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2. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
ISSN 1818-6769
© IDOSI Publications, 2009
Fruit Plant Species Mentioned in the Holy Qura’n and
Ahadith and Their Ethnomedicinal Importance
1
Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, 1Mir Ajab Khan, 2Muhammad Aslam Khan,
1
Mushtaq Ahmad, 1Muhammad Zafar, 3Fazal-ur-Rehman and 1Shazia Sultana
1
Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
2
Department of Arabic, Islamic Studies and Research Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
3
Faculty of Pharmacy Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Abstract: In view of the importance of this study comprehensive detailed data was collected from Holy Quran,
Ahadith`s books and books written on the Islamic medicines. Present findings confined to 10 fruit plant species
belonging to 10 genera of 9 families. The plant species are: Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mats. & Nakai,
Cucumis sativus L., Cydonia oblonga Mill. Ficus carica L., Olea europea L., Phoenix dactylifera L.,
Punica granatum L., Salvadora persica L., Vitis vinifera L. and Zizyphus mauritiana Lam. mentioned in
Holy Quran and Ahadith. Complete macro & microscopic detailed morphological features of these species were
discussed. Results were systematically arranged by alphabetic order of botanical names followed by English
name, Arabic name, family, habit and habitat, part used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holy Quran
and, Ahadith. The main aim of this study is to document the knowledge of ethnobotanical importance of fruits
in the light of Islam. A table comprising, distribution in world, flowering period and chemical constituents, is
given.
Key words: Ethnomedicinal study % Pakistan % Holy Quran % Ahadith
INTRODUCTION Fruits, eaten raw or consumed as fresh juice, are
excellent ways to retain and balance the moisture level in
Fruits are one of the oldest forms of food known to the body. The low level of sodium in fruits plays an
man. There are many references to fruits in ancient important role for people who would like to avail of a salt-
literature. Vedas state that the fruits form the base of the free diet. Dry fruits like apricots, raisins and dates are
Food of Gods. According to Qur’an, the fruits like grape, storehouses of calcium and iron, essential for the
date, fig, olive and pomegranate are gifts and heavenly strengthening of bones and maintaining good blood,
fruits of God. The people in ancient times regarded fruits respectively. Custard apple too is an excellent calcium
to be endowed with magic or divine properties. They gave source. If you are unwell, consume fruits in the form of
them due reverence and dedicated them to their gods and fresh juice only. One or two fruits a day cleans the
goddesses. They also used their designs in decorating digestive tract and aids easy bowel action [2].
temples, vestments or ceremonial garments and sacred Plants are an essential component of the universe.
vessels. Fresh and dry fruits are the natural staple food of Human beings have used plants as medicine from the very
man. They contain substantial quantities of essential beginning of time. After various observations and
nutrients in a rational proportion. They are excellent experimentations medicinal plants were identified as a
sources of minerals, vitamins and enzymes. They are source of important medicine, therefore, treatment
easily digested and exercise a cleansing effect on the through these medicinal plants, began in the early stages
blood and the digestive tract. Persons subsisting on this of human civilization [3]. Approximately 70% of the
natural diet will always enjoy good health. Moreover, the homeopathic drugs are prepared from the fresh plants.
ailments caused by the intake of unnatural foods can be Similarly more than 90% of tibbi medicines are prepared
successfully treated by fruits. Fresh and dry fruits are from herbs. Pakistan is very rich in plants of medicinal
thus not only a good food but also a good medicine [1]. value [4].
Corresponding Author: Sarfaraz Khan Marwat, Department of Plant Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad
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In Islam diseases are cured in two ways, first the cure vegetable, medicinal and industrial products. Data
of soul through prayers and second the cure of ailments inventory constitutes botanical name, family, Quranic
through medicines. The Holy Quran is one of the name, English name, local names, Arabic name, habit and
reference books describing the importance of plants used habitat, parts used, medicinal uses and references cited
for different ailments in various Surahs. The Holy Quran from Holy Quran and books of Ahadith. A table
says: And the earth He has put down (laid) for the comprising S. #., botanical name, distribution in world,
creatures. Theirin are fruits, date palms producing flowering and fruiting period and chemical constituents,
sheathed fruit-stalks (enclosing dates). And also corn, is given at the end.
with (its) leaves and stalks for fodder and sweet-scented
plants. Then which of the blessings of your lord will you Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Mats. & Nakai
both (jinn and men) deny? [5]. English Name: Water Melon
Our Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) used Local Name: Tarbooz
certain herbs and recommended various medicinal plants Arabic Name: Bitteekh
for cure of common diseases. The Prophet (Sallallaho Family: Cucurbitaceae
Alayhi Wasallam) frequently commented upon the nature Habit & Habitat: Annual climber or trailer, cultivated.
and value of various foods and spices. These comments Part used: Fruit and seeds.
were noted by his wives and companions (Radiallaho Medicinal uses: Kidney pain clears the urine and
Anhum) and remain available to us today [6]. stomach, facial beauty, increase
Keeping in view the importance of diverse medicinal immunity, jaundice and have cold
flora and rich medicinal culture of Islam, research work effects.
was conducted to investigate ethnobotanical uses and
create awareness about the fruit plant species enlisted in References from Ahadith
Holy Quran, Ahadith for the welfare of human C Narrated Sahl bin Sad Al-Sadi (Radiyallahu Anhu):
communities throughout the world. Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) ate ripe
dates with water melon [7].
MATERIALS AND METHODS C Hazrat Abdullah Bin Abbas (Radiyallahu Anhu )
narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam)
The research work was conducted by reviewing the said, “Water melon is diet as well as drink. It washes
Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books. Comprehensive and purifies the urinary bladder. It increases the
and detailed information about 10 fruit plant species of sexual power [8].
ethnobotanical importance mentioned in the Holy Quran C Hazrat Aisha (Radiyallahu Anha) narrates that
and Ahadith were collected from these sources. Plants Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) ate water
species were arranged in systematic order of botanical melon with fresh dates [8].
names in alphabetic order followed by family, Quranic
name, Arabic name, English name, habit and habitat, part Cucumis sativus L.
used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holy English name: Cucumber
Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books. Correct botanical Local name: Khira
names, their families and identification of plants were Arabic name: Qissa, Khiarun
done by using flora of Pakistan. Family Name: Cucurbitaceae
Habit and Habitat: Annual trailer or climber, cultivated
RESULTS herb.
Parts used: Fruit
Present findings were confined to 10 fruit plant Medicinal uses: Cooling, diuretic, tonic and
species belonging to 10 genera of 9 families enlisted in vermifuge, diuretic, purgative.
Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic literature. The plant
species are: Citrullus lanatus, Cucumis sativus., References from Holy Quran
Cydonia oblonga. Ficus carica Olea europea, Phoenix C Sûrah 2. Al-Baqarah, Verse. # 61: And (remember)
dactylifera, Punica granatum, Salvadora persica, when you said, “O Mûsâ (Moses)! We can not
Vitis vinifera and Zizyphus mauritiana which are used endure one kind of food. So invoke your Lord for us
throughout the world for various aspects such as food, to bring forth for us of what the earth grows, its
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herbs, its cucumbers, its Fûm (wheat or garlic), its diseases of the heart and makes the babies
lentils and its onions.” [5]. handsome” [8].
References from Ahadith Ficus carica L.
C Narrated Abdullah bin Ja'far (Radiyallahu Anhu ): I English Name: Figs
saw Allah's Apostle (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) Local Name: Anjeer
eating fresh dates with cucumber [Bukhari, Muslim, Arabic Name: Teen
Tirmizi, Ibne Maja [9]. Family: Moraceae
C Abdullah bin Ja'far (Radiyallahu Anhu ) reported: I Habit & Habitat: A small tree cultivated in poor soil
saw Allah's Messenger (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) Part used: Bark, leaves, Milk
eating cucumber with fresh dates [8]. Medicinal uses: Remove kidney and urinary bladder
C Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin (Radiyallahu stone, release intestinal pain, pile,
Anha): My mother intended to make me fat to send dyspepsia and anorexia.
me to the (house of) the Apostle of Allah (Sallallaho
Alayhi Wasallam). But nothing which she desired References from Holy Quran
benefited me till she gave me cucumber with fresh C Surrah Teen, Verse. #. 1-4: By the fig and the olive.
dates to eat. Then I became very fat [9]. By mount Sinai. By this city of security
(Makkah).Verily,We created man in the best
Cydonia oblonga Mill. stature(mould) [5].
