2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
2024 State of Marketing Report – by HubspotMarius Sescu
https://www.hubspot.com/state-of-marketing
· Scaling relationships and proving ROI
· Social media is the place for search, sales, and service
· Authentic influencer partnerships fuel brand growth
· The strongest connections happen via call, click, chat, and camera.
· Time saved with AI leads to more creative work
· Seeking: A single source of truth
· TLDR; Get on social, try AI, and align your systems.
· More human marketing, powered by robots
ChatGPT is a revolutionary addition to the world since its introduction in 2022. A big shift in the sector of information gathering and processing happened because of this chatbot. What is the story of ChatGPT? How is the bot responding to prompts and generating contents? Swipe through these slides prepared by Expeed Software, a web development company regarding the development and technical intricacies of ChatGPT!
Product Design Trends in 2024 | Teenage EngineeringsPixeldarts
The realm of product design is a constantly changing environment where technology and style intersect. Every year introduces fresh challenges and exciting trends that mold the future of this captivating art form. In this piece, we delve into the significant trends set to influence the look and functionality of product design in the year 2024.
How Race, Age and Gender Shape Attitudes Towards Mental HealthThinkNow
Mental health has been in the news quite a bit lately. Dozens of U.S. states are currently suing Meta for contributing to the youth mental health crisis by inserting addictive features into their products, while the U.S. Surgeon General is touring the nation to bring awareness to the growing epidemic of loneliness and isolation. The country has endured periods of low national morale, such as in the 1970s when high inflation and the energy crisis worsened public sentiment following the Vietnam War. The current mood, however, feels different. Gallup recently reported that national mental health is at an all-time low, with few bright spots to lift spirits.
To better understand how Americans are feeling and their attitudes towards mental health in general, ThinkNow conducted a nationally representative quantitative survey of 1,500 respondents and found some interesting differences among ethnic, age and gender groups.
Technology
For example, 52% agree that technology and social media have a negative impact on mental health, but when broken out by race, 61% of Whites felt technology had a negative effect, and only 48% of Hispanics thought it did.
While technology has helped us keep in touch with friends and family in faraway places, it appears to have degraded our ability to connect in person. Staying connected online is a double-edged sword since the same news feed that brings us pictures of the grandkids and fluffy kittens also feeds us news about the wars in Israel and Ukraine, the dysfunction in Washington, the latest mass shooting and the climate crisis.
Hispanics may have a built-in defense against the isolation technology breeds, owing to their large, multigenerational households, strong social support systems, and tendency to use social media to stay connected with relatives abroad.
Age and Gender
When asked how individuals rate their mental health, men rate it higher than women by 11 percentage points, and Baby Boomers rank it highest at 83%, saying it’s good or excellent vs. 57% of Gen Z saying the same.
Gen Z spends the most amount of time on social media, so the notion that social media negatively affects mental health appears to be correlated. Unfortunately, Gen Z is also the generation that’s least comfortable discussing mental health concerns with healthcare professionals. Only 40% of them state they’re comfortable discussing their issues with a professional compared to 60% of Millennials and 65% of Boomers.
Race Affects Attitudes
As seen in previous research conducted by ThinkNow, Asian Americans lag other groups when it comes to awareness of mental health issues. Twenty-four percent of Asian Americans believe that having a mental health issue is a sign of weakness compared to the 16% average for all groups. Asians are also considerably less likely to be aware of mental health services in their communities (42% vs. 55%) and most likely to seek out information on social media (51% vs. 35%).
AI Trends in Creative Operations 2024 by Artwork Flow.pdfmarketingartwork
This article is all about what AI trends will emerge in the field of creative operations in 2024. All the marketers and brand builders should be aware of these trends for their further use and save themselves some time!
Kampung Keluarga Berkualitas merupakan salah satu wadah yang sangat strategis untuk mengimplementasikan kegiatan-kegiatan prioritas Program Bangga Kencana secara utuh di lini
lapangan dalam rangka menyelaraskan pelaksanaan program-program yang dilaksanakan Desa
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
Kampung Keluarga Berkualitas merupakan salah satu wadah yang sangat strategis untuk mengimplementasikan kegiatan-kegiatan prioritas Program Bangga Kencana secara utuh di lini
lapangan dalam rangka menyelaraskan pelaksanaan program-program yang dilaksanakan Desa
A report by thenetworkone and Kurio.
