Undang-Undang Antarabangsa Awam I

1. Nature of Jurisdiction
Jurisdiction –incidentof State sovereignty(legislative,executive &judicial competence of a
State)
Two typesof jurisdiction –prescriptive &enforcementjurisdiction
Principlesof Criminal Jurisdiction
Territorial Principle
NationalityPrinciple
Passive PersonalityPrinciple
Protective Principle
UniversalityPrinciple
Territorial Principle
Stateshave jurisdictiontotryanyoffence thattakesplace withintheirterritory&sentence
the offendersuponconvictionthoughthey are non-nationals
Linksto doctrine of territorial sovereignty –State are sovereignwithinitsterritory&thus
have all legal rightsoverit(CompaniaNavieraVascongadovCristinaSS)
Justifications:
1. Statesare responsible formaintaininglaw &orderwithintheirterritory
2. Convenientforadministrationof justice –witness&offendersmaybe inthe country
Extensionof territorial principle:
Subjective territorial principle – where itcommence – Traceyv DPP (T sentletter&
blackmail MissXin Germany fromUK – held:UK had jursidiction)
Objective territorial principle – where the commence complete–Lotuscase &
DPP V Doot cases:Conspiracyto importdrugsintoUK – whetheragainstILto prosecute
since the conductwas not concludedinUK
Held:Nobreach of international law if the defendants…asunderterritorial principleUK
courts “have a clear right,if nota duty,to prosecute inaccordance withmunicipal law”.
Under municipal lawi.e.commonlaw,the crime of conspiracycanattract jurisdiction
thoughitsformedabroad.
US v AluminiumCoof America:kesmelibatkanmonopolidankonspirasi.Nakciptamonopoli
dlmpasaran aluminium.Buatkonspirasi nakhalingexportke amerika.Konspirasi di buatdi
luar amerika.Mahkamahkata usada jurisdictionwlaupuntakberlakudi ussbbdia
completedinus. OverdACT-tindakanyangsangatjelas.Konspirasiadatindakanutk
laksanakankonspirasi itusangatjelas.

2. Exemptions:
Warships& publicshipsof foreignwhentheyare inthe internal watersof thatState
Theoretical bases –(a) floatingislandtheory(b) exemptionfromlocal law theory(ChungChi
Cheung– (b) isapplied)
NationalityPrinciple
State may prosecute itsnationalsforcrimescommittedanywhere inthe worldbutonly
whenthe offenderis physicallyinhishome State.
Initiallyfavouredbycontinental EuropeancountriesbutnotUK& US
UK – onlyfewcrimes(treason,bigamy&murder).
 ChandlervUnitedStates(1948):
 Chandler(UScitizen) broadcastpropagandaforGermanReich(Nazi) duringWW2.
 ChandlerwasindictedinMassachusettsfortreason
 ArguedbyChandler– US court did nothave jurisdictioncozUSlaw wassilenton
jurisdictionwithregardstotreasoncommittedabroad.
 Held:Crime of treasonshouldcoverforeigntreasonsbypersons owingallegianceto
US
But nowhas beenmore widelyaccepted –US (Restatementof ForeignRelationsLaw (Third))
Statesmay acceptPRshipas personal linkforjurisdiction –Scandinaviancountries&UK (in
some cases)
Nationalityprinciple mayalsoapplytoarmedforcesabroad
Passive PersonalityPrinciple
State may have jurisdictiontotryoffencesthathave affectedorwill affectitsnationals
Cuttingcase – US citizenpublisheddefamatorystatementagainstaMexicaninTexas.He
was arrestedwhile in Mexico,charged&convictedbasedonthe principle.
UK & US opposedatfirst.
But withterrorismthe US & UK are now movingtowardsacceptingit.
US v Yunis – US claimedjurisdictionagainstLebanese citizenhijackingJordanianairliner.
Onlylinkbetween US& hijacking–several passengerswereAmericans.
Held– there was jurisdictionbasedonuniversality&passive personalityprinciples.
In fact internationalcommunityhasacceptedthe laterprinciple.
Due to criticisms,nota CIL