English Name: Quince
Local Name: Bahi References from Ahadith
Arabic Name: Safarjal C Hazrat Abu Darda (Radiallaho Anho) narrates that
Family: Rosaceae Rasullullah (Sallallhu Alayhi Wasallam) said, “Eat fig,
Habit & Habitat: Small tree (shrub) found in dry rocky for it cures the piles and is useful for rheumatism” [8].
places, foothills and cultivated on C Hazrat Abu Darda (Radiallaho Anho) narrates that
the plains. someone presented the Prophet a plate of figs and he
Medicinal uses: Heart diseases, diarrhea, said, “Eat figs! If I would say a certain type of fruit
endocarditis, pericarditis, dysentery was sent down to us from the heavens I would say
it’s a fig because it has no seeds. It ends (cures) the
References from Ahadith piles and is useful for rheumatism.”[10]
C Hazrat Talha bin Ubaid Ullah (R.A) narrated that
Rasullullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) said: This Olea europea L.
(Quince) makes the heart strengthen, makes the English Name: Olive
breath pleasant and relieves (removes) the burden of Local Name: Zaitoon
the chest [8]. Arabic Name: Zaitoon
C Hazrat Jabir bin Abdullah (R.A) narrated that Family: Oleaceae
Rasullullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) said, “Eat Habit & Habitat: An erect branched cultivated tree.
the Quince (Safarjal) because it cure the heart attack Part used: Fruit and oil
and relieves(removes) the burden of the chest” Medicinal uses: Strengthen body muscles, slow
[8]. down aging, clear the blood, remove
C Hazrat Anus bin Malik (R.A) narrated that the measlesspot, piles, tuberculosis,
Rasullullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) said: the eczema, baldness, kidney pain,
burden of the heart is removed by eating of the pancreas pain, maleness, common
Quince [8]. cold, stomach and respiratory
C The Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) said, diseases.
"Eat quince, for it sweetens the heart. For Allah has
sent no prophet as His messenger without feeding References from Holy Quran
him on the quince of Paradise [8]. C Surah 6. Al-An‘âm, Verse. # 99: And out of the date-
C Rasullullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) said, “Feed palm and its spathe come forth clusters of dates
your pregnant women on quince, for it cures the hanging low and near and gardens of grapes, olive
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5. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
and pomegranates, each similar (in kind) yet different Wasallam) that we should treat the Pleurisy with
(in variety and taste). Look at their fruits when they Qust-e-Behri (Qust Sheerin) and olive oil.” [12].
begin to bear and the ripeness thereof. Verily! In
these things there are signs for people who believe Phoenix dactylifera L.
[5]. English Name: Date palm
C Surah 16. An-Nahl, Verse. # 11: “With it He causes to Local Name: Khajoor
grow for you the crops, the olives, the date-palms, Arabic Name: Balah
the grapes and every kind of fruit. Verily! In this Family: Arecaceae
isindeed an evident proof and a manifest sign for Habit & Habitat: Cultivated tree, may be found self
people who give thought” [5]. grown.
C Surah 24. An-Nûr, Verse. # 35: “Lit from a blessed Part used: Fruit
tree, an olive, neither of the east (i.e. neither it gets Medicinal uses: Heart diseases, skin diseases,
sun-rays only in the morning*) nor of the west (i.e. it antidote, swelling of kidney,
gets sun-rays in the afternoon*), whose oil would intestinal pain, heart attack, wound
almost glow forth (of itself), though no fire touched healer, diarrhea, labour pain, sexual
it.” [5]. weakness, stomach pain, piles,
*According to Yousa Ali [11], this olive tree is not physical strengthing, shrill the
localized. It is neither of the east nor of the west. It is voice, liver disorders.
universal, for such is Allah’s light.
C Surrah Teen, Verse. #. 1-4: (see under the reference of References from Holy Quran
Ficus). C Surah Al-Bakara, Verse 266: Would any of you
wish to have a garden with date-palms and vines
References from Ahadith [5].
C Hazrat Abu huraira (R.A.) narrated that Rasullullah C Surah 16. An-Nahl, Verse. # 11: (see under the
(Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) said “Eat the olive oil references of Olea).
and massage it over your bodies since it is a holy C Surah-An-Nahl, Verse 67: And from the fruits of
(mubarak) tree.” [8] date-palms and grapes, you drive strong drink and
C Hazrat Alqama Bin Amir (R.A) narrates that Prophet goodly provision [5].
(Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) said, “There is olive oil C Surah Israa,Verse 91: “ Or you have a garden of
for you, eat it, massage over your body, since it is date-palms and grapes and cause rivers to gush forth
effective in Heamorrhoids (Piles).” [8]. in their midst abundantly.” [5].
C Hazrat Aqba Bin Amir (R.A) narrates that the Prophet C Surah Al-Mumenoon, Verse 19: Then We brought
(Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) stated, “You have the forth for you therewith gardens of date-palms and
olive oil from this Holy (mubarak) tree, treat yourself grapes, wherein much fruit is for you and whereof
with this, since it cures the Anal fissure (Basoor).” you eat [5].
[7]. C Surah Yaseen, Verse 34: And we have made therein
C Hazrath Abu Hurairah (R.A) narrates that the Prophet gardens of date-palms and grapes and we have
(Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) stated, “Eat the olive oil caused springs of water to gush forth therein [5].
and apply it (locally), since there is cure for seventy C Surah Al-An‘âm Verse. # 99: (see in the references of
diseases in it, one of them is Leprosy.” [8, 12]. Olea).
C Khalid Bin Saad (R.A.) narrates, “I came to Madinah C Surah Ar-Ra‘d. Verse. # 4: and date-palms, growing,
with Ghalib Bin Al Jabr. Ghalib became ill during the into two or three from a single stem root, or otherwise
journey. Ibn Abi Ateeq came to see him and told a (one stem root for every palm), watered with same
narration from Hazrat Aisha(R.A.) that the Prophet water [5]. .
(Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) told about the cure in C Surah 19. Maryam, Verse. # 25: “And shake the trunk
Kalonji. We crushed a few seeds of Kalonji and mixed of the date-palm towards you, it will let fall fresh
it with olive oil and dropped in both nostrils, after ripe-dates upon you.” [5].
which Ghalib became healthy.” [12]. C Surah Yaseen. Verse: 34: And We have made therein
C Hazrat Zaid Bin Arqam (R.A ) narrates, “ We have gardens of date-palms and grapes and We have
been directed by the Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi caused springs of water to gush forth therein [5].
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6. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
C Surah 55. Ar-Rahmân, Verse. # 11-28: Therein are References from Holy Quran
fruits, date-palms producing sheathed fruit-stalks C Surah Al-An‘âm Verse. # 99: (see under references of
(enclosing dates) [5]. Olea )
C Surah 80. ‘Abasa, Verses. # 27-29: And We cause C Surah Al-An‘âm Verse. # 141: (see under references
therein the grain to grow and grapes and clover of Olea )
plants (i.e.green fodder for the cattle) and olives and C Surah Ar-Rahman Verse. # 68-69: (see under
date-palms [5]. references of Olea )
References From Ahdith References from Ahadith
C Hazrat Abdullah bin Umar (Radiyallahu Anhuma) C Hazrat Anas bin Malik (Radiyallahu Anhu) narrated
narrated that The Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said,
Wasallam) said, "There is a tree among the trees "There is not a pomegranate which does not have a
which is similar to a Muslim (in goodness). Its leaves pip from one of the pomegranates of the Garden (of
do not fall. What is that tree? The Prophet (Sallallahu Jannah) in it." [8, 12].
Alayhi Wasallam) himself said, “that is the date palm C Hazrat Ali bin Abi Talib (Radiyallahu Anhu) narrated
tree.” [8, 12]. that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alayhi Wassallam) said,
C Hazrat S’ad bin AbiWaqas (R.A) narrated that "Pomegranate and its rind strengthen digestion
Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, "He (stomach)" [12].
who eats seven dates of Madina (Ajwa dates) every
morning, will not be affected by poison and magic on Salvadora persica L.
the day he eats them." [8, 12]. Family: Salvadoraceae
C Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbass (Radiyallahu Anhuma) Quranic Name: Khamt
narrated that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alayhi Arabic Name: Shajar-e-Miswak, Al-arak, Khardal
Wasallam) said, “The ‘Ajwah is from Paradise and it English name: Tooth brush tree, Mustard tree
Local names: Jhal (Saraiki) Playman (Pashto),
is an antidote against poison. The Kamah (truffles) is
Pilu(Urdu).
a type of Manna and its water (extract) cures the eye
Tibb name(s): Pilun, Jhal
[7, 8].
