Hybrid Electric vehicles

1. Project Title:-
Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) Design &
Simulation Using MATLAB/Simulink
Presented by:-
Patel Harshkumar K.
180090709009
Guided by:- Dr. Chaitanya K. Desai

2. Table of contents
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1 different types of electric powered vehicle
1.2 Working of Hybrid Electric vehicle (HEV)
1.3 Model-Based Design (MBD), Modeling and Simulation
Chapter 2: Literature Review
2.1 Literature
Chapter 3: Research gap and objective
3.1 Research gap
3.2 Objective
Chapter 4: Methodology
4.1 Vehicle dynamics

3. Chapter 1:- Introduction
 In last few decades, India face shortage and higher prices of crude oil due to urbanization and higher growth of automobile
sector. India is crude oil import country so significantly it increases the current account deficit. Tremendous urbanization and
Consumption of the fossil fuel increase traffic problem in India, which serve air pollution, noise pollution, climate change,
global warming, decrease air quality and it creates health related problems.
 Flue gases produced by conventional vehicle consist of 20% solid particles, 25% CO2 and 30% volatiles mixture (like 28%
PB, 32% NO, 62% CO). From, total CO2 emission in India 73% is due to road traffic by conventional vehicle. Here given
fig.1 shows CO2 emission forecast in India due to conventional vehicle that is increases very fast. Primary purpose is to
reduce the emission and decrease the dependency of oil so one of the environment friendly and plausible solution is to
introduce the electric power into conventional vehicle.
 To overcome the limited range of pure electric vehicle and low efficiency of engine in conventional vehicle, a new concept of
hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) suggested in field of vehicle technology. Currently we can see that most of the carmakers use
this concept in cars because HEV technology is best to tradeoff between EV and conventional vehicle.

4.  HEV technology is most promising and there are number of advantages like high
fuel economy, increase performance, decrease the demand of crude oil, high
driving range, decrease the engine size due to regenerative braking concept and
zero emission vehicle in city driving which reduce the fuel consumption
ultimately it decreases air pollution.
Figure 1:- CO2 emission in Indian road
1.1 Different Types of electric powered vehicles
To introduce the electric powered components into the vehicle called electric
powered vehicle. There are following types of electric vehicle technology used
currently.
Electric-powered
vehicles
Fully electric
vehicle (FEV)
Hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV)
Series hybrid
electric vehicle
(SHEV)
Parallel hybrid
electric vehicle
(PHEV)
Series-parallel
hybrid electric
vehicle
Fuelled cell elctric
vehicle
Figure 2:- Classification of electric
powered vehicle

5.  Fully Electric Vehicle (FEV):- This vehicle technology consist of an electric battery as energy storage and electric motor with
controller use to drive the vehicle. Battery can be recharge from external source like plug-in battery charging unit. This
normally known as two-quadrant controller, forwards and backwards. All of these vehicles have a limited ranges and
performance with currently high cost due to lack of infrastructure.
 Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV):- A hybrid electric vehicle has two or more power sources to drive the vehicle and there are
large number of possible variations. Most common types of hybrid electric vehicle is internal combustion engine (ICE) with
battery and electric drive components. Series and parallel hybrid electric vehicles are two different arrangement of HEV. There
are several HEV currently available in the market and this sector grow rapidly.
 Fuelled Cell Electric Vehicle:- The basic principle of this vehicle is to use fuel cell or metal air battery replacing the
rechargeable electric battery in battery electric vehicle. The fuel cell vehicle technology use liquid hydrogen to generate the
electricity and drive the vehicle. This technology have long driving range so it may be most promising in future. Most of the
major motor companies researched and developed very advanced fuel cell technology because it is not easy task to store
hydrogen and production of hydrogen.

6. 1.2 Working of Hybrid Electric vehicle (HEV)
Hybrid electric vehicle has two power sources to drive the vehicle. One is conventional ICE and other is battery. At low speed
urban driving condition vehicle is propelled by only electric power from battery and for high speed it can be propelled by ICE or
by both as per energy requirement by driver. There are three different combination series, parallel and combination of series-
parallel as figure shown below.
 In series HEV, IC engine (ICE) connected with generator and
driveshaft connected with electric motor and controller with
rechargeable battery as shown in fig.3. Generator convert the
mechanical energy of ICE into electricity use to drive the vehicle
whenever required. Based on driving conditions power
requirement fulfilled by different power sources with use of
controller that sense the power requirement by driver. One of the
main disadvantage is the entire electric energy pass through
generator and motor so it increases the cost of such system. Figure 3:- Series hybrid electric vehicle (SHEV) layout

7.  In parallel HEV, transmission system connected with IC engine and motor or generator with battery. In the simplest, it can run
on electricity from batteries in city driving where exhaust emission are undesirable and for highway driving it can run on ICE
or combination of two based on energy requirement from driving pedal and driving conditions
 Advantage of parallel hybrid electric vehicle over series hybrid electric vehicle is whenever if one power source is fails then
other power source automatically provide the requirement to drive the vehicle.
 Combination of series-parallel hybrid electric vehicle can run on ICE alone or electric motor by itself or by both.
Figure 4:- Parallel hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) layout
Figure 5:- Series-Parallel hybrid electric vehicle layout

8. 1.3 Model-Based Design (MBD), Modeling and Simulation
Modeling and simulation is simple that it use physical experimentation in which computers used to calculate the results of some
physical phenomenon.
Modeling is a way to create a virtual representation of real world system. From this modeling, we can simulate this virtual
representation under a wide range of conditions to see how it behaves.
Modeling and simulation are especially valuable for testing conditions that are difficult to reproduce with hardware prototype
alone. This can improve the quality of the system design early, by reducing the number of errors found later in the design process.
Figure 6:- Example
Model-based design
of HEV using
Simulink

