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МОЖНО ЛИ ПОНЯТЬ РУССКУЮ КУЛЬТУРУ ЧЕРЕЗ КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА?
Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев — доктор филологических наук, профессор Московского
педагогического государственного университета.
Фото: Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев http://www. rodnoe-слово. org / узел / 97
Прежде чем ответить на этот вопрос, необходимо сказать, что речь здесь идёт не обо
всей русской культуре, а о представлениях о мире людей, для которых русский язык
является родным. Эти представления отражаются в языке, и поэтому, изучая тот или иной
язык, человек одновременно формирует тот или иной взгляд на мир.
Иллюстрацией могут быть русские слова утро, день, вечер, ночь. На первый взгляд, все они
имеют эквивалент в основных западных языках (например, для слова утро— английское
слово morning, французское matin, немецкое Morgenи т.д.). Но на самом деле этой
эквивалентности нет, так как в русском языке сутки делятся на периоды по другим
принципам, чем в западных языках.
В западном представлении использование слов утро, день, вечер иночьзависит от
«объективного» времени. Большое значение поэтому приобретают понятия полночьи
особенно полдень, которое отмечает самую важную часть суток - время для работы. Не
случайно в западных языках есть специальное слово для названия второй половины
рабочего дня (afternoon, après-midi, Nachmittag и т.д.). В русском представлении понятия
утро, день, вечери ночь больше зависят от того, что человек делает в это время (в западном
представлении скорее наоборот: посмотрев на часы, человек знает, что ему нужно делать).
То есть если в западных языках утро — это время до 12часов дня, то для русских утро —
это время, когда человек встал и только готовится к своей дневной деятельности
(умывается, одевается, завтракает).
Эти различия могут помешать взаимопониманию в процессах межкультурной
коммуникации. Например, в западных языках можно говорить о двух часах и даже о часе
утра (one, two in the morning; une heure, deux heures du matin). Это очень удивительно для
русских, так как утро для них – это время, когда человек встает, а если человек не спит в
час или два часа ночи, то это скорее значит, что он еще не лег.
Что же можно сказать о представлении о времени у русских? Мы говорим день о времени,
когда люди работают, мы говорим ночь о времени, когда люди спят. Когда человек встает,
наступает утро, в процессе которого человек готовится к дневной деятельности. Когда
дневная деятельность заканчивается, наступает вечер, который длится, пока люди не
ложатся спать. Это значит, что утро в русской традиции противопоставлено не
«послеполудню, как в западной, а вечеру. Если мы обычно называем первую половинудня
– утро, то вторая автоматически называется вечер. Именно поэтому о враче, который
принимает больных в поликлинике, мы говорим, что иногда он работает утром (с 9 00 до
14.00), а иногда вечером (с 14.00 до 19.00). Это очень удивляет иностранцев, так как, с
западной точки зрения, трудно назвать вечером время, которое наступает сразу после обеда.
Различия есть и в формулах речевого этикета. Русских удивляет, что человек западной
культуры может сказать -- Доброе утро! -- когда рабочий день уже давно начался и скоро
обеденный перерыв. Для них эта формула нормальна только сразу после того, как они
встали. Такой же странной кажется и фраза -- Have a good night! -- при прощании после
рабочего дня: ночь начинается для русских только тогда, когда человек лёг в кровать.
Анализ таких различий не только поможет объяснить, почему русские обращаются со
временем более свободно, чем жители Западной Европы, но также может стать основой
взаимопонимания людей разных культур.
Copyright © 2010 Новосибирский областной фонд сохранения и развития русского языка.
При использовании материалов сайта ссылка обязательна.
Can One Understand the Russian Culture through Key words of its Language?
Picture: Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev http://www.rodnoe-slovo.org/node/97
Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев — доктор филологических наук, профессор Московского
педагогического государственного университета
Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev - Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Moscow Pedagogical State
University
Before answering that question, we must say this is not about the entire Russian culture, but rather
about some of the worldview of people that have the Russian as their native language. Those ideas are
reflected in the speech and idioms, and therefore, studying a particular language and its style, one
simultaneously forms a specific view of the world.
An illustration may be the Russian words referring to time: [утро, день, вечер, ночь] morning, day,
evening, night. At first glance, they all have an equivalent in the central-western languages: for example,
for the word morning (English), matin (French), Morgen (German) etc. But the fact is: that equivalence is
inexact. For, in Russian, the day is divided into periods according to principles that differ from those of
western languages.