Habit and Habitat: Shrub or small tree found in rocky
C Abdullah ibn Jaafar radiyallahu anhu says, “I saw
slopes and sandy area.
Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) eating
Parts used: Whole plant.
*Qith’a (cucumbers or snake cucumber) with fresh
Flowering period: March-June.
dates.” [8,13].
Folkmedicinal uses: Useful in rheumatism and scurvy,
C Hazrat Aisha (Radiyallah Anha) reports that,
antidote to poison. Useful in
“Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) ate
biliousness, asthma and cough,
watermelon with fresh dates.” [8].
poultice for tumour and pile. Fruit
* In Arabic the word “Qitha” is used for both
edible, carminative, diuretic and
‘cucumber-khira’ and ‘snake cucumber-kakri’. deobstruent.
Punica granatum L. References from Qur’an
English Name: Pomegranate C Sura Saba, Verse. # 16: But they turned away (from
Local Name: Anar the obedience of Allah), so we sent against them
Arabic Name: Rumman Sail Al-‘Arim (flood released from the dam) and we
Family: Punicaceae converted their two gardens into gardens producing
Habit & Habitat: Tree, cultivated in the area. bitter bad fruit and tamarisks and some few lote-trees
Part used: Fruit [5].
Medicinal uses: Stomach cough, hepatitis, muscle
pain, heart and liver diseases, piles, References from Ahadith
eye diseases, dental problems, oral C Hazrat Jabbir Bin Abdullah (Radiyallah Anhu)
diseases, diarrhea and dysentery. narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi
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7. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
Wassallam) said, “The black coloured Kapas (fruit of C Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, “You
Salvadora) is the best (finest) one” [13, 8]. have resaisins (Munaqqa) which make the colour of
C Hazrat Aaisha (Radiyallah Anha) narrates that the face handsome and remove the phlegm” [7, 8].
Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, C Narrated Abdullah bi Abbass (R.A): Raisins were
“Miswak purifies the mouth and is a cause of Allah’s soaked for Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam).
pleasure” [Bukhari (13,8]. He used to drink this syrup that day, the next day
C Hazrat Abu-Hizat-us-Sabahi (Radiyallah Anhus) and sometimes the third day [8].
narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam)
gave him a twig of Salvadora (Al-Arak) and said, Zizyphus mauritiana Lam.
“Use it as miswak” [8]. Quranic Name: Sidar
C Hazrat Abu Zaidul-Ghafqi (Radiyallah Anhus) Arabic Name: Nabaq, Sidar
narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) English Name: Indian jujube
said, “Miswak is of three types. If Salvadora is not Local Name: Ber, Bera.
available then (use) Anum and Batum [8]. Family: Rhamnaceae
Habit and Habitat: Wild and cultivated found in dry
Vitis vinifera L. area and rocky places.
English Name: Grapes Parts used: Fruit, leaves, wood.
Local Name: Munaka Folkmedicinal uses: Treatment of abscesses and
Arabic Name: Inab wounds, anodyne and tonic, styptic
Family: Vitaceae and purifying blood
Habit & Habitat: Perennial vine, cultivated for fruit
purposes. References from Quran
Part used: Fruit juice C Sura Saba, Verse. # 16: ( see under reference
Medicinal uses: Common cold, relax body and brain Salvadora).
muscles, stomach diseases, cooling C Surah 53. An-Najm, Verses 13, 14: And indeed he
effects on body, cough, kidney and (Muhammad Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) saw him [
urinary bladder pain, liver and lung Jibril (Gabriel)] at a second descent (i.e. another time).
disorders, dog bite, remove weary, Near Sidrat-ul-Muntaha (a lote-tree of the outmost
clear the face and cancer. boundary over the seventh heaven beyond which
none can pass). Near it is the Paradise of Abode.
References from Holy Qur’an When that covered the lote-tree which did cover it
C Surah Al-Bakara, Verse 266: (see under the reference [5].
of Phoenix). C Sura Waqiya, Verse. # 27, 28: And those on the Right
C Surah-An-Nahl, Verse 67: (see under the reference of hand-how (fortunate) will be those on the Right
Phoenix). Hand? (They will be) among thornless lote-tree [5].
C Surah Israa,Verse 91: (see under the reference of
Phoenix). References from Ahadith
C Surah Abasa, Verses 27, 28: (see under refereces of C Hazrat Ahmad Zahbi (Rahmatullah ALayhi) narrates,
Phoenix.) “The first fruit eaten by Hazrat Adam (Alayhi
C Surah l-Mumenoon, Verse 19: (see under the Sallam)” after His descent on the earth, was the fruit
reference of Phoenix). of the Zizyphus [8, 14].
C Surah Yaseen, Verse 34: (see under the reference of C Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas narrates that Rasulullah
Phoenix). (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, Wash (pointing
C Surah An-Naba, Verses 31,32: Verily, for the towards a person who died at Arafat) him with water
Muttaqun, there will be a success (Paradise), Gardens and leaves of sidar [8].
and vineyards (5). Ibn Al-Qaeem considers its fruit very useful for the
treatment of diarrhea and weakness of the stomach
References from Ahadith [9].
C Narrated Abu Huraira (R.A): The Prophet said, "Don't Note: There is contradiction about the plant (Cidar)
call the grapes Al-Karm, (because) Al-Karm is the mentioned in the Holy Qur’an. According Farooqi [8,
heart of the Mumin” [8]. 15] and Chughtai [14] the word ‘Sidar’ does not mean
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Zizyphus sp. (ber in urdu) but it is used for another what is that? Prophet Muhammad (Sallallaho Alayhi
plant Cedrus sp.(Labnani deodar in hindi and urdu). Wasallam) said ‘Old age’ [12].
While the commentators of the Quran and Ahadith Citrullus lanatus (water melon-bittikh) has many
consider it Zizyphus mauritiana (ber or beri). As references in Ahadith. Hazrat Abdullah Bin Abbas
there exists difference of opinions, therefore, it needs (Radiyallahu Anhuma) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallaho
further investigation. Alayhi Wasallam) said, “Water melon is a diet as well as
drink. It washes and purifies the urinary bladder. It
DISCUSSION increases the sexual power [8].
Sahl bin S’ad Al-S’adi (Radiyallahu Anhu) Narrates
Fruits have highly beneficial natural effect on the that Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) ate ripe date
human system. Taking of fruits or fruit juice is the most with water melon [Ibne Maja, Tirmizi (Ghaznavi, 1991)]. In
pleasant way of hydrating the organism. The water Tirmidhi and other narrations, in explaining this, Sayyidina
absorbed by sick persons in this manner has an added Rasoolullah sallallahu alaihe wasallam also said, “The cold
advantage of supplying sugar and minerals at the same effect of one removes the heat of the other and the heat of
time. Clinical observations have shown that potassium, one removes the cold effect of the other.” [12, 14].
magnesium and sodium contents of the fruit act as a The seed of Citrullus lanatus (Water melon-battikh)
diuretic and dieresis-frequency of urination is is demulcent, diuretic, pectoral and tonic. It is sometimes
considerably increased when fruits and fruit juices are used in the treatment of the urinary passages and has
taken. They lower the urine density and thereby been used to treat bed wetting. It is a good vermifuge and
accelerate the elimination of nitrogenous waste and has a hypotensive action. A fatty oil in the seed, as well
chlorides. Fruits furnish minerals to the body. Dried fruits as aqueous or alcoholic extracts, paralyze tapeworms and
such as apricots, raisins and dates are rich in calcium and roundworms. The fruit, eaten when fully ripe or even
iron. These minerals are essential for strong bones and when almost putrid, is used as a febrifuge.It is diuretic,
good blood respectively. The fibrous matter in fruits, being effective in the treatment of dropsy and renal
cellulose, aids in the smooth passage of the food in the stones. It contains the substance lycopine (which is also
digestive tract and easy bowel action. The sugars and found in the skins of tomatoes). This substance has been
organic acids contained in fruits also increase their shown to protect the body from heart attacks. The rind of
laxative effect. Hence, regular use of fruits prevents and the fruit is prescribed in cases of alcoholic poisoning and
cures constipation [2]. diabetes [18].