The contributing experts and agencies are (in an alphabetical order): Sylwia Rytel, Social Media Supervisor, 180heartbeats + JUNG v MATT (PL), Sharlene Jenner, Vice President - Director of Engagement Strategy, Abelson Taylor (USA), Alex Casanovas, Digital Director, Atrevia (ES), Dora Beilin, Senior Social Strategist, Barrett Hoffher (USA), Min Seo, Campaign Director, Brand New Agency (KR), Deshé M. Gully, Associate Strategist, Day One Agency (USA), Francesca Trevisan, Strategist, Different (IT), Trevor Crossman, CX and Digital Transformation Director; Olivia Hussey, Strategic Planner; Simi Srinarula, Social Media Manager, The Hallway (AUS), James Hebbert, Managing Director, Hylink (CN / UK), Mundy Álvarez, Planning Director; Pedro Rojas, Social Media Manager; Pancho González, CCO, Inbrax (CH), Oana Oprea, Head of Digital Planning, Jam Session Agency (RO), Amy Bottrill, Social Account Director, Launch (UK), Gaby Arriaga, Founder, Leonardo1452 (MX), Shantesh S Row, Creative Director, Liwa (UAE), Rajesh Mehta, Chief Strategy Officer; Dhruv Gaur, Digital Planning Lead; Leonie Mergulhao, Account Supervisor - Social Media & PR, Medulla (IN), Aurelija Plioplytė, Head of Digital & Social, Not Perfect (LI), Daiana Khaidargaliyeva, Account Manager, Osaka Labs (UK / USA), Stefanie Söhnchen, Vice President Digital, PIABO Communications (DE), Elisabeth Winiartati, Managing Consultant, Head of Global Integrated Communications; Lydia Aprina, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Nita Prabowo, Account Manager, Integrated Marketing and Communications; Okhi, Web Developer, PNTR Group (ID), Kei Obusan, Insights Director; Daffi Ranandi, Insights Manager, Radarr (SG), Gautam Reghunath, Co-founder & CEO, Talented (IN), Donagh Humphreys, Head of Social and Digital Innovation, THINKHOUSE (IRE), Sarah Yim, Strategy Director, Zulu Alpha Kilo (CA).
Trends In Paid Search: Navigating The Digital Landscape In 2024Search Engine Journal
The search marketing landscape is evolving rapidly with new technologies, and professionals, like you, rely on innovative paid search strategies to meet changing demands.
It’s important that you’re ready to implement new strategies in 2024.
Check this out and learn the top trends in paid search advertising that are expected to gain traction, so you can drive higher ROI more efficiently in 2024.
You’ll learn:
- The latest trends in AI and automation, and what this means for an evolving paid search ecosystem.
- New developments in privacy and data regulation.
- Emerging ad formats that are expected to make an impact next year.
Watch Sreekant Lanka from iQuanti and Irina Klein from OneMain Financial as they dive into the future of paid search and explore the trends, strategies, and technologies that will shape the search marketing landscape.
If you’re looking to assess your paid search strategy and design an industry-aligned plan for 2024, then this webinar is for you.
5 Public speaking tips from TED - Visualized summarySpeakerHub
From their humble beginnings in 1984, TED has grown into the world’s most powerful amplifier for speakers and thought-leaders to share their ideas. They have over 2,400 filmed talks (not including the 30,000+ TEDx videos) freely available online, and have hosted over 17,500 events around the world.
With over one billion views in a year, it’s no wonder that so many speakers are looking to TED for ideas on how to share their message more effectively.
The article “5 Public-Speaking Tips TED Gives Its Speakers”, by Carmine Gallo for Forbes, gives speakers five practical ways to connect with their audience, and effectively share their ideas on stage.
Whether you are gearing up to get on a TED stage yourself, or just want to master the skills that so many of their speakers possess, these tips and quotes from Chris Anderson, the TED Talks Curator, will encourage you to make the most impactful impression on your audience.