In the Western view, the use of those words: morning, day, evening, night, is linked to "objective"
time. Therefore, the concepts of [полночь, полдень] (midnight; midday or noon) are of great importance -
especially midday (noon), which marks the time for work. Not surprisingly, western languages show specific
words for the second half of the workday - afternoon, après-midi, Nachmittag. In the Russian conception
[of утро, день, вечер, ночь], there is an intense dependence on what a person is doing at the moment.
Meanwhile, in the west view, quite the opposite: looking at the clock, one knows what is necessary to do
then. In western languages, morning is the time until 12 o'clock in the day. Instead, for Russians morning
is the time when a person got up and is just getting ready for daily activities (wash, dress, have breakfast).
These differences can interfere with mutual understanding in intercultural communication
processes. For example, in western languages, you can talk about [о двух, о часе] around two hours, or
even one hour (one or two in the morning. (une heure, deux heures du matin). You will be referring to a
time in the morning. That may be very surprising for the Russians since the morning for them is the time
when a person gets up. If someone was not asleep at one or two in the morning [*e.g., being at work or
some other activity. N. do T.], it instead means that one has not yet laid down. [*i.e., the night has not
ended, and the morning has still not started, for him].
What can be said about the idea of time in the mind of Russians? We speak about the daytime
[день] when people work; we talk about nighttime [ночь] when people are asleep. When someone gets up,
the morning comes, during which a person prepares for daily activities. When the daytime events end, an
evening comes - that lasts until people go to bed. That means - morning, in Russian tradition, is not opposed
to [послеполудню] afternoon or night, as in the west, but in the evening [вечер]. If we usually call the first
half of the day - morning, then the second is automatically called evening. The doctor will take his patients
either during the morning [утром] (from 9:00 to 14:00), or the evening [вечером] (from 14:00 to 19:00. This
is very surprising for foreigners, since, from a western point of view, it is difficult to name (in the
evening/night) the time that comes immediately after one has had lunch.
There are also differences in the formulas of speech etiquette. The Russians are surprised that a
man of Western culture can say [Доброе утро!] ("Good morning!") - when the working day has long begun,
and the lunch break is coming soon. For them, this formula is standard only immediately after they got up.
The phrase [спокойно ночю!] "Have a good night!" seems just as strange when you say goodbye after a
working day: the night begins for the Russians only when the person has just gone to bed.
An analysis of such differences will not only help explain why Russians speak more freely about
time than residents of Western Europe. It can also become the basis for a mutual understanding of people
of different cultures.
Keywords
[утро, день, вечер, ночь, послеполудню, полночь, полдень]
morning, day, evening, night, afternoon, midnight, noon
A percepção do tempo, o idioma e a tradução.
No estudo das linguagens e na tradução, é comumente necessário ir além de uma tradução literal
de palavras. Isso pode significar, muitas vezes, a diferença entre um termo ou palavra cuja tradução (de
dicionário, do Google ou de uma máquina de tradução) pode ter um significado aparentemente ilusório.
É interessante conhecer, por exemplo, como diferentes culturas interpretam os números, e a
maneira de se ler a hora no relógio. Apenas aqueles familiarizados com as particularidades do idioma
entenderão que, em francês, “soixante-quinze” (“sessenta-e-quinze”) quer dizer na verdade 75. E, em
inglês, “a quarter to five” (um quarto para as cinco) somente será compreendido como 16:15 se
percebermos que "um quarto” do relógio – aqui, a fração que falta – corresponde a quinze minutos.
Às vezes, a compreensão do tempo vai além da matemática: vejam nesse texto que a Tangram
traduziu diretamente do idioma Russo e compreendam por que, talvez, em uma tradução de um romance
de Tolstoy a percepção do tempo não corresponda ao que você está acostumado!
The perception of time, language and translation
In the studies of languages and translation, it is commonly necessary to go beyond a literal
translation of words. This can often mean the difference between a term or word whose translation (from
dictionary, Google or even a translation machine) can have an apparently illusory meaning.
It is interesting to know, for example, how different cultures interpret numbers, and how to read the
time on the clock. Only those familiar with the particularities of the language will understand that, in French,
"soixante-fifteen" ("sixty-fifteen") actually means 75. And, in English, "a quarter to five" will only be
understood in other cultures as 16:15 if we realize that ¼ of the clock - here, the missing fraction -
corresponds to fifteen minutes.
