Logical reasoning article

2. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
Lecture No Topic
1 Course of action type –I
2 Course of action type –II
3 Cause and effect
4 Cause and effect
5 Logical Problems
6 Logical Problems
7 Letter and symbol series
8 Basic math fraction , Algebra
9 Logical deduction
10 Logical deduction
11 Critical thinking
12 Critical thinking
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS

3. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Conclusion' means 'a fact that can be truly inferred from the contents of a given
sentence or passage? The questions in this section thus consist of a statement or a set
of statements, followed by certain inferences based on the facts contained in the
given statements. The candidate is required to analyze the given statements,
understand their direct/indirect implications and then decide which of the given
conclusions follows logically and for sure, from the given statements.
ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
Directions : In each of the following questions, a statement is given followed by two
conclusions numbered I and II.
Give answer
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows (c) if either I or II follows
(d) if neither I nor II follows (e) if both I and II follow.

4. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 1. Statement : Sealed tenders are invited from competent contractors
experienced in executing construction jobs.
Conclusions :
I. Tenders are invited only from experienced contractors.
II. It is difficult to find competent tenderers in construction jobs.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
Sol. According to the statement, tenders are invited from contractors experienced in
executing construction jobs. So, conclusion I follows. The availability of competent
tenderers in construction is not mentioned. So, conclusion II does not follow, Hence,
the answer is (a).

5. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 2. Statement : 'We follow some of the best and effective teaching learning practices
used by leading institutes all over the world'. - A statement of a Professor of M.N. Institute.
Conclusions:
I. The M.N. Institute is one of the leading institutes of the world.
II. Whatever is being followed by world's leading institutes will definitely be good and
useful.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
Sol. The statement hints at following the practices used by leading institutes as a positive
feature of the M.N. Institute. So, only II follows while I do not. Hence, the answer is (b).

6. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 3. Statement: Mr. X is one of the probable (mumkina)candidates short-listed for
the post of Director of B.Z Institute.
Conclusions:
I. Mr. X will be selected as Director of B.Z. Institute.
II. Mr. X will not be selected as Director of B.Z Institute.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
Sol. The fact that Mr. X has been short-listed for the post, does not confirm his
selection. So, either I or II follows. Hence, the answer is (c).

7. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 4. Statement : Morning walks are good for health.
Conclusions:
I. All healthy people go for morning walks,
II. Evening walks are harmful.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
Sol. The statement mentions that morning walks improve health. But this does not
mean that all healthy people go for morning walks. So, I does not follow. Also,
nothing is mentioned about evening walks in the statement. So, II also does not
follow. Hence, the answer is (d).

8. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 5. Statement : Smoking is one of those human weaknesses which tend to test the
will power of the smoker to the edge(kinary).
Conclusions :
I. It is very difficult for the smokers to give up smoking even if they want to do so.
II. Human beings have other weaknesses as well.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
Sol. The statement mentions that a very strong will power is required to give up
smoking and so it is very difficult. Thus, I follows. Also, it is mentioned that smoking is
one of the human weaknesses. This means that there are other human weaknesses as
well. So, II also follows.

9. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 6. Statement: The distance of 900 km by road between Karachi and Jamshoro will
be reduced to 280km by sea. This will lead to a saving of Rs. 7.92 crores per annum on
fuel.
Conclusions: I. Transportation by sea is cheaper than that by road.
II. Fuel must be saved to the greatest extent.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
According to the statement, sea transport is cheaper than road transport in the case of
route from Karachi and Jamshoro , not in all the cases. So, conclusion I does not follow.
The statement stresses on the saving of fuel. So, conclusion II follows. Hence answer is
b.

10. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 7. Statement: Good voice is a natural gift but one has to keep practicing to
improve and excel well in the field of music.
Conclusions:
I. Natural gifts need nurturing and care.
II. Even though your voice is not good, one can keep practicing.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
(a) : Clearly, I follows directly from the given statement. However, II is not related to the
given statement and so does not follow.

11. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 8. Statement: All the organized persons find time for rest. Saba, in spite of her very
busy schedule, finds time for rest.
Conclusions:
I. Saba is an organized person.
II. Saba is an industrious person.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
(e) : Saba has a very busy schedule. This means that she is industrious. But still she finds
time for rest. This means that she is an organized person. So, both I and II follow

12. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 9. Statement: This book 'Z' is the only book which focuses its attention to the
problem of poverty in Pakistan between 1950 and 1980.
Conclusions:
I. There was no question of poverty before 1950.
II. No other book deals with poverty in Pakistan during 1950 to 1980.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
(b): The phrase only book' in the statement makes II implicit. However, nothing about the
state of poverty before 1950 can be deduced from the statement. So, I does not follow.

13. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 10. Statement: The secret of success is constancy of purpose.
Conclusions:
I. Constant dripping wears the stone.
II. Single-minded devotion is necessary for achieving success.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
(e) : Both I and II directly follow from the given statement.

14. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 11. Statement: The Government of country X has recently announced several
concessions and offered attractive package tours for foreign visitors.
Conclusions:
I. Now, more number of foreign tourists will visit the country.
II. The Government of country X seems to be serious in attracting tourists.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
(e) : Clearly, the government has taken the step to attract more tourists. So, both I and II
follow

15. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 12. Statement : This world is neither good nor evil ; each man manufacture a world
for himself.
Conclusions:
I. Some people find this world quite good.
II. Some people find this world quite bad.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
(e) : The statement mentions that the world for a man is as he makes it himself. So,
some people might find it good and some quite bad. Thus, both I and II follow.

16. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 13. Statement : Only good singers are invited in the conference. No one without
sweet voice is a good singer.
Conclusions :
I. All invited singers in the conference have sweet voice.
II. Those singers who do not have sweet voice are not invited in the conference.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
Sol (e) : The statement asserts that a good singer always has a sweet voice and only
good singers are invited in the conference. This implies that all those invited in the
conference have sweet voice and those who do not have sweet voice are not invited.
So, both I and II follow.

17. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 14. Statement: From the next academic year, students will have the option of
dropping Mathematics and Science for their school leaving certificate examination.
Conclusions :
I. Students who are weak in Science and Mathematics will be admitted.
II. Earlier students did not have the choice of continuing their education without taking
these subjects.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.

18. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Solution :
Since the new system gives the students the option of dropping Science and
Mathematics, so students weak in these subjects can also be admitted. So, I follow. Also,
it is mentioned that the new system will come into effect from the next academic year.
This means that it did not exist previously. So, II also follow. Hence answer is e

19. Education for all
Prof Omair bukhari
What’s app 0333-7649460
Logical problems
STATEMENT -
CONCLUSIONS
Ex. 15. Statement : Until our country achieves economic equality, political freedom
and
democracy would be meaningless.
Conclusions:
I. Political freedom and democracy go hand in hand.
II. Economic equality leads to real political freedom and democracy.
(a) if only conclusion I follows (b) if only conclusion II follows
(c) if either I or II follows (d) if neither I nor II follows
(e) if both I and II follow.
Sol Nothing about the relation between political freedom and democracy is
mentioned in the statement. So, I does not follow. But II directly follows from the given
statement. Hence b is answer.