it is the presentation about Modern heart surgery, its types and how it is done. There are many types of heart surgery. The National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, which is part of the National Institutes of Health, lists the following as among the most common coronary surgical procedures.Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). In CABG — the most common type of heart surgery — the surgeon takes a healthy artery or vein from elsewhere in your body and connects it to supply blood past the blocked coronary artery. The grafted artery or vein bypasses the blocked portion of the coronary artery, creating a new path for blood to flow to the heart muscle. Often, this is done for more than one coronary artery during the same surgery. CABG is sometimes referred to as heart bypass or coronary artery bypass surgery. Heart valve repair or replacement. Surgeons either repair the valve or replace it with an artificial valve or with a biological valve made from pig, cow, or human heart tissue. One repair option is to insert a catheter through a large blood vessel, guide it to the heart, and inflate and deflate a small balloon at the tip of the catheter to widen a narrow valve. Insertion of a pacemaker or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD). Medicine is usually the first treatment option for arrhythmia, a condition in which the heart beats too fast, too slow or with an irregular rhythm. If medication does not work, a surgeon may implant a pacemaker under the skin of the chest or abdomen, with wires that connect it to the heart chambers. The device uses electrical pulses to control the heart rhythm when a sensor detects that it is abnormal. An ICD works similarly, but it sends an electric shock to restore a normal rhythm when it detects a dangerous arrhythmia. Maze surgery. The surgeon creates a pattern of scar tissue within the upper chambers of the heart to redirect electrical signals along a controlled path to the lower heart chambers. The surgery blocks the stray electrical signals that cause atrial fibrillation — the most common type of serious arrhythmia. Aneurysm repair. A weak section of the artery or heart wall is replaced with a patch or graft to repair a balloon-like bulge in the artery or wall of the heart muscle. Heart transplant. The diseased heart is removed and replaced with a healthy heart from a deceased donor. Insertion of a ventricular assist device (VAD) or total artificial heart (TAH). A VAD is a mechanical pump that supports heart function and blood flow. A TAH replaces the two lower chambers of the heart.

1. MODERN
HEART
SURGURY
ВИШАЛ БИСВАС 412

2. DEFINITION:
 CARDIAC SURGERY, also called HEART SURGERY, involves
surgical operations performed on the heart under to correct life-
threatening conditions.
The surgery can be either;
 OPEN HEART SURGERY
 CLOSED HEART SURGERY or
 MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY depending on the conditions to be
corrected.

3. PURPOSE OFTHE SURGERY:
Cardiac surgery is done to correct many different types of heart conditions.
The most common are: REVASCULARIZATION. (Eg: CABG)
TOTREAT,
• CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS (Eg: ASD CLOSURE)
• CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
• VALVULAR DISORDERS (Eg: MVR)
• ARRHYTHMIAS ANEURYSM REPAIR
• REMOVAL OF ANY CARDIACTUMORS (Eg: ROBOTICALLY ASSISTED SURGERIES)
• END STAGE HEART FAILURE REQUIRING HEARTTRANSPLANTATION

4. TYPES OF CARDIAC SURGERY:
 OPEN HEART SURGERY.
 MODERN BEATING HEART SURGERY.
 CABG.
 MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY.
 HEARTTRANSPLANT.
 ROBOT ASSISTED SURGERY.

5. OPEN HEART SURGERY:
▪ Surgeon makes a large incision in the chest to open the rib cage and operate on
the heart. “OPEN” refers to the chest, not the heart. Depending on the type of
surgery, the surgeon also may open the heart.
▪ Later found that procedures involving opening the patient’s heart could be performed
better in bloodless and motionless environment.Therefore, during such surgery, the
heart is temporarily stopped, and the patient is placed on CARDIOPULMONARY
BYPASS.
▪ ON PUMP SURGERY: USES HEART LUNG MACHINE (CPB).It is the traditional type of
open heart surgery. It allows the surgeon to operate on a heart that is not beating and
has no blood travelling through it.

7. MODERN BEATING HEART SURGERY:
▪ Surgeons began to perform OFF-PUMP CORONARY ARTERY BYPASS
SURGERY, which does not use a heart lung machine and surgeon operates on
an actively beating heart. However, surgeon will slow the heart rate with
medication or a device. This type of open heart surgery is limited to a few
specific procedures.

8. MODERN BEATING HEART SURGERY

9. Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
▪ Also called revascularization, is a common surgical procedure to create an alternative path
to deliver blood supply to the heart and body, with the goal of preventing clot formation.
The procedure is typically performed because of CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE.
▪ In ON-PUMP CABG the heart is stopped with the body's blood supply being maintained by
the cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) machine. On- pump Coronary artery bypass (ONCAB) is
the more traditional method of performing bypass surgery.

11. ▪ MINIMALLY INVASIVE SURGERY: An alternative to open-heart surgery, which
involves a five to eight inch incision in the CHEST WALL, a surgeon may
perform an ENDOSCOPIC procedure by making very small incisions through
which a camera and specialized tools are inserted.
▪ ROBOT ASSISTED HEART SURGERY: A machine controlled by a cardiac
surgeon is used to perform a procedure. The main advantage is it involves
three small holes instead of a big incision.

12. In general, minimally invasive
surgery is associated with
less pain, a shorter hospital
stay and fewer
complications. Laparoscopy
— surgery done through one
or more small incisions, using
small tubes and tiny cameras
and surgical instruments —
was one of the first types of
minimally invasive surgery.

13. ▪ Robotic cardiac surgery is heart surgery done through very small cuts in the chest. With
the use of tiny instruments and robot-controlled tools, surgeons are able to do heart
surgery in a way that is much less invasive than open-heart surgery. The procedure is
sometimes called da Vinci surgery because that is the name of the manufacturer of the
robot often used for this procedure.

14. HEARTTRANSPLANT
▪ It is a surgical transplant procedure performed on patients with
END STAGE HEART FAILURE or severe CORONARY ARTERY DISEASE
when other medical or surgical treatments have failed.

16. HEARTTRANSPLANT…
▪ Heart transplants are performed when other treatments for heart problems
haven't worked, leading to heart failure. In adults, heart failure can be
caused by:
• A weakening of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy)
• Coronary artery disease
• Heart valve disease
• A heart problem you're born with (congenital heart defect)

17. HEARTTRANSPLANT…
• Dangerous recurring abnormal heart rhythms (ventricular
arrhythmias) not controlled by other treatments
• Failure of a previous heart transplant
▪ In children, heart failure is most often caused by either a
congenital heart defect or cardiomyopathy.

18. Thank you