Sometimes, the understanding of time goes beyond mathematics: see in this text that Tangram
translated directly from the Russian language and understand why, perhaps, in a translation of a classical
of Tolstoy the perception of time is not precisely what you are used to!
É possível entender a cultura russa através de palavras-chave de seu idioma?
Foto: Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev http://www. rodnoe-slovo. org / nó / 97
Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев — доктор филологических наук, профессор Московского
педагогического государственного университета.
Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev - Doutor em Ciências Filológicas, Professor da Universidade Estadual
Pedagógica de Moscou
Antes de responder a essa pergunta, devemos dizer que não se trata de toda a cultura russa, mas
de algumas visões de mundo de pessoas que têm o russo como idioma nativo. Essas ideias são refletidas
no discurso e nas expressões idiomáticas e, portanto, estudando uma linguagem e seu estilo específicos,
forma-se simultaneamente uma visão específica do mundo.
Uma ilustração pode ser feita usando as palavras em russo referentes ao tempo: [утро, день,
вечер, ночь] manhã, dia, tarde, noite. À primeira vista, todos eles têm um equivalente nos idiomas centro-
oeste: por exemplo, para a palavra morning (inglês), matin (francês), Morgen (alemão) etc. Mas o fato é:
essa equivalência é inexata. Pois, em russo, o dia é dividido em períodos de acordo com princípios
diferentes dos que ocorrem em idiomas ocidentais.
Na visão ocidental, o uso dessas palavras: -- manhã, dia, tarde, noite -- está ligado ao tempo
"objetivo". Portanto, os conceitos de [полночь, полдень] (meia-noite; ou meio-dia) são de grande
importância -- especialmente o meio-dia (meio-dia), o qual marca o tempo para o trabalho. Não
surpreendentemente, os idiomas ocidentais mostram palavras específicas para a segunda metade do dia
de trabalho - noon, après-midi, Nachmittag. Na concepção russa [de утро, день, вечер, ночь], há uma
intensa dependência do que uma pessoa está fazendo no momento. Enquanto isso, na visão ocidente,
ocorre o reverso: olhando-se para o relógio, sabe-se o que é necessário fazer naquele momento. Nas
línguas ocidentais, a manhã trata-se da hora até as 12:00 do dia. Em vez disso, para a manhã russa, é o
momento em que uma pessoa se levanta e está se preparando para as atividades diárias (lavar, vestir,
tomar café da manhã).
Essas diferenças podem interferir na compreensão mútua nos processos de comunicação
intercultural. Por exemplo, nos idiomas ocidentais, você pode falar sobre [о двух, о часе] em torno de duas
horas ou até uma hora (uma ou duas da manhã); une heure, deux heures du matin. Você estará se
referindo a uma hora do período da manhã. Isso pode ser muito surpreendente para os russos -- já que a
manhã para eles é o momento em que uma pessoa se levanta. Se alguém não estava dormindo à uma ou
às duas da manhã1, isso significa que ainda não se acordou, nem se levantou.2
O que se pode dizer sobre a ideia de tempo na mente dos russos? Falamos sobre o dia [день]
quando as pessoas trabalham; falamos sobre a noite [ночь] quando as pessoas estão dormindo. Quando
alguém se levanta, chega o período da manhã, durante a qual uma pessoa se prepara para atividades
diárias. Quando os eventos diurnos terminam, chega uma noite (ou tarde) - que dura até as pessoas irem
para a cama. Isso significa que a manhã -- na tradição russa -- não se opõe à tarde, como no ocidente,
mas à noite. Se geralmente cuidamos da primeira metade do dia – a manhã, a segunda é chamada,
automaticamente, de noite. O médico levará seus pacientes durante a manhã [утром] (das 9:00 às 14:00)
ou à tarde/noite [вечером] (das 14:00 às 19:00. Isso é muito surpreendente para os estrangeiros, pois, do
ponto de vista ocidental, é difícil nomear (à noite) o horário que vem imediatamente após o almoço.