See the full article and more summaries like this on SpeakerHub here: https://speakerhub.com/blog/5-presentation-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers
See the original article on Forbes here:
http://www.forbes.com/forbes/welcome/?toURL=http://www.forbes.com/sites/carminegallo/2016/05/06/5-public-speaking-tips-ted-gives-its-speakers/&refURL=&referrer=#5c07a8221d9b
ChatGPT and the Future of Work - Clark Boyd Clark Boyd
Everyone is in agreement that ChatGPT (and other generative AI tools) will shape the future of work. Yet there is little consensus on exactly how, when, and to what extent this technology will change our world.
Businesses that extract maximum value from ChatGPT will use it as a collaborative tool for everything from brainstorming to technical maintenance.
For individuals, now is the time to pinpoint the skills the future professional will need to thrive in the AI age.
Check out this presentation to understand what ChatGPT is, how it will shape the future of work, and how you can prepare to take advantage.
A brief introduction to DataScience with explaining of the concepts, algorithms, machine learning, supervised and unsupervised learning, clustering, statistics, data preprocessing, real-world applications etc.
It's part of a Data Science Corner Campaign where I will be discussing the fundamentals of DataScience, AIML, Statistics etc.
Time Management & Productivity - Best PracticesVit Horky
Here's my presentation on by proven best practices how to manage your work time effectively and how to improve your productivity. It includes practical tips and how to use tools such as Slack, Google Apps, Hubspot, Google Calendar, Gmail and others.
The six step guide to practical project managementMindGenius
The six step guide to practical project management
If you think managing projects is too difficult, think again.
We’ve stripped back project management processes to the
basics – to make it quicker and easier, without sacrificing
the vital ingredients for success.
“If you’re looking for some real-world guidance, then The Six Step Guide to Practical Project Management will help.”
Dr Andrew Makar, Tactical Project Management
Unlocking the Power of ChatGPT and AI in Testing - A Real-World Look, present...Applitools
During this webinar, Anand Bagmar demonstrates how AI tools such as ChatGPT can be applied to various stages of the software development life cycle (SDLC) using an eCommerce application case study. Find the on-demand recording and more info at https://applitools.info/b59
Key takeaways:
• Learn how to use ChatGPT to add AI power to your testing and test automation
• Understand the limitations of the technology and where human expertise is crucial
• Gain insight into different AI-based tools
• Adopt AI-based tools to stay relevant and optimize work for developers and testers
* ChatGPT and OpenAI belong to OpenAI, L.L.C.
More than Just Lines on a Map: Best Practices for U.S Bike Routes
This session highlights best practices and lessons learned for U.S. Bike Route System designation, as well as how and why these routes should be integrated into bicycle planning at the local and regional level.
Presenters:
Presenter: Kevin Luecke Toole Design Group
Co-Presenter: Virginia Sullivan Adventure Cycling Association
Ride the Storm: Navigating Through Unstable Periods / Katerina Rudko (Belka G...DevGAMM Conference
Has your project been caught in a storm of deadlines, clashing requirements, and the need to change course halfway through? If yes, then check out how the administration team navigated through all of this, relocating 160 people from 3 countries and opening 2 offices during the most turbulent time in the last 20 years. Belka Games’ Chief Administrative Officer, Katerina Rudko, will share universal approaches and life hacks that can help your project survive unstable periods when there seem to be too many tasks and a lack of time and people.
This presentation was designed to provide strategic recommendations for a brand in decline. The deck also incorporates a situational assessment, including a brand identity, positioning, architecture, and portfolio strategy for the Brand.
Presentation originally created for NYU Stern's Brand Strategy course. Design by Erica Santiago & Chris Alexander.
Good Stuff Happens in 1:1 Meetings: Why you need them and how to do them wellSaba Software
According to the latest State of the American Manager report from Gallup, employees who have regular meetings with their managers are almost three times as likely to be engaged as those who don’t. These regular check-ins keep managers and employees in sync and aligned. Want to see better manager/employee relationships in your organisation? Then make an all-in commitment to 1:1 meetings. Not sure how? You’ve come to the right place.