Cure of diseases through medicinal plants is always Cucumis sativus (Cucumber-qitta') is another plant
a salient feature of Islamic teaching and preaching. Islamic that has many references in Holy Qur’an and Ahadith.
medicine started from Hazrat Adam (Alayhi Salam) and The ripe cucumbers dispel heat and are diuretic. Eating
was completed at Hazrat Muhammad (Sallallahu Alayhi dates with green cucumber is said to cause weight gain
Wasallam) but search and compiling of these medicines is [18].
still continued through out the world [16]. The Holy Narrated Aisha, Ummul Mu'minin (Radiallaho Anha):
Quran is the eternal and everlasting basis of Islam. It My mother intended to make me fat to send me to the
cotains signs and verses which have been leading people (house of) the Apostle of Allah (Sallallaho Alayhi
of different ages and of different academics and Wassallam). But nothing which she desired benefited me
intellectual background to believe in Islam. The Holy till she gave me cucumber with fresh dates to eat. Then I
Quran from the very start has a claim that it covers every became fat as she desired [9].
The seed is cooling, diuretic, tonic and vermifuge.
aspect of life and is full of wisdom. It speaks “We have
25-50 grams of the thoroughly ground seeds (including
neglected nothing in the Book” [17].
the seed coat) is a standard dose as a vermifuge and
Imam Ahmed narrated that Usamah bin
usually needs to be followed by a purgative to expel the
Shuraik(Radiallaho Anhuma) said: “I was with the Prophet
worms from the body. A decoction of the root is diuretic
(Sallallaho Alayhi Wasallam) when the Bedouins came to [9].
him and said ‘O messenger of Allah, should we seek It is believed that cucumber helps in reducing
medicine?’ He said, ‘Yes, O slaves of Allah seek medicine, swelling around the eyes or the big dark circles under
for Allah has not created a disease except that he has also your eyes. This is world-wide treatment which is being
created its cure, except for one illness’ they said ‘And used to its maximum extent.
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9. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
Cydonia oblonga (Quince-safarjal) is said that to eat saturated with oil and covered with emery is used as a
quince on an empty stomach is good for the soul. Cold substitute for a hone [18]. .
and dry, quince is astringent to the stomach and it checks Olea europea (Olive-zaytun) is another plant that has
excessive menstrual flow. A few seeds placed in water many references in Holy Quran and Ahadith. Almighty
will, after a few minutes, form mucilage which is an Allah has said, "By the Fig and Olive; By Mount Sinai
excellent remedy for cough and sore throat, especially in and By this land which is made safe. Surely we created
the young. Quince is also excellent for pregnant women, man of the best stature” [17]. In Ahadith it is said that
gladdening their hearts. The Holy Prophet (Sallallaho “eat the olive oil and applied it on the body, it is cure of
Alayhi Wassallam) said, "Eat quince, for it sweetens the seventy diseases”. The saying of Holy Prophet (Sallallaho
heart. For Allah has sent no prophet as His messenger Alayhi Wasallam) about medicines are spread over 200
without feeding him on the quince of Paradise. For quince books in the world [9].
increases the strength up to that of forty men." [18]. No doubt , the “Olive” is a very useful tree. Its name
The fruit is antivinous, astringent, cardiac, has been mentioned in most of the holy books like
carminative, digestive, diuretic, emollient, expectorant, “Tourat” and “Injeel”. This tree is found in Syria and its
pectoral, peptic, refrigerant, restorative, stimulant and bordering countries as well as in some parts of the world.
tonic. The unripe fruit is very astringent, a syrup made A renowned scholar Shabir Ahmad Usmani states that
from it is used in the treatment of diarrhoea and is since the trees of Olive and Fig have many advantages,
particularly safe for children. The fruit and its juice, can be they have some thing common with biology of man. So
used as a mouthwash or gargle to treat mouth ulcers, gum the creator has mentioned the names of Man, Fig and
problems and sore throats. Olive together in the Quran. In this context, the holy
The leaves contain tannin and pectin. Tannin can be Prophet (PBUH) has said: “Use the Olive Oil in your meals
used as an astringent whilst pectin has a beneficial effect and also use it for massage. For this Oil is obtained from
on the circulatory system and helps to reduce blood a tree full of blessings”. It is so remarkable that the Holy
pressure [18]. Prophet (PBUH) had stressed the use of Olive Oil and the
Ficus carica (Fig-teen) In the first Qur’anic verses in recent medical research has proved that the substitution
Sura al Teen, the medicinal advantages of the fig are of saturated fats with unsaturated fats lowers the serum
discussed-the Qur’an says: “I swear by the Fig and the cholesterol level, due to the direct cholesterol lowering
Olive” (Sura no. 95: verse no. 1). Fig plant is one of the effects of unsaturated fats. Other workers have also noted
only five plants mentioned in the Quraan, along with that unsaturated oil (including olive oil) has more
olives, grapes, pomegranate and dates. Hadith literature beneficial potential than the saturated vegetable oil and
provide us with an event related to the fig: According to butter fat. Furthermore, among the unsaturated edible oils,
Abu Darda (Radiallaho Anhu) someone presented figs to olive oil is more beneficial than corn oil as regards the
the prophet Muhammed (God's blessing and peace be serum lipid profile. Considerable evidence has led to the
upon him) and he began distributing it among his suggestion that a diet high in olive oil is particularly
followers. He said: “Eat it as it cures various diseases”. beneficial with regard to increasing high density
According to Ibn Seereen, a scholar in the science of lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) levels which is a protective
dreams, figs, if seen in dreams, denote wealth and agent against atherosclerosis and ischemic heart disease.
prosperity. The benefits I have restricted myself to Many workers have proved that increased intake of olive
mentioning here is an indication of the compassion, Allah oil icreased HDL level. The function of HDL is to pick up
feels for human beings [19]. the cholesterol from periphery and to take it to the liver
The fruit is mildly laxative, demulcent, digestive and and to excrete it through bile. Now a days olive oil is
pectoral. The unripe green fruits are cooked with other advised by the physicians in cases of stroke, hemiplegia
foods as a galactogogue and tonic. The roasted fruit is and paraplegia [17]. The massage of olive oil over the
emollient and used as a poultice in the treatment of body tones up the muscles and organs, it relieves
gumboils, dental abscesses etc. The fruit is often dried for muscular pains. It relieves the Sciatic and arthritis. It is a
later use and this dried fruit is a major item of commerce. good Diuretic, hence is used in Ascites. It also removes
Syrup of figs, made from the fruit, is a well-known and the kidney stones. [12].
effective gentle laxative that is also suitable for the young Phoenix dactylifera (Date-Nahal) The date palm is
and very old.Wood-pliable but porous and of little value. playing an important role in the history of mankind. Its
It is used for hoops, garlands, ornaments etc. When importance and versatility are borne out by the fact that
291

10. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
this fruit and its blessed palm find mention in the Holy The rind of the pomegranate fruit is greatly
Quran more than 20 times. Starting with verse 23, there are responsible for its good keeping quality. The fruit can be
three references to it in Sura Maryam alone. Verse 25 and kept for up to six months [12].
a part of verse 26 of Maryam read as: “And shake towards All parts of the plant contain unusual alkaloids,
thyself the trunk of the date palm tree, it will let fall fresh known as 'pelletierines', which paralyse tapeworms so that
ripe dates upon thee (25). So eat and drink and cool they are easily expelled from the body by using a laxative.
your eyes (26).” The fruit is a mild astringent and refrigerant in some fevers
This verse has a tremendous scientific significance as and especially in biliousness. It is also cardiac and
dates are reported to yield three times more energy than stomachic. The dried rind of the fruit is used in the
cereals. [20]. treatment of amoebic dysentery, diarrhea etc. It is a
Experiments have also shown that dates contain specific remedy for tapeworm infestation [18].
some stimulants that strengthen the muscles of the uterus Miswak (tooth brush) is one of the products of
in the last months of pregnancy. This helps the dilation of Salvadora persica as mentioned in its ethnobotanical
the uterus at the time of delivery on one hand and reduces uses. The use of Miswak is one of the sunnah of the Holy
the bleeding after delivery on the other. Dieticians Prophet (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam). The Prophet
consider dates as the best food for women in confinement (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) himself used it frequently at
and those who are breast-feeding. This is because dates various occasions such as when entering and leaving the
contain elements that assist in alleviating depression in home, reciting the Holy Qur’an, before and after sleeping,
mothers and enriching the breast-milk with all the on Friday, when Fasting and before every prayer. Abu
elements needed to make the child healthy and resistant Hurairah (R) narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi
to disease. The Prophet (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) has Wasallam) said: 'Was it not for my fear of imposing a
difficulty on my Ummah I would have ordered that the
emphasized the importance of dates and their
Miswaak be used for every Salaat [10].