Também existem diferenças nas fórmulas de etiqueta de fala. Os russos ficarão surpresos se um
homem de cultura ocidental possa dizer – [“Доброе утро!] -- “Boa manhã!” -- quando o dia de trabalho
começou há muito tempo e o intervalo para o almoço está chegando em breve. Para eles, essa fórmula é
padrão apenas imediatamente após se levantarem. A frase – [Cпокойно ночю!] “Tenha um boa noite!”--
parece igualmente estranha quando você se despede após um dia de trabalho: a noite começa para os
russos somente quando a pessoa foi para a cama deitar-se.
Uma análise de tais diferenças não apenas ajudará a explicar por que os russos falam mais
livremente sobre o tempo do que os residentes da Europa Ocidental. Também pode se tornar a base para
uma compreensão mútua de pessoas de diferentes culturas.
--------
Notas
1. Por exemplo, estava no trabalho, ou em alguma outra atividade.
2. Isto é, a noite não terminou e a manhã ainda não começou, para ele.
--------
Palavras-chave
[утро, день, вечер, ночь, послеполудню, полночь, полдень]
manhã, dia, noite, noite, tarde, meia-noite, meio-dia
--------
Referência
Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev, A. D. МОЖНО ЛИ ПОНЯТЬ РУССКУЮ КУЛЬТУРУ ЧЕРЕЗ КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ
СЛОВА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА? É possível entender a cultura russa através de palavras-chave de seu
idioma? Disponível em http://www.rodnoe-slovo.org/node/97. Acessado em 05/06/2020.
Veja também:
 Kazankov, A., Surer, J. The “last times: The Perception of Time by Residents of the Russian
Province in the first Half of the Twentieth Century. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-last-times-
the-perception-of-time-by-residents-of-the-russian-province-in-the-first-half-of-the-twentieth-
century
 Kazarinova, D. B., Taisheva, V. Y. Perceptions of Russia in the Global World.
https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/perceptions -of-russia-in-the-global-world/
 Lebedko, M. Time Perception Across Russian and American Cultures. https://jalt-
publications.org/archive/proceedings/2001/012.pdf
 Master Russian. Com. Russian Vocabulary (and wisdom) время [time].
http://masterrussian.com/vocabulary/vremya.htm.
 Understand Russia. Stories About Everyday Life in Russia. Time is Fluid in Russia. https://jalt-
publications.org/archive/proceedings/2001/012.pdf

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002.time

  • 1. МОЖНО ЛИ ПОНЯТЬ РУССКУЮ КУЛЬТУРУ ЧЕРЕЗ КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА? Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев — доктор филологических наук, профессор Московского педагогического государственного университета. Фото: Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев http://www. rodnoe-слово. org / узел / 97 Прежде чем ответить на этот вопрос, необходимо сказать, что речь здесь идёт не обо всей русской культуре, а о представлениях о мире людей, для которых русский язык является родным. Эти представления отражаются в языке, и поэтому, изучая тот или иной язык, человек одновременно формирует тот или иной взгляд на мир. Иллюстрацией могут быть русские слова утро, день, вечер, ночь. На первый взгляд, все они имеют эквивалент в основных западных языках (например, для слова утро— английское слово morning, французское matin, немецкое Morgenи т.д.). Но на самом деле этой эквивалентности нет, так как в русском языке сутки делятся на периоды по другим принципам, чем в западных языках. В западном представлении использование слов утро, день, вечер иночьзависит от «объективного» времени. Большое значение поэтому приобретают понятия полночьи особенно полдень, которое отмечает самую важную часть суток - время для работы. Не случайно в западных языках есть специальное слово для названия второй половины рабочего дня (afternoon, après-midi, Nachmittag и т.д.). В русском представлении понятия утро, день, вечери ночь больше зависят от того, что человек делает в это время (в западном представлении скорее наоборот: посмотрев на часы, человек знает, что ему нужно делать). То есть если в западных языках утро — это время до 12часов дня, то для русских утро — это время, когда человек встал и только готовится к своей дневной деятельности (умывается, одевается, завтракает). Эти различия могут помешать взаимопониманию в процессах межкультурной коммуникации. Например, в западных языках можно говорить о двух часах и даже о часе утра (one, two in the morning; une heure, deux heures du matin). Это очень удивительно для русских, так как утро для них – это время, когда человек встает, а если человек не спит в час или два часа ночи, то это скорее значит, что он еще не лег.