In this webinar with Jamie Resker, Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS), and Teala Wilson, Talent Management Consultant at Saba Software, you’ll get the inside track on how to hold effective 1:1 meetings, including tips for getting managers on board.
• Go beyond discussing the status of everyday work to higher level topics, including recognition, performance, development, and career aspirations
• Learn how to decide meeting frequency, what to cover, as well as roles and responsibilities of the manager and employee
• Understand how managers can build trust and make it comfortable for employees to provide upward feedback
• Unite your organisation with a unified approach to 1:1 meetings
Join us for this 1-hour webinar to get practical tips for building better manager-employee relationships with intention and purpose.
About the Speakers
Jamie Resker - Founder and Practice Leader for Employee Performance Solutions (EPS)
Jamie Resker, Practice Leader and Founder of Employee Performance Solutions, is a recognized innovator in performance management. She is the originator of the-the Performance Continuum Feedback Method® and Conversations to Optimize Employee Performance training program; tools and training that reshape communications between managers and employees to drive and align performance. Jamie is on the faculty for the Northeast Human Resources Association, is a contributor to Halogen Software's Talent Space Blog, and is an editorial advisory board member for HR Examiner.
Teala Wilson - Senior Consultant, Strategic Services, Saba Software
Teala is a Talent Management Consultant at Halogen Software, now a part of Saba Software. She has worked with teams on a national and global level supporting human resources in areas such as performance management, recruitment, employee benefit programs, training and talent development, workforce planning and internal communications. Teala also has a personal passion for visual arts and design.
Want to learn more? Join us for an upcoming Product Tour!
http://bit.ly/2yitfqu
2. Makalah ini mengangkat masalah tentang model matematika untuk kasus
kecanduan terhadap rokok. Masalah ini sebelumnya telah diteliti oleh Castillo-
Garsow, Jordan-Salivia dan Rodriguez-Herrera (2000), tetapi tanpa
mempertimbangkan faktor gender. Dalam tulisan ini penelitian dibatasi dalam
populasi tertutup dan populasi dibagi berdasarkan faktor gender, yaitu populasi
pria dan wanita. Tiap populasi dibagi menjadi tiga sub populasi, yaitu perokok
potensial, perokok (perokok berat) dan perokok yang berhenti merokok.
Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif dilakukan untuk mengetahui kelakuan solusi
model, dan seberapa cepat laju perubahan jumlah perokok jika dilakukan
kontrol dan jika tidak dilakukan kontrol.
ABSTRAK
3. Model kecanduan terhadap rokok dibentuk menggunakan model dasar dalam
matematika epidemiologi yaitu model SIR (Susceptible, Infective, Removed),
dimana model SIR tersebut pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Kermack dan
McKendrick pada tahun 1927 [2,4]. Model untuk masalah kebiasaan merokok
pertama kali diperkenalkan oleh Castillo-Garsow, Jordan-Salivia dan
Rodriguez-Herrera ([3]) yang melakukan simulasi pada model ini dengan
menggunakan data perokok di Swedia. Model yang diperkenalkan tersebut
tidak meninjau faktor gender yang ada dalam populasi perokok. Pada tulisan
ini model tersebut akan dikembangkan dengan memasukkan faktor gender.
Analisis kualitatif dan kuantitatif akan dilakukan untuk mengetahui kelakuan
solusi model dan mengkaji lebih jauh faktor-faktor yang dapat dikontrol untuk
mengurangi jumlah perokok.
PENDAHULUAN
4. MODEL MATEMATIKA YANG
DIGUNAKAN
Mengingat banyaknya faktor penyebab seseorang kecanduan untuk
merokok maka diperlukan beberapa asumsi untuk menyederhanakan
masalah. Berikut asumsi-asumsi yang dipergunakan untuk memodelkan
masalah kebiasaan merokok tersebut.
1. Populasi dalam sistem dibagi menjadi dua sub populasi yaitu, populasi
pria (male) dilambangkan dengan m, populasi wanita (female)
dilambangkan dengan f.