effectiveness in the growth of the fetus. He has also
The dentists and gastro-entrologists agree that oral
recommended they be given to women [12].
hygiene helps in the prevention of most of the diseases of
Modern dietary institute now recommends dates to
oral cavity and gastro-intestinal tract (GIT). According to
be given to children suffering from a nervous nature or
the report of the research done in Cape Town S. Africa
hyperactivity. The Prophet (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam)
Miswak contains large amount of tannic acid (Tannins).
has also recommended dates as a medicine for heart
The tannins prevent the adherence of the bacteria to the
troubles. Modern science has also proved the
teeth. It is an established fact that Streptococcus viridans
effectiveness of date, in preventing diseases of the
attacking the heart valves and damaging them come from
respiratory system.
the mouth. So the use of Miswak is a preventive measure
Dates are also important in keeping up the health of against many diseases of the teeth, G.I.T. and heart [17].
eyes. It is quite effective in guarding against night- The research conducted recently by dentist Almas K.
blindness. In the early years of Islam, dates served as proved that Chlorhexidine gluconate CHX 0.2% and
food for Muslim warriors. They used to carry them in miswak extract 50 % had a similar effect on dentin in the
special bags hung at their sides. They are the best control group. “Bacterial plaque is solely responsible for
stimulant for muscles and so the best food for a warrior the initiation and progression of periodontal diseases.
about to engage in battle [12]. There different mechanical and chemical methods
Punica granatum (Pomegranate-rumman) is a good available for the maintenance of oral health through
food and a medicine of great value. It is a tonic for heart plaque control. Tooth brushes and miswak (chewing
patients, highly efficacious in the inflammation of the sticks) are widely used for the mechnical removal of
stomach and effective to check heart pain. The juice of the plaque. Chlorhexidine gluconate (CHX) is one the best-
fruit is an excellent cooling beverage and allays thirst. It proven anti plaque agents.
acts as a good medicine for both diarrhea and dysentery. It is said that CHX 0.2% and miswak extract 50% had
For many ailments such as colitis, anemia, jaundice, high similar effect on dentin in the control group. Miswak
blood pressure, piles and arthritis, its juice is an effective extract removed more smear layer as compared to CHX.
medicine. When given with honey, it reduces biliousness. Further research is needed in vivo to compare the effects
Pomegranate fruit is also prescribed in many disorders of CHX and miswak extract on periodontally involved
under the Homeopathic medicine system. teeth and teeth with dentinal hypersensitivity” [21].
292

11. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
The dried fruits of grapes (Vitis vinifera) are the 2. Hopkins, S., 2006. Importance Of Fruits In Diet.
raisins, sultanas and currants of commerce. Different Available at: http://www.home-remedies-for-
varieties producing the different types of dried fruit. you.com/
Grapes are a nourishing and slightly laxative fruit that can 3. Malik, H.MA., 2001. Treatment Through Herbs. In:
support the body through illness, especially of the gastro- Medicinal Plants of Pakistan, pp: 21.
intestinal tract and liver. Because the nutrient content of 4. Nasreen, U. and M.A. Khan, 2001. Some
grapes is close to that of blood plasma, grape fasts are Problematical Medicinal Plants of Pakistan, pp: 117.
recommended for detoxification. 5. Al-Hilali, M.T. and M.M. Khan, 1985. The Noble
The fresh fruit is antilithic, constructive, cooling, Quran: English Translation of the meaning and
diuretic and strengthening. A period of time on a diet commentary. King Fahd Complex for the printing of
based entirely on the fruit is especially recommended in Holy Quran. Madinah, K.S.A., pp: 13.
the treatment of torpid liver or sluggish biliary function.
6. Anonymous, 2009. Food of the Prophet (Sallallaho
The fruit is also helpful in the treatment of varicose veins,
Alayhi Wasallam). Dar-ul-Iman healing. Available at:
haemorrhoids and capillary fragility. The dried fruit is
http://chishti.org/foods_of_the_prophet.htm.
demulcent, cooling, mildly expectorant, laxative and
Accessed March 23, 2009.
stomachic. [18]. Dried grapes (raisins) were ranked second
in scientific tests to identify the most antioxidant rich 7. Ghaznavi, K., 1991. Tibb-e-Nabvi and Modern
fruits and vegetables. On this basis, raisins have to be an science. Al-Faisal Nasheeran Wa Tajeeran-e-Kutab.
excellent 'protective-value-for-money' choice. Urdu Bazar Lahore, Pakistan, 1: 50, 334.
Interestingly, recent tests on the anti-oxidant 8. Farooqi, I., 1998. Ahadith Mein Mazkoor Nabatat,
effectiveness of various commercial fruit put fresh red Adwiya Aur Ghizain. Ilm-o-Irfan Pulishers, 9-lower
grapes at number six in anti-oxidant effectiveness against Mall, Aqab Mian Market, Urdu Bazar Lahore,
damaging oxidative processes in cells [22]. pp: 151-152, 168.
The fruit of Indian lote tree (Zizyphus mauritiana) is 9. Ghaznavi, K., 2000. Tib-i-Nabvi and Modern science.
very useful for human beings. It is eaten in fresh and dried Al-Faisal Nashiran Wa Tajiran- i-Kutab. Urdu Bazar
form in Pakistan. Lahore, Pakistan. 2: 276, 321.
Muhammad Ahmad Zahbi (Rahmat ullah Alayhi) 10. Al-jozi (Al-Jawzyiyya), Ibn-al-Qayyim. (Tibb-Nabbi
narrates the following hadith: “The first fruit eaten by Arabic) Almaktaba Al-Saudia (Trans.Urdu by A’zami
Hazrat Adam (Alayhi Sallam) after His descent on the A.R. and M.M. Ahmad., 1985. Tibb-Nabvi. Kutab
earth, was the fruit of the Zizyphus” [14]. Khana Shan-e-Islam. Rahat Market Urdu Bazar
Hazrat Abdullah bin Abbas (Radiallahu Anhu) Lhore. P. 379.
narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam) said, 11. Ali, A.Y., 1989. The Holy Qur‘an: English Translation
Wash (pointing towards a person who died at Arafat) him of the meaning and commentary. King Fahd Complex
with water and leaves of sidar [8]. for the printing of Holy Quran. Madinah, K.S.A. ,
Ibn Al-Qaeem considers its fruit very useful for the pp: 1016.
treatment of diarrhea and weakness of the stomach [9]. 12. Al-Qadr, 2007. Prophetic medicine.Available at:
The folkmedicinal uses of Zizyphus mauritiana in http://www.ummah.com/forum/showthread.php.
Pakistan are: the leaves are useful to treat scabies and
Accessed March 20, 2009.
other skin diseases. Fruits are mucilaginous, pectoral
13. A’zami, M.Z.B., 1985. Tafheem Al-Bukhari urdu
styptic, considered to purify blood and improve digestion.
translation of Al-Sahih Al-Bukhari. Dar-ul-Isha’t.
These are cooling, astringent and useful in bilious
Maulavi Musafir Khana, Urdu Bazar Karachi,
affections [23].
1: 426, 869.
It is concluded that herbal medicines are being widely
used in the world because of better cultural accept ability, 14. Chughtai, T.M., 2000. Nabatat-e-Qurani Aur Jadid
least injurious with none or much reduced side effects. Science. Dar-ul-Isha’t. Urdu Bazar Karachi,
pp: 101, 449.
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in our Diet. Available at: http://www. 16. Nasr, S.H., 1976. Islamic Science-An illustrated study.
asianonlinerecipes.com/health-fitness/importance- Westerham press, Ltd., Westerham, Kent (England),
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and Sunnah (of the Prophet Muhammad, Peace Be (Ceratonia siliqua L.) and pistachio (Pistacia
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13. Am-Euras. J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 5 (2): 284-295, 2009
Table 1: Phytogeography and Chemical constituents of Fruits
Distribution Flowering
Botanical names in world Period Chemical constituents
1.Citrullus lanatus Native of the Kalahari region, Jan-May Fruit contains citrullin, carotene and pectin. Vitamin C, Nacin, Riboflavin,
cultivated throughout Tropics Thiamine, minerals also present Juice also contains alenine, arginene, glutamic
acid, glycine, leucine and valine. Sucrose is the major sugar present. A honey
like syrup is prepared from juice [8].