9. Chapter 2:- Literature Review
This chapter focused on the research work that already completed in the model based modelling, designing and simulation of
electric vehicle (EV) and hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). Literature review such kind of work that gives you command to refer the
fundamental data available, the work already has been done and additionally gives the importance of the present project. This
chapter gives knowledge about the research trends, advantages and problems with the HEV.
2.1 Literature
Boukehili Adel studied the parallel hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) power management and HEV hybrid controller modeling using
MATLAB/Simulink. For this research work, author estimated power demand from the pedal position of the driver under different
driving cycles. Author make Hybrid controller in Simulink that use to estimate the demanded power and split the power from
sources accordingly. From this such hybrid controller, Author demonstrated that the parallel HEV with hybrid controller make a
good fuel economy up to 24% compared to the conventional vehicle with the same characteristics.
Vyas Singh Chauhan studied the different power-train components in electric vehicle (EV) and their simulation using
MATLAB/Simulink. Author can found that different forces acting on vehicle when subjected to different cycles under the different

10. Varsha A. Shah studied the energy management
system for a battery ultra-capacitor hybrid electric
vehicle (HEV) without compromising the vehicle
performance. Author works under simple and
efficient power split rule based on energy
management algorithm in MATLAB/Simulink.
Simulated under Indian driving cycle (Urban
driving cycle) and Indian express highway drive
cycle. Going through research observed that the
ultra-capacitor reduced the battery size and increase
the life span of battery. Battery and ultra-capacitor
both reduced the engine size without compromising
the vehicle performance.
driving conditions. When going through observation obtained via simulation at different slope at different driving cycles, observe
that battery state of charge (SOC) depends on speed, acceleration, deceleration and slope on which vehicle subjected.
Table 1:- SOC of battery under different driving cycle and driving
condition
Figure 7:- Parallel HEV configuration with using ultra-capacitor

11. Swagata Borthakur studied the modification of series hybrid electric
vehicle (SHEV) power train mechanism. Author replaced the generator
with ISG (integrated stator generator), which works both as generator
to convert engine power into electricity to charge the batteries and run
the motor to drive the wheels, so it works under pure electric driving.
Simulation results showed that efficiency of traction motor improved
by 10.95% and power loss decreased by 60.26%. From this research,
find that fuel economy improved by 21.31%.
Sita Mishra studied the future scope and consumer behavior to the electric vehicle (EV) purchase intention in India. Author
work based on six key factors that may influence consumer behavior for EVs: a) Performance feature b) Financial advantage c)
Environmental concerns d) Social influence e) Cost of ownership f) Infrastructure support. Data for this study collected from
sample of 228 respondents using mall intercept method in India by author. Going through the observation obtained that
environmental concerns and performance features most important factors influencing Indian consumers. Presently two factors
cost of ownership and infrastructure are main issue for adoption of EV
Figure 8:- Torque distribution-using ISG in SEV

12. Chapter 3:- Research gap & Objective
3.1 Research gap
 Many researchers studied on pure EV, series HEV and parallel HEV aim is to minimizing the fuel economy (FE) and reduce the
emission of pollutants from vehicle. But very few researchers achieved approximately 20% fuel economy only.
 There are less data available of model based simulation of parallel HEV which is best among the pure EV and series HEV. It
will be complex in design but economical in general.
 This review identifies two research gaps for optimal energy management of HEV from being implemented in real world:
controller and concept of vehicle dynamic.
3.2 Objective
 To study the vehicle dynamics first and find tractive force and power requirement for driving wheels under the different driving
cycle and conditions using model based modeling in Simulink.
 Make controller in Simulink which control the power source to drive the axle which connected with driving pedal and driving
cycle. From this we can find acceleration, range, battery size and weight and so on of PHEV using Simulink.

13. Chapter 4:- Methodology
For modelling and simulation of parallel HEV
using MATLAB/Simulink require to understand
first simple drive train working. Here fig.9 define
simple drive train working model.
 Different parameters consider while PHEV
design and simulations; like battery type and
size, ICE type and size, driving condition,
controller and sensor, gear drive system,
ambient conditions, vehicle dynamics, steering
mechanism, regenerative braking and flywheel
and so on.
Figure 9:- System level representation of general vehicle drive train
 First step in vehicle performance modelling is to produce an equation for the tractive effort which is part of vehicle dynamics
and it can propel vehicle to the ground through the drive wheels.

14. 4.1 Vehicle dynamics:-
For vehicles such as cars, Vehicle dynamics is to study of how the vehicle will react to driver inputs on a given solid surface under the
different resisting forces and different driving conditions.
There are following factors consider while modelling of vehicle dynamics:
o Drivetrain and braking
o Suspension and steering mechanism
o Distribution of mass
o Aerodynamics
o Tires
o Shape and material of Vehicle body
 Total tractive effort/force can be find by following equation:-
Fte = {Frr + Fad + Fhc +Fla + Fwa}

15. Where,
Fte = total tractive effort to propel the vehicle
Frr = Rolling resistance due to friction of vehicle tyre on road and also consider friction in bearing and gearing system
Fad= Aerodynamic drag due to friction of vehicle body moving through the air
Fhc = Hill climbing force which depend on vehicle weight and angle of slope on which it moves
Fla = linear acceleration of vehicle which is given by well-known equation of Newton’s 2nd law (F=ma)
Fwa = angular acceleration force
From this simulation of this equation in model based modeling in Simulink we can find power requirements from this we can find
torque and speed of vehicle which use by controller and give command to power source according to driving conditions and drive
efficiently of Parallel hybrid electric vehicle.

16. Thank You…