5. 2. Sub populasi pria dibagi menjadi tiga kelas populasi, pria potensial yaitu pria
yang jarang merokok atau belum pernah merokok dan berpotensi menjadi
perokok aktif jika berinteraksi dengan pria perokok aktif, dilambangkan dengan Pm
; pria perokok aktif yaitu pria yang merokok setiap hari dan menjadi penyebab
bertambahnya jumlah perokok, dilambangkan dengan Sm ; dan pria yang berhenti
merokok dilambangkan dengan Rm . Begitupula dengan sub populasi wanita,
dibagi menjadi tiga kelas populasi, wanita potensial yaitu wanita yang jarang
merokok atau belum pernah merokok dan berpotensi menjadi perokok aktif jika
berinteraksi dengan pria perokok aktif, dilambangkan dengan Pf, wanita perokok
aktif tetapi tidak berpotensi untuk menyebabkan pertambahan jumlah perokok,
dilambangkan dengan Sf , dan wanita yang berhenti merokok dilambangkan
dengan Rf.
6. 3. Banyaknya populasi, N(t), setiap saat dianggap konstan sehingga rata-rata jumlah populasi
yang masuk ke dalam sistem (μN) akan sama dengan rata-rata jumlah populasi yang keluar dari
tiap kelas (μP,μS, μR), dengan
1
μ
menyatakan waktu rata-rata seseorang akan berada dalam
sistem. Diasumsikan pula bahwa μm = μf = μ.
4. Seseorang akan menjadi perokok aktif hanya jika berinteraksi dengan pria perokok aktif.
Dengan kata lain, jika seseorang, pria atau wanita potensial, bergaul dengan pria perokok aktif
maka orang tersebut akan menjadi perokok pula karena dipicu oleh keinginan untuk mencoba.
Akibatnya ada dua parameter yang mempengaruhi interaksi tersebut yaitu parameter kontak (c)
didefinisikan sebagai rata-rata banyaknya interaksi secara acak yaitu berupa pergaulan antara
pria perokok aktif dengan pria atau wanita potensial per satuan waktu dengan peluang
berhasilnya kontak sebesar σ (konstan). Interaksi ini dapat digambarkan dalam bentuk perkalian
antara P dan S dengan hanya melibatkan suku linier dari masing-masing P dan S yaitu
7. 5. 𝛽mPm
Sm
Nm
dan βfPf
Sm
Nm
dengan βm = cmσm dan βf = cfσf.
6. Pria atau wanita perokok yang berhenti merokok (recover)
tidak dapat dimasukkan dalam kelas potensial karena dianggap
bahwa kebiasaan merokok tersebut dapat kambuh kembali
walaupun tanpa berinteraksi dengan pria perokok aktif. Ini
digambarkan oleh αmSm dan αfSf, dengan
1
α
merupakan waktu
rata-rata seseorang akan berhenti merokok. Diasumsikan pula
bahwa kebiasaan merokok tersebut tidak akan kambuh kembali
karena adanya kesadaran seseorang pada efek rokok bagi
kesehatan.
Berdasarkan asumsi-asumsi di atas maka model dapat
dideskripsikan oleh diagram skematik dalam Gambar 1 berikut.
8. Gambar 1. Diagram Skematik Model Kecanduan terhadap Rokok.
Untuk memudahkan pada pembahasan selanjutnya kita akan membuat model
yang tidak bergantung pada dimensi. Definisikan peubah
Pm =
Pm
Nm
, Sm =
Sm
Nm
, Rm =
Rm
Nm
, Pf =
Pf
Nf
, Sf =
Sf
Nf
, Rf =
Rf
Nf
, t = μτ (1)
dan parameter – parameter
β =
β
μ
, α =
α
μ
(2)
9. Model matematika tak berdimensi berdasarkan diagram
skematik pada Gambar 1 untuk peubah (1), dan parameter
(2) diberikan oleh sistem persamaan diferensial:
(3)
Persamaan (3) dilengkapi dengan kondisi awal
Pm(0) = Pm0, Sm(0) = Sm0, Rm(0) = Rm0, Pf(0) = Pf0, Sf(0)
= Sf0, Rf(0) = Rf0
Dengan Pm0 + Sm0 + Rm0 = 1 dan Pf0 + Sf0 + Rf0 = 1
10. 1. Titik Tetap Tak Endemik dan Analisis Kestabilan
Pada bagian ini, analisis akan difokuskan pada populasi pria perokok karena populasi ini yang
mengakibatkan munculnya kasus kedua dalam hal ini munculnya perokok aktif baru. Titik tetap tak endemik
merupakan salah satu solusi kesetimbangan sistem yang memberikan makna bahwa untuk jangka waktu
yang lama lingkungan atau komunitas tertentu akan bebas dari perokok aktif. Titik tersebut adalah ( P*
m, S*
m,
R*
m ) = (1,0,0). Kestabilan titik tetap tak endemik ini dapat ditentukan melalui analisis kestabilan linear yang
dituangkan dalam teorema berikut.