2. Cucumis sativus Cultivated throughout Almost Fruit contains enzyme erepsin, proteolytic enzymes, ascorbic acid, oxidase, succinic
the tropical and subtropical through and malic dehydrogenases. Odorous constituents also present. Iron, Vit. B1 also
countries of the world. out the year present. Seeds contain fatty oil with 40% linoleic acid and 38% oleic acid [8].
3. Cydonia oblonga S. Europe-Mediterranean. April-May Fruit contains glucoside, malic acid, tartaric acid, uronic acid. Seed kernel contains
Ei; Europe; France; Iraq; amgydalin tannin and mucilage, 19% fixed oil containing 42% oleic acid, 40%
Jerusalem; Spain; Turkey; Us. linoleic acid. Mucilage is composed of 33% larabinose, uronic acid and xylose
[8].
4. Ficus carica Mediterranean Region and Feb.-Mar. Fruits contains pentose, amino acid, tyrosin, enzyme, cravin, lipase, protease and
S.W.Asia.: Afghanistan; sugar.
Pakistan and India. Australia; By chromatographic methods, about 30 groups of various lipid compounds
Senegal; South Africa; Spain; belonging to the classes of neutral lipids, glycolipids and phospholipids have
Turkey; Us; Venezuela been identified from the fruit of the fig tree. The main groups are triacylglycerols,
free and esterified sterols, mono-and digalactosyldiglycerides, ceramide
oligosides, cerebrosides, esterified sterol glycosides and phosphatidylglycerols.
In the fatty acid composition, linoleic, linolenic, oleic and palmitic acids
predominated (>90%) [24]. It was found that the major flavonoids in Ficus are
quercetin and luteolin [25].
5. Olea europea Afghanistan, Pakistan April-May In leaves and fruits of the olive tree, a phenolic seco-iridoid called oleuropein is
and Kashmir found; it is the hypotensive principle. The mesocarp (of fruit) contains about
55% of oil. Olive oil is composed, like all vegetable oils of fatty acids bound to
the alcohol glycerol. Typically, the following fatty acids are found in olive oil:
66% oleic acid, 12% linoleic acid, 9% palmitic acid, 5% eicosenoic acid and 5%
palmitoleic acid. Olive oil may contain up to 1.5% of an acyclic triterpene
hydrocarbon, squalene.
The desired flavour of olive oil is dominated by aldehydes (hexanal and 2-
hexenal). Furthermore, higher aldehydes, primary alcohols (mainly C6
compounds like hexanol, 2-hexene-1-ol, 3-hexene-1-ol) and their acetic acid
esters contribute to the characteristic olive oil aroma. Lastly, hemiterpenoid
volatiles were found (3-methyl butanal, 4-methoxy-2-methyl-butanethiol, ethyl
esters of 2-and 3-methyl butyric acid). The flavour components, however, depend
on variety and geographic origin of the oil [26].
6. Phoenix dactylifera N.Africa, India Mar-April Vitamin A, B, C, pectin, sugars in fruit Oxalic acid from seeds (stones) [8]. When
(Rajistan, Maharashter), dates are mature, they contain reasonable amounts of vitamins A, B1, B2 and
Iraq, S.Arabia, Pakistan. niacin. Dates are a good source of potassium, calcium and iron and also contain
chlorine, copper, magnesium, sulphur and phosphorous. The sugar content of
ripe dates is about 80%; the remainder consists of protein, fat and mineral
products including copper, sulphur, iron, magnesium and fluoric acid. Dates are
high in fiber and an excellent source of potassium [27].
7. Punica granatum S.E. Europe to April-July Sugars, Vit. C and Iron from fruit juice. Tannic acid from rind. Alkaloid
E. Asia-Himalayas. pelletierine from bark [8].
(China; Egypt; Ethiopia; The major class of phytochemical present in pomegranate is the polyphenols and
Europe; India; Iraq; Israel; includes flavonoids, condensed tannins and hydrolysable tannins. Hydrolysable
Java; Malaya; Mexico; tannins are predominant polyphenols found in pomegranate juice and account
Kurdistan; Peru; Spain; for 92% of its antioxidant activity. Pomegranate seeds are rich in sugars,
Turkey; Us; Venezuela) polyunsaturated (n-3) fatty acids, vitamins, polysaccharides, polyphenols and
minerals and have high antioxidant activity. When crushed and dried, the seeds
produce an oil with 80% punicic acid, the 18-carbon fatty acid, along with the
isoflavone genistein, the phytoestrogen coumestrol and the sex steroid estrone.
The seed coat of the fruit contains delphinidin-3-glucoside, delphinidin-3,5-
diglucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3,5-diglucoside, pelargonidin-3-
glucoside and pelargonidin-3,5-diglucoside with delphinidin-3,5-diglucoside
being the major anthocyanin in pomegranate juice[28].
8. Salvadora persica Pakistan, India and Arabia. March-June. Root and twigs contain alkaloid trimethyl amine, inorganic salts. Resin and
tannin [8]. They contain salvadorine, chlorides, fluorides in large amount, silica,
sulphur, Vit. C and small quantities of tannins, saponins, flavenoids and sterol
[29].
9.Vitis vinifera France, Germany, Spain, May-July Fruits contain oxalic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid and racemic acid. High
Pakistan and India percentage of sugar is present in fruits. Vit. B, carotene, Vit. P, also present.
Vit. P is responsible for checking the bleeding. Invertase, hexodinase, catalase,
ascorbic acid oxidase and peroxidase also reported [8].
10. Zizyphus mauriiana India, Ceylon, Pakistan, July-Sept. Sugars and vitamins [8].When in blossom, Zizyphus mauritiana, emanates a strong
Afghanistan, China, fecal odour. The substances responsible for this scent were analysed, which showed
Australia, benzaldehyde as major constituent. Minor benzenoids, aliphatic carboxylic acids,
Trop. Africa. aldehydes, hydrocarbons and oxygenated monoterpenes were also observed. It
was also found that skatole (3-methyl-indole) is responsible for the fecal odour
and vanillin for the sweety odour [30]. The cyclopeptide alkaloids,mauritine-K
and sativanine-K have been isolated from the root bark of Zizyphus mauritiana
and their structures established by spectral and chemical evidences.Mauritine-K
is a new cyclopeptide alkaloid and sativanine-K is the first report from Z.
mauritiana.Mauritine-K exhibited significant antifungal activity [31].
295

14. Pakistan Journal of Nutrition 8 (9): 1472-1479, 2009
ISSN 1680-5194
© Asian Network for Scientific Information, 2009
Aromatic Plant Species Mentioned in the Holy Qura’n and
Ahadith and Their Ethnomedicinal Importance
Sarfaraz Khan Marwat1, Muhammad Aslam Khan2, Fazal-ur-Rehman3 and Inayat Ullah Bhatti3
1
University Wensam College, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
2
Department of Arabic, Islamic Studies and Research, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
3
Faculty of Pharmacy, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
Abstract: In view of the importance of this study comprehensive detailed data was collected from Holy Quran,
Ahadith`s books and books written on the Islamic medicines. Present findings confined to 15 Aromatic plant
species belonging to 14 genera of 10 families. The plant species are: Acorus calamus L., Artemisia maritima
L., Boswellia carterii Birdw., Boswellia serrata Birdw., Cinnamomum camphora L., Citrus spp., Commiphora
molmol Engl. ex Tschirch, Crocus sativus L., Cymbopogon schoenanthus Spreng., Dryobalanops aromatica
Gaertn. F., Lawsonia inermis L., Majorana hortensis Moench. Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum vulgare L. and
Thymus serpyllum L. Results were systematically arranged by alphabetic order of botanical names followed
by English name, Arabic name, family, parts used, medicinal uses and references cited from Holy Quran and
Ahadith. The main aim of this study is to document the knowledge of ethno medicinal uses and create
awareness about the Aromatic plant species mentioned in the Holy Quran and Ahadith for the welfare of
human communities throughout the world.
