool of motivation and enhancing morale and it
is also assumed that appraisal will lead to an improvement in performance or performance will decrease without appraisal. (Grint, 1995). But it can
also lead to negative effects on performance and motivation and leaves the apprsisee with negative feelings such as inferiority, bitterness,
depression and some other negative feelings (Ridly, 1995). On the part of the appraiser, there are some dilemmas and difficulties that the
appraiser faces in the course of performance appraisal process. One of these is the subjectivity of the appraiser that cannot be completely avoided
in spite of efforts. Another important dilemma faced by the appraiser is to play both the roles of a judge and a facilitator at the same time as Fiona
Wilson (2002) and many other including McGregor (1957), and Fletcher and Williams (1985) have described this problem. One of the aims of
performance appraisal is to identify training and development needs of the employees. In order to do so, the appraiser is assumed to judge the gaps
between the desired performance and the actual performance by assessing the performance of the employee against a set of objective standards, this
not always possible to have objective

Critical Reviews of Brave New World Essay example
Critical Reviews of Brave New World
Since the original publishing of Brave New World, the book has stirred up a brew of controversy. It has received many reviews both positive and
negative. In this paper I will provide examples of both and look at the reasons behind them.
My first review is a negative one. In the review the reviewer states as his main reasons for disliking the book are the obnoxious characters and plot
holes. A few examples of this are that Bernard Marx is unhappy with his life and wants to expand his mind yet all he does is take random vacations to
the Savage Reservation. The author of the review compares this to saying, "I'm having a bout with depression. I'm going to Iran," then jumping on a
plane and going. It...show more content...
Also, Soma can be compared to Prozac. He feels that the society in Brave New Worldis one that compares closely to the feudal system is England
where the leaders were born into their positions and servants were born into their positions and thus Brave New World is a satire warning America to
be careful of where society is headed. (Epinions.com)
With this review my opinion is a little split. I agree with what the author said about inequalities in health care and education, but I see no connection
between Soma and Prozac. Prozac is used to treat a disease Soma is not. soma is used to let people escape their boring lives. Also, I agree with the
comment that Brave New World can be seen as a satire because the feudal system was something used back in the dark ages and we humans like to
think that we have moved past that and that we are better than that, but Huxley suggests that with all the technology and knowledge we gain we end up
back where we started.
The third review I chose was again a negative one. The third author felt that the entire book was a disappointment. He describes the plot as mainly
about people who cant think for themselves and then compares that to Hitler talking of a Supreme Race. Also he describes the characters as flat and
states that once you feel you get to know a character the author either switches characters or changes the original character completely.

CRITICAL APPRAISAL OF A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND NARRATIVE REVIEW RELATED TO COMPUTERISED PHYSICIAN ORDER
ENTRY SYSTEM
The author of this paper is a nurse educator working in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) within the north–west region of England. For the purpose of this
paper, the author has chosen a systematic review (SR) and a narrative review (NR) and aims to critically analyse these reviews using the Critical
Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP) tool. The CASP tool has been developed by the Solutions for Public Health (SPH) (formerly known as Public
Health Resources Unit), which is controlled by the National Health Service (NHS) (SPH, 2006). The tool is based on the guidelines formed by a
group of clinicians at McMaster University, Canada...show more content...
The author feels that using two different tools would increase the rigour of the appraisal and its relevance to practice. In the forthcoming sections of
this essay, the author will attempt critically analyse the two papers using the CASP tool for SRs.
Formulation of the research question
Formulation of the research question guides the type of data collection for the study and states what the study will 'hypothesise' (Polit and Beck, 2010).
The CASP tool acknowledges that clearly–focused research question will describe the population studied, the intervention given and the outcomes
considered (SPH, 2006). The research question in the SR is clearly formulated. The population of patients studied were general and critically ill
hospital patients, the intervention was a SR and outcome to be assessed was about the safety of the CPOE and clinical decision support systems or
CDSS (CDSS is a computerised medication prescription system) based on hierarchy of outcome measures (kindly refer to table 2 of SR) within ICU
settings. Likewise, in the NR, the population of patients studied were general and critically ill patients, the analysis was done via a NR and the
purpose of the study was to assess the results of CPOE on clinical and surrogate outcomes in hospitalised patients in both general and critical care
settings.
Based on this, the author acknowledges that the SR has adopted a narrow and more specific research question as

Sample Critical Article Review
Running Head: CRITICAL ARTICLE REVIEW1
Critical Article Review
Name
University of Memphis
Article Review
Introduction
For a long time researchers have been trying to study behavior and offer solutions to some of the behavior problems. Yeager et al. (2013) carried out a
study to determine how criticism can be provided effectively without undermining motivation as well as children's selfВconfidence. For a long time
there has been an issue between white teachers and students from minority groups such as the African Americans who feel that negative feedback or
criticism from their teacher's are a cause of misbelieve in their capability to accomplish tasks. Hence, they do not respond positively to feedback from
...show more content...
According to cognitive dissonance theory clashing/contradicting thoughts cause discomfort among individuals. Any critic from the teacher's is taken as
a negative stereotype on the black population's inability to complete tasks or as a result of discrimination and prejudice (Cohen, & Steele, 2002). The
articles results have helped describe the mistrust behavior among African American learners who are said to have mistrust for schools/institutions. It
also helps in understanding the behavior or cause for the mistrust among the minority groups. The research correctly predicted that wise feedback could
change the minority group's perception on criticism and increase their trust for teachers and the institution. Having a good understanding of the
behavior problem the researchers were able to manipulate events and the leaner's

Example Of A Critical Review Essay
The study consisted of 395 students from the Australian National University studying a first–year psychology course of which 247 were female, 143
male, 4 as other gender, and 1 one was missing. The age of the participants ranged from 17 to 56 years of age (Вµ=19.7, Пѓ=4.6). Participants were
recruited through participation in a lab activity, however, all participation was voluntary without the use of incentives. Data was collected with the
awareness and informed consent of the participants. This study followed a between–subjects design, and the study itself was quasi–experimental. The
variable which was manipulated – the independent variable – was the presence of a childhood imaginary companion. The variables which were
measured – the dependent variables – were fantasy proneness and the frequency of self–talk....show more content...
The study was completed over the duration of a week by nine classes, each with approximately 30 students and was conducted online. Firstly, the
participants read an information sheet which briefly highlighted the study and its procedure. Following this, the participants completed a Creative
Experiences Questionnaire (CEQ), designed by Merckelbach, Horselenberg, & Muris (2001). This questionnaire aimed to measure the fantasy
proneness of the individual and involved choosing either 'yes' or 'no' to the given 25 questions. Then, the participants completed the Self–Talk Scale
developed by Brinthaupt, Hein, & Kramer (2009). This involved 16 questions with the selection of answers 1 (never) to 5 (very often), and was used
to assess the frequency of self–talk. The last task to complete was the Imaginary Companion (IC) questionnaire, of which the first part collected
demographic information such as age and gender. Proceeding this, a definition of imaginary companion was provided followed by questions relative to
imaginary

Critical Review Essay

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Critical Review Essay