Teorema 1.
Misalkan ( P*
m, S*
m, R*
m ) = (1,0,0) adalah titik tetap tak endemic dari sistem (3.1)-(3.3). Titik tetap tak
endemik tersebut stabil asimtotik secara lokal jika dan hanya jika R0 < 1, dengan nilai R0 =
βm
αm+1
Bukti:
(⇒)
Pelinieran sistem (3.1)-(3.3) di sekitar titik tetap ( P*
m, S*
m, R*
m ) = (1,0,0) menghasilkan matriks Jacobi:
ANALISIS DAN HASIL
11. Nilai eigen matriks Jacobi tersebut dapat diperoleh dari
solusi persamaan karakteristiknya, yaitu
Dari persamaan karakteristik di atas diperoleh nilai
eigen
λ1 = -1, λ2 = -1, λ3 = βm - αm – 1
Karena diketahui bahwa titik tetap sistem stabil
asimtotik secara lokal maka λ3 juga bernilai negatif
yaitu
λ3 = βm - αm – 1 < 0
Atau
βm
αm+1
< 1
12. Jika didefinisikan, R0 =
βm
αm+1
, maka diperoleh nilai R0
< 1, dengan nilai R0 =
βm
αm+1
. Jadi terbukti bahwa jika
titik tetap tak endemik stabil asimtotik secara lokal,
maka R0 < 1
(⇐)
Tinjau persamaan karakteristik di atas. Dari
persamaan karakteristik tersebut diperoleh nilai
eigen λ1 = -1, λ2 = -1, λ3 = βm - αm – 1.
Agar titik tetap sistem stabil maka nilai eigen λ3
bernilai negatif. Misalkan R0 =
βm
αm+1
. Karena
diketahui R0 < 1 maka βm - αm – 1 < 0. Jadi
diperoleh λ3 = βm - αm – 1< 0. Karena ketiga nilai
eigen negatif, akibatnya sistem akan stabil asimtotik
secara lokal. Jadi terbukti bahwa jika R0 < 1 maka
titik tetap tak endemik sistem stabil asimtotik secara
lokal.
13. 2. Titik Tetap Endemik dan Analisis Kestabilan
Titik tetap endemik juga merupakan solusi kesetimbangan sistem yang memberikan makna
bahwa untuk jangka waktu yang lama, dalam lingkungan atau komunitas tertentu, populasi perokok akan
selalu ada dan berpeluang untuk menyebabkan orang lain menjadi perokok aktif pula. Dengan membuat
persamaan (3.1) - (3.3) sama dengan nol, maka diperoleh titik tetap yang kedua berupa titik tetap endemik,
yaitu (Pm
**, Sm
**, Rm
**) =
𝟏
R0
,
(𝑹𝟎−𝟏)
βm
,
𝜶𝒎(𝑹𝟎−𝟏)
βm
dengan R0 =
βm
αm+1
. Seperti halnya dengan titik tetap tak
endemik, syarat kestabilan titik endemik dapat ditentukan melalui analisis kestabilan linier yang dituangkan
dalam teorema berikut.
