Downloaded 17 times
Punctuated Equilibrium Theory
- 1.
- 2. HISTORY • STEPHEN JGOULD IS A PALEONTOLOGIST. • HE PUBLISHED A PAPER DEVELOPING THEORY AND CALLED IT PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIA. • HE OBSERVED THAT FOSSIL RECORDS GIVES A DIFFERENT PICTURE FOR THE EVOLUTION. Stephen J Gould
- 3. PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM THEORY THISIS A THEORY IN BIOLOGY WHICH PROPOSES THAT ONCE SPECIES APPEAR IN FOSSIL RECORD THEY WILL BECOME STABLE,SHOWING LITTLE EVOLUTIONARY CHANGE.
- 4. HOW WE RELATEPET IN BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ? FOR A STRETCH OF TIME THERE ARE NO CHANGES AND LATER THERE IS A SUDDEN CHANGE
- 5. HISTORY • Completed 100years in the year 2011 • February 18, 1911 - First commercial plane between Allahabad & Naini carrying mails • During Independence - 09 Companies Tata Airlines, Indian National Airways Air service of India, Deccan Airways Ambica Airways, Bharat Airways Mistry Airways. • Inaugural flight of Air India International Ltd - June 8, 1948 Mumbai-London • Nationalized in 1953 - Private airlines not allowed Transport for elite class Restricted Growth High Cost structure Underdevelopment of infrastructure
- 6. ECONOMIC REFORMS POST1991 Policies • Liberalisation - Private Players • Open Sky • Direct import of ATF - Regulation • FDI – Domestic Services Sector • Airports control - Airports Authority of India (AAI) • Green Field Airport
- 7. Major Timelines 1912: Indian StateAir service and Imperial Airways, UK collaborate to ply on first domestic route, between Delhi and Karachi. 1915: Tata Sons start airmail service between Delhi and Madras. 1932: Tata Aviations establish ed. It goes to Colombo in 1938. 1948: Designated as flag carrier under the name Air India Internationa l with 49% govt. control. 1953: Indian Airlines Corporation formed through Air Corporation Act, 1953, by nationalizing Air India and Indian National Airways. 1994: Air Corporatio n Act. 1953 repealed and thus allowed private players to come. 2003 Entry of low cost carriers. Air Deccan, Spice Jet, Go Air, Indigo.
- 8. IMPACT OF LIBERALISATION •The Air Corporation Act, 1953 repealed Opening up of the domestic sector Disinvestment of the two public sector airlines New privately owned domestic airlines • Open Sky Allow foreign airline of any country or ownership to land at any port on any number of occasions and with unlimited seat capacity. • Foreign Direct Investment Up To 49% Of Foreign Equity & 100% Of NRI investment is allowed Pertaining to the Domestic Air Transport Services
- 9. IMPACT OF LIBERALISATION •Private Carriers permitted to operate scheduled services – 75% share in domestic aviation • Entry of low cost carriers • Allowing Indian carriers to compete on international routes • Reduction in Landing charges.
- 10. IMPACT OF LIBERALISATION •Restructuring of Delhi and Mumbai airport and development of Greenfield airports at Bangalore and Hyderabad undertaken. • Up gradation/ expansion/ development of airports undertaken depending upon traffic potential, requirement of airline operators and need of air passengers.
- 11. MAJOR GOVERNMENT INITIATIVES •Reduction of high Aviation Turbine Fuel(ATF) cost and review of its Tax structure • Multi Modal Connectivity by building expressways to facilitate advantage of air transportation by reducing the total travel time • Promotion of Regional Airlines by the way of liberal policy and provision of better infrastructure facilities
- 12.
- 13.