2. • By the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to:
1. Define the terms:
✓ Glaciation,
✓ Glaciers,
✓ Ice sheets,
✓ Ice caps and
✓ Icebergs.
2. Describe the processes of glacial;
• Erosion,
• Transportation and
• Deposition in highland & lowland areas
3. Describe the formation of the resultant features.
4. Explain the significance of glaciation.
5. Carry out field work on the significant land-forming
processes within the local environment.
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3. • action of moving ice (glaciers) changing (sculpturing)
the land surface thro’
✓ erosion,
✓ transport and
✓ deposition.
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14. The Baltoro Glacier in the Karakora Mountains, Pakistan. At 62 kilometres (39 mi) in length, it is
one of the longest alpine glaciers on earth.
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22. 1. transverse crevasses - crevasses stretch across the
glacier transverse.
2. marginal crevasses - extend downward from the
edge of the glacier pointing up glacier.
3. longitudinal crevasses - this form parallel to flow
where the glacier width is expanding.
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33. • a steep sided hollow at the head of a glaciated valley or armchair-
shaped depression on glaciated slopes of high mountains.
• form when snow accumulates into a shallow depression on the side of
a mountain and, frost action causes rocks to weaken (break)
widening/deepening of the headwall of a corrie.
• if cirque is subject to seasonal melting, the floor of the cirque most
often form a tarn (small lake)
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35. • as the ice moves, it plucks the rocks in the hollow, thus
allowing more ice to collect in it.
• a bergschrund may form between the back wall
and the glacier in the depression.
• debris in the ice also may abrade the bed surface.
the basin will become deeper if it continues to
become eroded by abrasion
• eventually, the hollow may become a large bowl shape
in the side of the mountain, with the back
wall/headwall being eroded by plucking.
• if the cirque is subject to seasonal melting, the floor of
the cirque most often forms a tarn (small lake)
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50. 1. gradient/slope - gentle slopes allow accumulation of large
sheets of ice and subsequent deposition of fluvio-glacial
material (materials deposited by melt water).
2. stagnation of glacier - pressure builds up at the base of
glacier which in turn causes melting of the base.
melt water carries n deposits materials underneath the ice.
3. friction - moving ice and the rock surface to deposition of
the heavy materials underneath the ice.
4. weight of the glacier - heavy glaciers tend to be deposit
load faster/more
5. amount of glacial drift - a glacier with a lot of sub glacial
matter, make it too heavy hence deposition of load.
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