Key words: Ethno medicinal study, Aromatic plants, Holy Quran and Ahadith
INTRODUCTION aspect of life and is full of wisdom. It speaks “We have
Aromatic plants possess odorous volatile substances, neglected nothing in the Book” (Khan et al., 1994). Our
which occur as essential oil, green exudates, balsam Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alayhi Wassallam) used certain
and oleoresin in one or more parts, namely root, wood, herbs and recommended various medicinal plants for
stem, leaf, flower and fruit. The term essential oil is cure of common diseases. His recommendations were
concomitant to fragrance or perfumes because these noted by His Wives (Radiallaho Anhuma) and
fragrances are oily in nature and they represent the Companions (Radiallaho Anhum) and remain available
essence and active constituents of plants (Skaria et al., to us today (Dar-ul-Iman healing, 2000).
2007). An essential oil is the actual aroma which is Keeping in view the importance of diverse medicinal
extracted and it is this aroma which is used in flora and rich medicinal culture of Islam, research work
aromatherapy to treat a number of ailments (Falsetto, was conducted to investigate ethnomedicinal uses and
2008). The essential oils which impart the distinctive create awareness about the Aromatic plant species
aromas are complex mixtures of organic constituents mentioned in the Holy Quran and Ahadith for the welfare
(Simon, 1990). There are about three hundred essential of human communities throughout the world.
oils in general use today by professional practitioners,
but the average household could fulfill all its likely needs MATERIALS AND METHODS
with about ten (Belt, 2009a). The research work was conducted by reviewing the Holy
Plants are an essential component of the universe. Quran, Ahadith and Islamic books. Comprehensive and
Human beings have used plants as medicine from the detailed information about 15 Aromatic plant species
very beginning of time (Marwat et al., 2009a). An mentioned in the Holy Quran and Ahadith were collected
estimated 50,000-70,000 plant species are used in from these sources. Plants species were arranged in
traditional and modern medicine throughout the world. systematic order of botanical names in alphabetic order
These species make an essential contribution to followed by family, Quranic name, Arabic name, English
healthcare and along with species used more for their name, habit and habitat, part used, medicinal uses and
aromatic properties, in herbal products, references cited from Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic
pharmaceuticals and fragrances (Medicinal Plant books.
Specialist Group, 2007).
In Islam diseases are cured in two ways, first the cure of RESULTS
soul through prayers and second the cure of ailments Present findings were confined to 15 Aromatic plant
through medicines (Marwat et al., 2009b). The Holy species belonging to 14 genera of 10 families enlisted
Quran from the very start has a claim that it covers every in Holy Quran, Ahadith and Islamic literature. The plant
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species are: Acorus calamus L., Artemisia maritima L., References from Ahadith:
Boswellia carterii Birdw., Boswellia serrata Birdw., C Hazrat Abdullah bin Jaffer (Radhi Allaho Anho)
Cinnamomum camphora L., Citrus spp., Commiphora narrates that Rasulullah (Salallaho Alaihe
molmol Engl. ex Tschirch, Crocus sativus L., Wasallam) said, “Fumigate Olibanum (lubban) and
Cymbopogon schoenanthus Spreng., Dryobalanops Sage brush (Karmala, Afsanteen) in your houses”
aromatica Gaertn. F., Lawsonia Inermis L., Majorana (Farooqi, 1998).
hortensis Moench., Ocimum basilicum L., Origanum C Hazrat Abdullah bin Jaffer (Radhiallaho Anho)
vulgare L. and Thymus serpyllum L. which are used narrates that Rasulullah (Salallaho Alaihe
throughout the world in number of perfumery, flavouring Wasallam) said, “Fumigate Sage brush (Karmala,
and pharmaceutical compounds. Data inventory Afsanteen), Myrrh (murmuki) and Thyme (Sa’tar) in
constitutes botanical name, family, English name, local your houses” (Farooqi, 1998).
names, Arabic name, parts used, medicinal uses and
references cited from Holy Quran and books of Ahadith. Botanical name : Boswellia carterii Birdw.
Family : Burseraceae
Botanical name : Acorus calamus L. English name (s) : Olibanum, Indian Frankincense,
Family : Acoraceae Arabic Frankincense, Salai
English name (s) : Calamus, Sweet flag guggal
Local name : Zareera Arabic name : Labban
Arabic name (s) : Zareera, Oudulwaj Local name : Lubban
Flowering period : May-July Parts used : Dried resin, collected from
Parts used : Leaves and rhizome. stems and trunk.
Medicinal uses : Rhizome: Emetic, antispasmodic, Medicinal uses : Burseraceae plant family
carminative, analgesic, stomachache, insectifuge, nerve members (Boswellia carteri etc.) possess the medicinal
tonic. Given in dyspepsia, colic, remittent fever, epilepsy property of being expectorant and therefore particularly
bronchial, granular tumours and snake-bite. Useful helpful in treating bronchitis; they are also useful in
against moths and lice. Also employed for kidney and healing wounds and ulcers and reducing scar tissue.
liver troubles, rheumatism and eczema.
References from Ahadith:
References from Ahadith: C Hazrat Abdullah bin Jaffer (Radhi Allaho Anho)
C Hazrat Aisha (Radhi Allaho Anha) narrates that I narrates that Rasulullah (Salallaho Alaihe
myself applied the perfume of Grass Mytle (Zareera) Wasallam) said, “Fumigate your houses with
to the Holy Prophet at the time of wearing and Olibanum (lubaan, labaan) and Thyme (Sa’tar)”
removal of Ihram (unstitched, preferably white, (Farooqi, 1998 and Ghaznavi, 1991).
pieces of cloth) during the Farewell Hajj (Farooqi, C Hazrat Abdullah bin Jaffer (Radhi Allaho Anho)
1998; Al Qadr, 2007). narrates that Rasulullah (Salallaho Alaihe
C One of the Holy Wives (Radhi Allaho Anha) of The Wasallam) said, “Fumigate your houses with
Holy Prophet (Salallaho Alaihe Wasallam) said, Olibanum (lubban) and Sage brush (Karmala,
“One day the Holy Prophet (Salallaho Alaihe Afsanteen)” (Farooqi, 1998 and Ghaznavi, 1991).
Wasallam) came to me and there was pimple on
my finger. He asked, have you grass mytle? I told, Botanical name : Boswellia serrata Birdw.
yes. He (Salallaho Alaihe Wasallam) said, apply it Family : Burseraceae
on the pimple (Farooqi, 1998). Engish name (s) : Indian Bedellium, frankicense
Loal name (s) : Gogle Guggal, Salai Guggal,
Botanical name : Artemisia maritima L. Sallaki
Family name : Compositae (Asteraceae) Arabic name : Kundar
English name (s) : Sage brush, Santonica, Worm Parts used : The most important derivative of
seed, ajvain. Boswellia serrata tree is the
Local name (s) : Kirmala, Afsanteen Boswellia Gum Resin.
Arabic name : Afsanteen Medicinal uses : Diaphoretic, diuretic, astringent,
Flowering period : August-September. emmenagogue. Used in nervous diseases,
Parts used : Seeds, floral buds and leaves. rheumatism, skin eruption. Chiefly used in incense.
Medicinal uses : Artemisia (Karmala, Afsanteen) is Ingredient of ointments.
used as antiperiodic, deobstruent, stomachache, tonic
and anthelmintic. It is given internally in dyspepsia, References from Ahadith:
jaundice, flatulence and worms. It is used externally as C Hazarat Abdullah bin Abbas (Radhi Allaho Anho)
antiseptic. narrated that Rasulullah (Salallaho Alaihe
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Wasallam) soaked Kundar at night. He mixed Arabic name (s) : Utraj, Turanj
brown sugar in it and drank. He said, it is the best Flowering period : Spring season
remedy for memory and urine problem (Farooqi, Medicinal uses : Fruits-Nutritive, cardiotonic,
1998). refrigerant, carminative, stomachic, appetizer. Cures
C Hazrat Anus bin Malik (Radhi Allaho Anho) narrated, catarrh, urinary calculus. Leaves and peel are highly
‘Some one complained to Prophet (Salallaho Alaihe medicinal.
Wasallam) against his memory. He (Salallaho
Alaihe Wasallam) said, take kundar (Boswellia References from Ahadith:
serrata) and soak it in water and drink that water C Lemon has many benefits for you. It strengthens the
early in the morning. It is a useful phytotherapy for heart and prevents heart failure (Farooqi, 1998).
memory (Farooqi, 1998). C Hazrat Abu Musa Ashari (Radhi Allaho Anho)
narrated that Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alaihe
Botanical name : Cinnamomum camphora L. * Wasallam) said: “The example of a mo’min
Family : Lauraceae (believer) who reads the Qur’an is like that of
English name (s) : Camphor Tree, camphor laurel,
‘Turanj’ which has a pleasant smell and a sweet
gum camphor
taste” (Farooqi, 1998).