  • 2. Что же можно сказать о представлении о времени у русских? Мы говорим день о времени, когда люди работают, мы говорим ночь о времени, когда люди спят. Когда человек встает, наступает утро, в процессе которого человек готовится к дневной деятельности. Когда дневная деятельность заканчивается, наступает вечер, который длится, пока люди не ложатся спать. Это значит, что утро в русской традиции противопоставлено не «послеполудню, как в западной, а вечеру. Если мы обычно называем первую половинудня – утро, то вторая автоматически называется вечер. Именно поэтому о враче, который принимает больных в поликлинике, мы говорим, что иногда он работает утром (с 9 00 до 14.00), а иногда вечером (с 14.00 до 19.00). Это очень удивляет иностранцев, так как, с западной точки зрения, трудно назвать вечером время, которое наступает сразу после обеда. Различия есть и в формулах речевого этикета. Русских удивляет, что человек западной культуры может сказать -- Доброе утро! -- когда рабочий день уже давно начался и скоро обеденный перерыв. Для них эта формула нормальна только сразу после того, как они встали. Такой же странной кажется и фраза -- Have a good night! -- при прощании после рабочего дня: ночь начинается для русских только тогда, когда человек лёг в кровать. Анализ таких различий не только поможет объяснить, почему русские обращаются со временем более свободно, чем жители Западной Европы, но также может стать основой взаимопонимания людей разных культур. Copyright © 2010 Новосибирский областной фонд сохранения и развития русского языка. При использовании материалов сайта ссылка обязательна.
  • 3. Can One Understand the Russian Culture through Key words of its Language? Picture: Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev http://www.rodnoe-slovo.org/node/97 Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев — доктор филологических наук, профессор Московского педагогического государственного университета Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev - Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor of Moscow Pedagogical State University Before answering that question, we must say this is not about the entire Russian culture, but rather about some of the worldview of people that have the Russian as their native language. Those ideas are reflected in the speech and idioms, and therefore, studying a particular language and its style, one simultaneously forms a specific view of the world. An illustration may be the Russian words referring to time: [утро, день, вечер, ночь] morning, day, evening, night. At first glance, they all have an equivalent in the central-western languages: for example, for the word morning (English), matin (French), Morgen (German) etc. But the fact is: that equivalence is inexact. For, in Russian, the day is divided into periods according to principles that differ from those of western languages. In the Western view, the use of those words: morning, day, evening, night, is linked to "objective" time. Therefore, the concepts of [полночь, полдень] (midnight; midday or noon) are of great importance - especially midday (noon), which marks the time for work. Not surprisingly, western languages show specific words for the second half of the workday - afternoon, après-midi, Nachmittag. In the Russian conception [of утро, день, вечер, ночь], there is an intense dependence on what a person is doing at the moment. Meanwhile, in the west view, quite the opposite: looking at the clock, one knows what is necessary to do then. In western languages, morning is the time until 12 o'clock in the day. Instead, for Russians morning is the time when a person got up and is just getting ready for daily activities (wash, dress, have breakfast). These differences can interfere with mutual understanding in intercultural communication processes. For example, in western languages, you can talk about [о двух, о часе] around two hours, or even one hour (one or two in the morning. (une heure, deux heures du matin). You will be referring to a time in the morning. That may be very surprising for the Russians since the morning for them is the time when a person gets up. If someone was not asleep at one or two in the morning [*e.g., being at work or some other activity. N. do T.], it instead means that one has not yet laid down. [*i.e., the night has not ended, and the morning has still not started, for him]. What can be said about the idea of time in the mind of Russians? We speak about the daytime [день] when people work; we talk about nighttime [ночь] when people are asleep. When someone gets up, the morning comes, during which a person prepares for daily activities. When the daytime events end, an evening comes - that lasts until people go to bed. That means - morning, in Russian tradition, is not opposed to [послеполудню] afternoon or night, as in the west, but in the evening [вечер]. If we usually call the first half of the day - morning, then the second is automatically called evening. The doctor will take his patients