Teorema 2
Misalkan (Pm
**, Sm
**, Rm
**) adalah titik tetap endemik dari sistem (3.1)-(3.3). Titik tetap endemik tersebut akan
stabil asimtotik secara lokal jika dan hanya jika R0 > 1, dengan nilai R0 =
βm
αm+1
Bukti:
(⇒)
Pelinieran sistem (3.1)-(3.3) di sekitar titik tetap (Pm
**,Sm
**,Rm
**) menghasilkan matriks Jacobi:
14. Nilai eigen matriks Jacobi tersebut dapat diperoleh dari solusi persamaan karakteristiknya yaitu
Dari persamaan karakteristik di atas diperoleh nilai eigen λ1 = -1 dan persamaan kuadrat
λ2
+ aλ + b = 0 (4)
dengan a = R0, b = (R0 - 1)
βm
𝑅0
. Persamaan kuadrat tersebut akan mempunyai dua akar real yang
negatif, atau dua akar kompleks dengan bagian real yang negatif jika dan hanya jika koefisien a, b > 0.
Karena diketahui bahwa titik tetap endemik sistem stabil asimtotik secara lokal, maka dua nilai eigen
lainnya bernilai negatif. Atau dengan kata lain koefisien dari persamaan kuadrat tersebut, a, b > 0.
Akibatnya diperoleh nilai R0 > 1, dengan R0 =
βm
αm+1
. Jadi terbukti bahwa jika titik tetap endemik sistem
stabil asimtotik secara local maka R0 > 1.
15. (⇐)
Tinjau persamaan karakteristik di atas dengan nilai
eigen λ1 = -1, dan persamaan kuadrat (4) dengan a =
R0, b = (R0 - 1)
βm
𝑅0
. Agar titik tetap endemik stabil maka
dua nilai eigen lainnya haruslah bernilai negatif. Karena
diketahui R0 > 1, dengan nilai R0 =
βm
αm+1
maka nila a >
0 dan b > 0. Akibatnya persamaan kuadrat (4)
menghasilkan dua akar real yang negatif atau dua akar
kompleks dengan bagian real yang negatif. Karena
ketiga nilai eigen negatif maka titik tetap endemik akan
stabil asimtotik. Jadi terbukti bahwa jika R0 > 1 maka
titik tetap endemik sistem stabil asimtotik secara lokal.
16. 3. Basic Reproductive Number (R0)
Dalam masalah kebiasaan merokok, R0 dapat dinyatakan sebagai
rata-rata banyaknya kasus kedua (kasus sekunder) yang dihasilkan
oleh seorang perokok aktif, pada saat ia berinteraksi dalam sebuah
populasi yang potensial. Nilai R0 sistem dapat diperoleh melalui syarat
kestabilan titik tak endemik atau titik endemik, karena stabil atau
tidaknya kedua titik tersebut ditentukan melalui besar kecilnya nilai R0.
Tinjau nilai R0 yang telah diperoleh dari syarat kestabilan kedua titik
tetap yaitu
R0 =
βm
αm+1
(5)
dengan βm adalah rata-rata kontak, dan
1
αm+1
adalah
periode terjadinya kontak. Secara umum, R0 sistem
bergantung pada parameter βm dan αm. Besar kecilnya
nilai R0 dapat ditentukan dengan cara mengetahui
ambang batas dari tiap parameter atau kebergantungan
antara parameter βm dengan αm. Jika R0 = 1, yang
merupakan titik bifurkasi sistem (turning point), maka
diperoleh persamaan βm = αm + 1.
17. Gambar 4. Bidang Fase antara Sub populasi Pria dan Wanita Perokok.
Jika nilai βm diturunkan sebesar 10%, yaitu menjadi 0.3018, maka akan
diperoleh nilai R0=0.1406, yang berarti bahwa titik tetap tak endemik akan
stabil asimtotik secara lokal dan titik tetap endemik tidak stabil sehingga
untuk t yang cukup besar, solusi model akan menuju ke titik tetap tak
endemik tersebut. Jadi untuk waktu yang stasioner jumlah pria perokok
aktif akan hilang sama sekali dari populasi sehingga endemik tidak akan
terjadi. Kelakuan solusinya dapat dilihat dalam Gambar 5 berikut.
18. Gambar 5. Grafik Solusi dengan Nilai Awal Pm(0) = 0.26, Sm(0) = 0.51,
Rm(0) = 0.23, Pf(0) = 0.48, Sf (0) = 0.41, Rf (0) = 0.11 dan Nilai βm yang
Diturunkan Sebesar 10%, dari 3.018 Menjadi 0.3018.