Local name : Kafoor
Arabic name : Kafoor
Botanical name :Commiphora molmol Engl. ex
Part used : Leaves and branches
Medicinal uses : Sedative, anodyne, antiseptic, Tschirch
diaphoretic, anthelmentic, stimulant, carminative. Used Family : Burseraceae
as insecticide. Toxic causing headache, nausea, English name : Myrrh
excitement, confusion and delirium. Local name : Murmukey
Arabic name : Mur
References from Holy Qur’an Parts used : Gum of stem
Surah 76. Al-Insan or Ad-Dahr, Verse #. 5: Verily, the Medicinal uses : Germicides, wound healer, old
Abrar (the pious and righteous), Shall drink of a cup (of cough, oral fragrance, baldness, swelling of urinary
wine) mixed with (water from a spring in Paradise bladder.
called) Kafur (Al-Hilali and Khan, 1996).
References from Ahadith:
References from Ahadith: C Hazrat Abdullah bin Jaffer (Radhi Allaho Anho)
C Hazrat Umm-e-Attiah Ansariah (Radhi Allaho Anha) narrates that Rasulullah (Salallaho Alaihe
narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallam) said, “Fumigate your houses with Sage
Wasallam) came to us, when His Daughter (Radhi brush (Karmala, Afsanteen), Myrrh (murmuki) and
Allaho Anha) died. He said, give Her a bath three or Thyme (Sa’tar)” (Farooqi, 1998).
five times and it will be better to use cedar (beri)
leaves and water for a bath and apply camphor after Botanical name : Crocus sativus L.
that (Farooqi, 1998).
Family : Iridaceae
English name (s) : Saffron, Meadow crocus, Saffron
Note: Two types of plants of different families have been
crocus.
a source of camphor from ancient time. One of these is
Local name : Zaffron
a tree of Malaysia (Dryobalanops aromatica) of family
Dipterocarpaceae and the other one is a tall tree of Arabic name : Zaffron
China and Japan (Cinnamomum camphora) of family Parts used : Rhizome
Lauraceae. The camphor of Malaysia is obtained from Medicinal uses : As a medicinal plant, saffron has
the bark of Dryobalanops aromatica while that of traditionally been considered an anodyne, aphrodisiac,
Chinese camphor is obtained from the wood of antispasmodic, diaphoretic, emmenagogue, expectorant
Cinnamomum camphora (by freezing the essence of its and sedative. The plant has been used as a folk remedy
wood). The substance camphor-Kafoor (said to be used against scarlet fever, smallpox, colds, insomnia,
in funeral rites) mentioned in the above and other asthma, tumors and cancer. Given to promote eruptions
Ahadith, is actually the name of Itar-e-Hinna (perfume of in measles. In over doses, saffron is toxic.
Lawsonia inermis) and correct pronunciation Kafoor is
Qafoor (Farooqi, 1998). References from Ahadith:
C Hazrat Ibne Umar (Radhiallaho Anho) narrates that
Botanical name : Citrus spp. one person asked Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alaihe
Family : Rutaceae Wasallam) what a muhrim should wear? He said
English name (s) : Lemon, Citron (replied), “do not wear clothes (ihram) dyed with
Local name (s) : Narangi, lemu, mita lemu etc. waras and saffron” (Farooqi, 1998).
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C Hazrat Anas bin Malik (Radhi Allaho Anho) narrates Wasallam) came to us, when His Daughter (Radhi
that Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallam) Allaho Anha) died. He said, give Her a bath three or
forbade men to apply saffron (Farooqi, 1998). five times and it will be better to use cedar (beri)
leaves and water for a bath and apply camphor after
Botanical name : Cymbopogon schoenanthus (L.) that (Farooqi, 1998).
Spreng
Family : Poaceae Note: See Note under Cinnamomum camphora L.
English name : Camel Grass
Local name : Izkhir Botanical name : Lawsonia inermis L.
Arabic name : Izkhir Family : Lythraceae
Parts used : Leaves, stems and rhizomes English name : Egyptian Privet-Henna
Medicinal uses : Tonic, antispasmodic, febrifuge, Local name : Mehandi
intestinal disinfectant, antimalaria and against Guinea Arabic name : Henna, Faghia (Kalli)
worm, antispasmodic, diuretic, to treat the cough of Parts used : Leaves
infants and children. Also used as astringent and Medicinal uses : Henna has been used for
febrifuge. Oil is used in rheumatism and neuralgia. astringent, antihemorrhagic, intestinal antineoplastic,
cardio-inhibitory, hypotensive and sedative effects,
References from Ahadith: amoebiasis, headache, jaundice and leprosy. Its
C Hazrat Abu Huraira (Radhi Allaho Anho) narrates extracts show antibacterial, antifungal and ultraviolet
that Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallam) said light screening activity, antifertility activity in animals and
about Makkah, “Its thorn must not be plucked. Its may induce menstruation.
trees might not be cut” Some one among the
Quraish begged (wanted) permission of cutting References from Ahadith:
Camel grass (izkhar) to use it in their homes and C Whosoever complained of pain in legs, the Prophet
shrines. The Holy Prophet (Sallallaho Alaihe (Sallallahu Alayi Wasallam) advised him to apply
Wasallam) permitted, “yes, yes, except izkhar, Henna (on the legs)." (Farooqi, 1998).
except izkhar” (Farooqi, 1998). C Umm Salamah (Radi Allaho Anha) as commenting;
C Hazrat Khabab (Radhi Allaho Anho) narrates, When "The Prophet (Sallallaho Alayi Wasallam) never
Hazrat Mus’ab bin ‘Umair (Radhi Allaho Anho) was suffered from a wound or a thorn without putting
killed in the battle of Uhud and we found such a Henna on it" (Mutmainaa, 2003).
sheet for a shroud (coffin) which was too short for C Jahzma (Radi Allahu Anho), the wife of Bashir Bin
his size. When it was drawn to cover the head, the Khasasia (Radi Allaho Anho) narrates, "I saw
feet would be exposed and when it was drawn to Prophet Muhammad (Sallallahu Alayi Wasallam)
cover the feet, the head would become uncovered. coming out of the house. He was coming after
The Prophet (Sallallaho Alaihe Wasallam) said: taking bath; therefore, he was shaking his hairs.
“Cover his head with the sheet and his feet with the The colour of Henna was visible on his head."
‘Izkhir’ leaves” (Farooqi, 1998). (Mutmainaa, 2003).
C Abdullah bin Burayda (Radi Allahu Anho) narrates
Botanical name : Dryobalanops aromatica Gaertn.
that the Prophet (Sallallahu Alayi Wasallam) said,
F. "the lord of sweet-smelling blossoms in this world
Synonym : Dryobalanops camphora Colebr. and the next is Henna blossom" (Farooqi, 1998).
Family : Dipterocarpaceae C Hazrat Anas (Radi Allaho Anho) also relates that the
English name : Borneo camphor, Malayan Prophet (Sallallahu Alayi Wasallam) loved sweet-
camphor, Sumatra camphor. smelling blossoms, especially that of Henna
Local name : Kafoor (Mutmainaa, 2003).
Arabic name : Kafoor
Medicinal uses : Sedative, anodyne, antiseptic, Botanical name :Majorana hortensis Moench.*
diaphoretic, anthelmentic, stimulant, carminative. Used Family :Lamiaceae/Labiatae
as insecticide. Toxic causing headache, nausea, English name :Marjoram
excitement, confusion and delirium. Local name (s) :Marva khusa, Marzanjosh
Arabic name (s) :Mardaqoush, Mardaqush,
References from Holy Qur’an: Marzanjush; Zatar, Satar (M.
Surah 76. Al-Insan or Ad-Dahr, Verse #. 5: See under syriaca)
Cinnamomum camphora L.* Parts used : Whole plant
Medicinal uses : Whole plant-stimulant, tonic,
References from Ahadith: rubefacient. Given in colic, diarrhea, hysteria,
C Hazrat Umm-e-Attiah Ansariah (Radhi Allaho Anha) rheumatism, toothache and earache. Useful in
narrates that Rasulullah (Sallallaho Alaihe gynaecological disorders.
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