  • 4. either during the morning [утром] (from 9:00 to 14:00), or the evening [вечером] (from 14:00 to 19:00. This is very surprising for foreigners, since, from a western point of view, it is difficult to name (in the evening/night) the time that comes immediately after one has had lunch. There are also differences in the formulas of speech etiquette. The Russians are surprised that a man of Western culture can say [Доброе утро!] ("Good morning!") - when the working day has long begun, and the lunch break is coming soon. For them, this formula is standard only immediately after they got up. The phrase [спокойно ночю!] "Have a good night!" seems just as strange when you say goodbye after a working day: the night begins for the Russians only when the person has just gone to bed. An analysis of such differences will not only help explain why Russians speak more freely about time than residents of Western Europe. It can also become the basis for a mutual understanding of people of different cultures. Keywords [утро, день, вечер, ночь, послеполудню, полночь, полдень] morning, day, evening, night, afternoon, midnight, noon A percepção do tempo, o idioma e a tradução. No estudo das linguagens e na tradução, é comumente necessário ir além de uma tradução literal de palavras. Isso pode significar, muitas vezes, a diferença entre um termo ou palavra cuja tradução (de dicionário, do Google ou de uma máquina de tradução) pode ter um significado aparentemente ilusório. É interessante conhecer, por exemplo, como diferentes culturas interpretam os números, e a maneira de se ler a hora no relógio. Apenas aqueles familiarizados com as particularidades do idioma entenderão que, em francês, “soixante-quinze” (“sessenta-e-quinze”) quer dizer na verdade 75. E, em inglês, “a quarter to five” (um quarto para as cinco) somente será compreendido como 16:15 se percebermos que "um quarto” do relógio – aqui, a fração que falta – corresponde a quinze minutos. Às vezes, a compreensão do tempo vai além da matemática: vejam nesse texto que a Tangram traduziu diretamente do idioma Russo e compreendam por que, talvez, em uma tradução de um romance de Tolstoy a percepção do tempo não corresponda ao que você está acostumado! The perception of time, language and translation In the studies of languages and translation, it is commonly necessary to go beyond a literal translation of words. This can often mean the difference between a term or word whose translation (from dictionary, Google or even a translation machine) can have an apparently illusory meaning. It is interesting to know, for example, how different cultures interpret numbers, and how to read the time on the clock. Only those familiar with the particularities of the language will understand that, in French, "soixante-fifteen" ("sixty-fifteen") actually means 75. And, in English, "a quarter to five" will only be understood in other cultures as 16:15 if we realize that ¼ of the clock - here, the missing fraction - corresponds to fifteen minutes.
  • 5. Sometimes, the understanding of time goes beyond mathematics: see in this text that Tangram translated directly from the Russian language and understand why, perhaps, in a translation of a classical of Tolstoy the perception of time is not precisely what you are used to!
  • 6. É possível entender a cultura russa através de palavras-chave de seu idioma? Foto: Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev http://www. rodnoe-slovo. org / nó / 97 Алексей Дмитриевич Шмелев — доктор филологических наук, профессор Московского педагогического государственного университета. Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev - Doutor em Ciências Filológicas, Professor da Universidade Estadual Pedagógica de Moscou Antes de responder a essa pergunta, devemos dizer que não se trata de toda a cultura russa, mas de algumas visões de mundo de pessoas que têm o russo como idioma nativo. Essas ideias são refletidas no discurso e nas expressões idiomáticas e, portanto, estudando uma linguagem e seu estilo específicos, forma-se simultaneamente uma visão específica do mundo. Uma ilustração pode ser feita usando as palavras em russo referentes ao tempo: [утро, день, вечер, ночь] manhã, dia, tarde, noite. À primeira vista, todos eles têm um equivalente nos idiomas centro- oeste: por exemplo, para a palavra morning (inglês), matin (francês), Morgen (alemão) etc. Mas o fato é: essa equivalência é inexata. Pois, em