3. Optic Nerve Head
Collection of nerve
fibers and blood vessels
from retina
Transfers info to brain’s
visual cortex
Slightly yellow-pink
when healthy
White ‘full moon’
appearance can mean
trouble!
4. Optic Nerve Head
Cup is natural
depression in center
of nerve
Cup size varies
between people
Very large cup, or
change in appearance
over time, can
indicate glaucoma
Physiologic Cup
Optic Disc
5. Retinal Vessels
Include arteries and veins
Only place in body
where you can directly
visualize blood vessels
Excellent indicators
of systemic diseases like-
HTN
Diabetes
High cholesterol
Carotid disease
6. Macula
Dense collection
of cone photoreceptors
Fine detail and
colour vision
Macular degeneration
affects this area
11. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY-
- It is a disease of retinal microvasculature
- Cholesterol deposition in the tunica intima of
medium and large arteries ( causing reduction in
the lumen size )
- Arteriolosclerosis causes a breakdown in
autoregulation ( the high pressure in the arterioles
are transmitted to the retinal capillaries, causing
capillary closure or haemorrhage occurs)
21. -Poor reliability and reproducibility
-Grades do not correlate with severity of
hypertension
-Not sequential in nature
-Grades do not correlate with prognosis,
cardiovascular events, and mortality.
24. COPPER
WIRING
of
arterioles
Hyaline thickening & lipoidal infiltration of the intima & media with
An increase in the reflected light reflex & indentation of the venous blood
Column at arteriovenous column
33. COTTON
WOOL
SPOT
Cotton wool spots result from occlusion of retinal pre-
capillary arterioles ( ISCHEMIA) supplying the nerve
fibre layer with concomitant swelling of local nerve fibre
axons. Also called "soft exudates" or "nerve fibre layer
infarctions" they are white, fluffy lesions in the nerve
fibre layer.
35. EXUDATES
Exudates occur later in the course of disease,
surrounding areas of hemorrhage, as a result
of lipid accumulation.
36. Hard exudates
(Intra-retinal lipid exudates)
Yellow deposits of lipid and
protein within the sensory
retina. Accumulations of
lipids leak from
surrounding capillaries and
microaneuryisms,
38. SIMPLIFIED CLASSIFICATION
GRADE FEATURES
MILD
(Retinal Arteriolar
Signs)
Generalized Arteriolar narrowing, focal
arteriolar narrowing, AV nicking, copper
wiring or a combination of these
MODERATE
(Retiopathy like
lesions)
Retinal hemorrhages, micro aneurisms,
cotton wool spots, hard exudates or a
combination of these signs
MALIGNANT Signs of moderate retinopathy with disc
edema