This document presents information about sedimentary basins. It discusses the formation of basins through mechanisms like isostatic changes and tectonic activity. It also classifies basins based on the type of plate boundary they form near, such as divergent or convergent boundaries. Additionally, it describes different types of basin margins including shelf-break, ramp, and growth-fault margins. Finally, it provides overviews of major sedimentary basins in Pakistan and how sequence stratigraphy analyzes changes in basins over time.
2. Presented to:
Dr. Kamran Mirza
Presented by:
M. Wajid Manzoor
Roll No: 09
Institute of Geology
Uuniversity of the Punjab Lahore
3. Contents
Introduction
Mechanism of basin formation
Basin classification
Basin margin
Sedimentary basins in Pakistan
Distribution of sedimentary basin types in the world
Basin and sequence stratigraphy
References
4. INTRODUCTION
Sedimentary basins are regions of the earth of
long term subsidence creating accommodation
space for infilling by sediments
It is also defined as, “ A low lying area/depression
where sediments can be deposit is called
sedimentary basin.”
5. Basin is formed by crustal subsidence relative to surrounding areas
or some time surrounded area may be uplifted
Basin have different shapes and sizes & formed by different
mechanisms
6. Mechanisms of Basin Formation
Major mechanisms for regional subsidence/uplift:
o Isostatic – changes in crustal or lithospheric thickness
o Loading – by thrust sheets, volcanic piles,
o Dynamic effects – asthenospheric flow, mantle convection, plumes
7. Basin Classification
Basin-generating tectonics is most important for the accumulation
of sediments. Such a basin classification must be in accordance with
the modern concept of global plate tectonics and hence will differ
from older classifications and terminology.
• Sedimentary basins associated with plate tectonic activity.
8. Types of plate boundaries
There are three types of plate boundaries, characterized by the way the plates
move relative to each other.
o Divergent boundaries
• two plates slide apart from each other.
• Mid Oceanic ridges
o Convergent Boundaries
• two plates slide towards each other
• Subduction
• Orogenic Belt
10. Basin margin concept
The response of the depositional systems to this fall in relative sea
level depends on the nature of the basin margins.
o Shelf-break margins
o Ramp margins
o Rift margins
o Foreland basin margins
o Growth –fault margins
11. Shelf break margin
Shelf break margin are those with
well developed depositional
cllinoforms
Shelf break margin are typical of
passive continental margins at
times of slow rise of relative sea
level, when the deltaic system can
easily prograde to the shelf edge.
12. Ramp margin
Ramp margins are characterized by
relatively shallow water depths, where
storms and current processes can
operate much of the area of deposition.
Depositional angles are less than 1°.
The response of depositional systems in
a ramp setting to the relative sea-level
change is therefore different from the
shelf-break margins.
13. Rift margins
Rift margins characterize basins
undergoing active crustal extension.
These margins are characterized by
high topographic relief.
Subsidence rates generally increase
from the margins to the center of the
rift, although each individual fault
block will have its own pattern of
accommodation.
14. Foreland Basin Margins
A foreland basin is a structural basin that develops adjacent and
parallel to a mountain belt.
The rate of tectonic subsidence increases towards the foreland
thrust belt.
Sediment accommodation may be relatively high in proximal area
compared with the basin center.
15.
16. Growth fault margin
Growth fault margins are characterized by
gravity driven syn-sedimentary extensional
faults.
The rate of subsidence is considerably greater
on the hanging wall side of the growth fault,
resulting in an expanded sedimentary
succession.
18. Forearc Basin
The area between the accretionary wedge and the magmatic arc, largely
caused by the negative buoyancy of the subducting plate pulling down
on the overlying continental crust
tens of kilometers to over one hundred kilometers wide &up to
thousands of kilometers long; commonly arcuate.
Nonmarine siliciclastic fluvial to deltaic deposits
19.
20. Backarc or interarc Basin
Backarc or interarc basins form by rifling and ocean spreading
either landward of an island arc, or between two island arcs which
originate from the splitting apart of an older arc system
The evolution of these basins resembles that of normal ocean
basins between divergent plate motions.
Their sedimentary fill frequently reflects magmatic activity in
the arc region.
21. Sedimentary basins in Pakistan
There are two major basins in Pakistan
o Indus Basin
o Balochistan Basin
There are some minor basins namely;
o Kirthar fold-belt basin
o Pishin fold-belt basin
o Sulaiman fold-belt basin
o Makran fold-belt basin
o Offshore Indus basin
24. Basins and Sequence Stratigraphy
Patterns, rates of subsidence and sediment supply can be strongly
influenced by tectonic processes that are responsible for forming
some basins
Temporal and spatial changes in these factors can significantly
affect sequence development in those basins
Towards shelf margin – rate of subsidence is always greater than
rate of eustatic fall
No fall of relative sea level
25. Further landward – rate of subsidence is less than rate of eustatic
fall
Fall of relative sea level possible
Area covered by each zone will change with time, basin to basin
When a discrete shelf margin is present, shelf margin sediments
may be thick even in the absence of rapid thermal/tectonic
subsidence
26. References
Basin Analysis By Philp A. Allen & Jhon A. Allen 2nd edition
Internet ( Wikipedia )
Sequence stratigraphy by D.Emery and K.J.Myers
Sedimentology and stratigraphy by Sam Boggs 4th edition
Sedimentology and Stratigraphy by Wiley-Blackwell.Gary Nichols
2nd edition