2. Heart surgery
• Cardiovascular (heart) surgery is surgery on the heart or great vessels performed by
cardiac surgeons. Frequently, it is done to treat complications of ischemic heart
disease (for example, coronary artery bypass grafting), correct congenital heart disease,
or treat valvular heart disease from various causes including endocarditis, rheumatic
heart disease and atherosclerosis. It also includes heart transplantation.
3. Types of Heart Surgeries
•Open heart surgery
Open heart surgery is a surgery in which the patient's heart is open and
surgery is performed on the internal structures of the heart. It was soon
discovered by Dr. Wilfred G. Bigelow of the University of Toronto that the
repair of intracardiac pathologies was better done with a bloodless and
motionless environment, which means that the heart should be stopped and
drained of blood.
4. Types of Open Heart Surgeries
•Modern beating-heart surgery
In the early 1990s surgeons began to perform Off-pump coronary artery
bypass, done without cardiopulmonary bypass. In these operations, the heart
is beating during surgery, but is stabilized to provide an almost still work
area in which to connect the conduit vessel that bypasses the blockage using
a technique known as endoscopic vessel harvesting(EVH).
5. Types of Open Heart Surgeries
• Minimally invasive surgery
A new form of heart surgery that has grown in popularity is robot-assisted
heart surgery. This is where a machine is used to perform surgery while being
controlled by the heart surgeon. The main advantage to this is the size of the
incision made in the patient. Instead of an incision being at least big enough
for the surgeon to put his hands inside, it does not have to be bigger than 3
small holes for the robot's much smaller hands to get through.
6. Types of Open Heart Surgeries
• Pediatric cardiovascular surgery
Pediatric cardiovascular surgery is surgery of the heart of children. Russell M.
Nelson performed the first successful pediatric cardiac operation at the Salt
Lake General Hospitalin March 1956, a total repair of tetralogy of Fallot in a
four-year-old girl.
7. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Heart transplant In 1945 the
Soviet Pathologist Nikolai Sinitsyn successfully transplanted a heart from one frog to another frog
and from one dog to another without killing any. Norman Shumwayis widely regarded as the father
of heart transplantation although the world's first adult human heart transplant was performed by
a South African cardiac surgeon, Christiaan Barnard, utilizing the techniques developed and
perfected by Shumway and Richard Lower.Barnard performed the first transplant on Louis
Washkansky on December 3, 1967 at the Groote Schuur Hospital in Cape Town, South Africa
8. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting [CABG]
Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting is the most common type of open-heart surgery
according to the National Heart, Lung, and Blood institute. This is a surgical
procedure done in order to give blood another path to travel in order to supply the
heart and the body. Another way of describing this procedure is known as
revascularization. Revascularization means that there is another supply of blood
created in order to avoid and limit clot formation. This can be done in many
different ways and the arteries that create this revascularization can be taken from
several different areas of the body.
9. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Transmyocardial Laser Revascularization
Transmyocardial laser revascularization , or TMR, is surgery used to treat angina.
TMR is most often used when no other treatments work. For example, if you've already had one
CABG procedure and can't have another one, TMR might be an option. For some people, TMR is
combined with CABG.
If TMR is done alone, the procedure may be performed through a small opening in the chest.
10. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Heart Valve Repair or Replacement
For the heart to work well, blood must flow in only one direction. The heart's valves make this
possible. Healthy valves open and close in a precise way as the heart pumps blood.
11. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Heart Valve Repair or Replacement
For the heart to work well, blood must flow in only one direction. The heart's valves make this
possible. Healthy valves open and close in a precise way as the heart pumps blood.
12. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Off-Pump Heart Surgery
• Surgeons also use off-pump, or beating heart, surgery to do CABG. This approach is like traditional
open-heart surgery because the chest bone is opened to access the heart. However, the heart isn't
stopped, and a heart-lung bypass machine isn't used.
13. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Minimally Invasive Heart Surgery
For minimally invasive heart surgery, a surgeon makes small incisions (cuts) in the side of the chest
between the ribs. This type of surgery may or may not use a heart-lung bypass machine.
Minimally invasive heart surgery is used to do some bypass and maze surgeries. It's also used to repair
or replace heart valves, insert pacemakers or ICDs, or take a vein or artery from the body to use as a
bypass graft for CABG.
14. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Stent
Coronary stents are placed during a percutaneous coronary intervention, also known as angioplasty.
The most common use for coronary stents is in the coronary arteries, into which a bare-metal stent,
a drug-eluting stent, a bioabsorbable stent, a dual-therapy stent (combination of both drug and
bioengineered stent), or occasionally a covered stent is inserted.
15. Types of Heart Surgeries
• Stents
• Vascular stents are commonly placed as part of peripheral artery angioplasty. Common sites treated
with peripheral artery stents include the carotid, iliac, and femoral arteries. Because of the external
compression and mechanical forces subjected to these locations, flexible stent materials such
as nitinol are used in a majority of peripheral stent placements.