3. Protective Principle
Jurisdictionforactsabroaddeemedprejudicial tothe security,integrityandinterestof a
particularState (e.g.plotstooverthrow govt,espionage @currencyforgery)
Otherpossible offences –takinghostages(HostagesConvention1979), aircrafthijackingetc.
Justification –analienmaynot commitan offence underthe law of the countrywhere he is
residing&extraditionmaybe refusedif involvespolitical offences.
Thisprinciple createslawswithextraterritorial application
Joyce v DPP – Nazi propagandistborninUS & fraudulentlyobtainedUKpassportwentto
Germany& workedforGerman radio.Held – the accusedbyhavingBritishpassportowed
allegiance tothe Crown& hadbeenliable forbreachof that duty.
**the fact that the act occurred outside UKdidn’thave anyconsequence cozUKwas
not obligedtoignore suchoffence committedoutsideitsterritory.
But the principle canbe subjecttoabuse (authorityof foreigngovtscanbe destroyed)
The Effectsdoctrine – Statesenact legislationovermattersthathave an harmful effectin
theirterritory& thiseffectgoesbeyondsecurity@national interest(economicinterest)
E.g. US antitrustlegislation&Helms-BurtonAct1996.
Helms-BurtonAct:
To assistthe Cuban people tobringdemocracytothe country
To strengtheninternationalsanctionsagainstthe Castrogovtetc.
OAS& EU condemnedHBA coz of its extra-territorial effect&impacton trade interests
violate internationalnorms.
UniversalityPrinciple
EveryState has jurisdictiontotrysuch offencescoztheyare consideredoffensive tothe
whole international community
Offencescovered –piracy,slave-trading,torture &warcrimes,crimesagainsthumanity&
crimesagainstpeace
Piracy:
Must be jure gentium –committedonHS, terranullius@withinterritoryof the State which
arrest @ punishthem.
Is subjecttorelevanttreatyprovisions –e.g.Art 101 UNCLOS
War crimes,crimesagainstpeace &crimesagainsthumanity:
The U principle wasappliedinEichmanncase:
Eichmannwas a Nazi criminal,abductedinArgentinaandbroughttoIsrael,facedtrial,
convicted&sentencedtodeath.Arguedbydefence counsel –Israeli law conflictswithILfor

4. imposingpunishmentforactscommittedoutside itsterritory&evenbeforeits
establishment.
Held– the crimescommittedare grave offencesagainstthe law of nationsitself
(delictajure gentium).Sincethere isnointernational criminal court,the judicial&
administrativeorgansof everycountryneedtobe giveneffecttosuchinternational offences
& bringthe criminalstotrial.
Can there be additional offences?Yesbutmustbe subjecttointernational conventions&
onlyapplicable toMemberStates(e.g.Drug-trafficking,counterfeitingetc)
– the conventionscreate dutytoprosecute @extradite (autdedereautjudicare).
Conflictof jurisdiction
Concurrentjurisdiction –two @ more Statesentitledtojurisdictionoverthe same person
for the same criminal act.
Statescan exercise prescriptive jurisdictionaccordingtoIL
But enforcementjurisdictiononlywhenithascustodyof the accused.Thisevenappliesto
territorial jurisdiction(strongestbasisof jurisdiction)
There ispresumptionagainstdouble-jeopardyunderIL(Art13 of Harvard ResearchDraft
Convention –butonlyprotectsaliens)
Extradition
- Definition –handingoverof by one State to anothersuspected@convicted
criminalswhohave fledabroadanditis basedonbilateral @multilateral treaties.
- No dutyto extradite underCIL
- Alsonotrule prohibitingState fromextraditinginabsence of atreaty.
Principlesemergingfromextraditiontreaties:
1. Double criminality –crime involvedshouldbe acrime inbothStates
2. Specialty –personsurrenderedmayonlybe tried&punishedforoffence specifiedin
the extraditionrequest
- Political offencesare generallyexcludedexceptterrorism.
- Extraditiontreatiescanhave alistof extraditable crimes.
- State can disallowextradition,itcanalsohave jurisdictiontotrynationalslocallyfor
crimescommittedabroad.
- Case study – Lockerbie cases:
-Canthere be extraditioninthe absence of atreatywhenthe crime involvedis
underIL
-i.e.Canthere be customaryextradition?
- Involvementof SCinapplication&granting of extradition.