russo, o dia é dividido em períodos de acordo com princípios diferentes dos que ocorrem em idiomas ocidentais. Na visão ocidental, o uso dessas palavras: -- manhã, dia, tarde, noite -- está ligado ao tempo "objetivo". Portanto, os conceitos de [полночь, полдень] (meia-noite; ou meio-dia) são de grande importância -- especialmente o meio-dia (meio-dia), o qual marca o tempo para o trabalho. Não surpreendentemente, os idiomas ocidentais mostram palavras específicas para a segunda metade do dia de trabalho - noon, après-midi, Nachmittag. Na concepção russa [de утро, день, вечер, ночь], há uma intensa dependência do que uma pessoa está fazendo no momento. Enquanto isso, na visão ocidente, ocorre o reverso: olhando-se para o relógio, sabe-se o que é necessário fazer naquele momento. Nas línguas ocidentais, a manhã trata-se da hora até as 12:00 do dia. Em vez disso, para a manhã russa, é o momento em que uma pessoa se levanta e está se preparando para as atividades diárias (lavar, vestir, tomar café da manhã). Essas diferenças podem interferir na compreensão mútua nos processos de comunicação intercultural. Por exemplo, nos idiomas ocidentais, você pode falar sobre [о двух, о часе] em torno de duas horas ou até uma hora (uma ou duas da manhã); une heure, deux heures du matin. Você estará se referindo a uma hora do período da manhã. Isso pode ser muito surpreendente para os russos -- já que a manhã para eles é o momento em que uma pessoa se levanta. Se alguém não estava dormindo à uma ou às duas da manhã1, isso significa que ainda não se acordou, nem se levantou.2 O que se pode dizer sobre a ideia de tempo na mente dos russos? Falamos sobre o dia [день] quando as pessoas trabalham; falamos sobre a noite [ночь] quando as pessoas estão dormindo. Quando alguém se levanta, chega o período da manhã, durante a qual uma pessoa se prepara para atividades diárias. Quando os eventos diurnos terminam, chega uma noite (ou tarde) - que dura até as pessoas irem
  • 7. para a cama. Isso significa que a manhã -- na tradição russa -- não se opõe à tarde, como no ocidente, mas à noite. Se geralmente cuidamos da primeira metade do dia – a manhã, a segunda é chamada, automaticamente, de noite. O médico levará seus pacientes durante a manhã [утром] (das 9:00 às 14:00) ou à tarde/noite [вечером] (das 14:00 às 19:00. Isso é muito surpreendente para os estrangeiros, pois, do ponto de vista ocidental, é difícil nomear (à noite) o horário que vem imediatamente após o almoço. Também existem diferenças nas fórmulas de etiqueta de fala. Os russos ficarão surpresos se um homem de cultura ocidental possa dizer – [“Доброе утро!] -- “Boa manhã!” -- quando o dia de trabalho começou há muito tempo e o intervalo para o almoço está chegando em breve. Para eles, essa fórmula é padrão apenas imediatamente após se levantarem. A frase – [Cпокойно ночю!] “Tenha um boa noite!”-- parece igualmente estranha quando você se despede após um dia de trabalho: a noite começa para os russos somente quando a pessoa foi para a cama deitar-se. Uma análise de tais diferenças não apenas ajudará a explicar por que os russos falam mais livremente sobre o tempo do que os residentes da Europa Ocidental. Também pode se tornar a base para uma compreensão mútua de pessoas de diferentes culturas. -------- Notas 1. Por exemplo, estava no trabalho, ou em alguma outra atividade. 2. Isto é, a noite não terminou e a manhã ainda não começou, para ele. -------- Palavras-chave [утро, день, вечер, ночь, послеполудню, полночь, полдень] manhã, dia, noite, noite, tarde, meia-noite, meio-dia --------
  • 8. Referência Alexey Dmitrievich Shmelev, A. D. МОЖНО ЛИ ПОНЯТЬ РУССКУЮ КУЛЬТУРУ ЧЕРЕЗ КЛЮЧЕВЫЕ СЛОВА РУССКОГО ЯЗЫКА? É possível entender a cultura russa através de palavras-chave de seu idioma? Disponível em http://www.rodnoe-slovo.org/node/97. Acessado em 05/06/2020. Veja também:  Kazankov, A., Surer, J. The “last times: The Perception of Time by Residents of the Russian Province in the first Half of the Twentieth Century. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/the-last-times- the-perception-of-time-by-residents-of-the-russian-province-in-the-first-half-of-the-twentieth- century  Kazarinova, D. B., Taisheva, V. Y. Perceptions of Russia in the Global World. https://eng.globalaffairs.ru/articles/perceptions -of-russia-in-the-global-world/  Lebedko, M. Time Perception Across Russian and American Cultures. https://jalt- publications.org/archive/proceedings/2001/012.pdf  Master Russian. Com. Russian Vocabulary (and wisdom) время [time]. http://masterrussian.com/vocabulary/vremya.htm.  Understand Russia. Stories About Everyday Life in Russia. Time is Fluid in Russia. https://jalt- publications.org/archive/proceedings/2001/012.pdf