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ELECTRICAL VEHICLES
- 1. Electric Motors as Automotive Prime Movers P M V Subbarao Professor Mechanical Engineering Department Eliminate Digestion System in an Artificial Horse to Mimic a Horse…
- 3. 21st Century Busy Roads
- 4. Vehicle speed and acceleration/deceleration in an FTP urban drive cycle
- 5. Energy Loss : Urban Driving : 3000 CC Engine Vehicle Engine Loss 76% Engine Standby 8% Driveline Losses 3% Driveline Aero 3% Rolling 4% Braking 6% Fuel Tank 100% 16% 13% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
- 6. Energy Loss : Highway Driving : 300 CC Engine Vehicle Engine Loss 77% Engine Standby 0% Driveline Losses 4% Driveline Aero 10% Rolling 7% Braking 2% Fuel Tank: 100% 23% 19% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
- 7. Low Irreversibility Prime Movers Fuel Transmission Engine Battery Transmission Motor/ Generator Battery Electric Combustion Engines
- 8. Energy Loss : City Driving – Electric Vehicle Motor Loss 10% Motor Driveline Losses 14% Driveline Aero 29% Rolling 35% Braking 11% Batteries 100% 90% 76% POWERTRAIN VEHICLE-Related
- 9. Mine to Wheel Efficiency Generation 33% Transmission 94% Plug-to-Wheels 76% Refining 82% Transmission 98% Pump-to-Wheels 16% 23% 13% 31% 80% Mine-to-Tank Tank-to-Wheels 31% 76% = 23% 80% 16% = 13%
- 10. Another Major Suitability Characteristic of Resource to Vehicle
- 11. Resistance & Power Requirement at Wheels : City Driving g rr aero accel wheels F F F F F vehicle wheels wheels V F P 60 2 wheel vehicle wheels wheels N V F T
- 12. Characteristics of A Typical variable-speed electric motor The range of the constant power operation depends primarily on the particular motor type and its control strategy.
- 13. Speed Ratio of Typical variable-speed electric motor • At the low-speed region the motor has a constant torque. • The maximum speed at which a motor generates a constant (maximum) torque is known as base speed. • In the high-speed region the motor has a constant (maximum) power. • The highest speed at which the motor generates constant maximum power is known as maximum speed. This characteristic is usually represented by a speed ratio x, defined as the ratio of its maximum speed to its base speed.
- 14. Speed ratio & Speed–torque profile of a 60 kW electric motor
- 15. Tractive effort and power versus vehicle speed with different Motors
- 16. Performance of A Traction Motor
- 17. Proposed configurations for an Electric Vehicle
- 18. Electric Vehicles for the 21st Century Tesla Motors is a Silicon Valley automobile startup company, which unveiled the 185 kW Tesla Roadster on July 20, 2006. As of March 2008, Tesla has begun regular production of the Roadster. Peak torque begins at 0 rpm and stays powerful at 13,000 rpm. This makes the Tesla Roadster six times as efficient as the best sports cars while producing one-tenth of the pollution with a range of 220 miles.
- 19. The eBox is the purest and greatest example of building your own electric vehicle using an existing vehicle platform. This urban utility vehicle, shown in Figure, has a range of 120– 150 miles, 0–60 mph in 7.5 seconds with a top speed of 95 mph. It has a 30-minute charge for 20–50 miles and a full charge in two hours. It has regenerative braking, lithium-ion batteries, and all the bells and whistles of a regular internal combustion engine vehicle. eBox
- 22. The Toyota Prius
- 25. Battery Technologies • The viable EV batteries consist of • the lead-acid battery, • nickel based batteries such as nickel/iron, nickel/cadmium, and nickel–metal hydride batteries, and • lithium-based batteries such as lithium polymer and lithium- ion batteries. • The energy or power losses during battery discharging and charging appear in the form of voltage loss. • Thus, the efficiency of the battery during discharging and charging can be defined at any operating point as the ratio of the cell operating voltage to the thermodynamic voltage.
- 26. Energy Efficiency of A battery The efficiency of the battery during discharging: O V V discharge bat The efficiency of the battery during charging: V VO charge bat
- 27. Selection of Storage Technology Storage technology Energy density Lead-acid batteries 100 kJ/kg (30 W-h/kg) Lithium-ion batteries 600 kJ/kg Compressed air, 10 MPa 80 kJ/kg (not including tank) Conventional capacitors 0.2 kJ/kg Ultracapacitors 20 kJ/kg Flywheels 100 kJ/kg Gasoline 43000 kJ/kg
- 28. Energy and Power Needs • Rate is a problem. • Example: refill a gas tank with 15 gal in 5 min. • The energy rate is roughly that of 20 major campus buildings! • It is costly and problematic to fill batteries quickly.