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Evenwichten
Helmut Schiessel
en de Nobelprijzen van 1962, 1982 en 2013
Evenwicht beschrijft een situatie waarin zonder verstoring geen verandering zal
plaatsvinden. Dit kan zowel een maatschappelijke, psychologische, economische
alsook een natuur- of scheikundige betekenis hebben.
Evenwichten zijn overal in de natuurkunde, scheikunde en biologie.
In de mechanica betekent evenwicht dat een object niet beweegt, zie mechanisch
evenwicht.
Mechanisch evenwicht
A: stabiel evenwicht
B: metastabiel evenwicht
C: labiel evenwicht
D: indifferent evenwicht
Beweging van een massa langs een ring
Op welke posities heb je een mechanisch evenwicht?
1: stabiel evenwicht
2: labiel evenwicht
Potentiële energie
Kinetische energie
Rotatie om de z-as
hoeksnelheid
Rotatie om de z-as
Rotatie om de z-as
Rotatie om de z-as
Rotatie om de z-as
Rotatie om de z-as
Potentiële energie
hetzelfde als voor
Kinetische energie
nieuwe term
Lagrangiaan (Klassieke mechanica b, 2e jaar)
De dynamica van een mechanisch system wordt bepaald door
Lagrangiaan kinetische energie potentiële energie
Hier
kinetische energie potentiële energie
Analogie: deeltjes in een dimensie
kinetische energie potentiële energie
kan je ook interpreteren als een deeltjes in een dimensie:
“kinetische energie” “potentiële energie”
Langzame rotatie om de z-as:
Langzame rotatie om de z-as:
Snelle rotatie om de z-as:
Spontane symmetriebreking
stabiel evenwicht stabiel evenwichtlabiel evenwicht
labiel evenwicht
Spontane symmetriebreking:
De symmetrie van de grondtoestand in een fysieke system
heeft een lagere symmetrie dan het system zelf.
Potentiële energie
Wat gebeurt voor ?
Het deeltje is rondom in een “indifferent” evenwicht
Zijn positie is niet precies bepaald, er zijn grote schommelingen rondom .
Samenvatting
Ferromagneet (Statistische fysica 1, 2e jaar natuurkunde)
energie:
Ferromagneet
magnetisatie:
Er is een geweldig grote aantal
van microscopische toestanden
met .
Maar er is alleen een toestand
met .
Entropie belangrijk!
Ferromagneet
fasediagram
critisch punt
H: magnetische veldsterkte
T: temperatuur
M: magnetisatie
magnetisatie
spontane magnetisatie
Landau Helmholtzenergie
Lev Landau, Nobelprijs 1962
(a) (b)
(a) (b)
Vergelijking met faseovergangen tussen gas en vloeistof
Universaliteit rondom de critische punt
(Statistical physics, masteropleiding)
dichtheid
temperatuur
Kenneth G. Wilson, Nobelprijs 1982
Standaardmodel van de deeltjesfysica
(Quantum theory, masteropleiding)
Het standaardmodel beschrijft 3 van de 4 fundamentele natuurkrachten:
de sterke kernkracht, de elektromagnetischen kracht, de zwakke kernkracht,
maar niet de zwartekracht.
Geünificeerde beschrijving van de elektromagnetischen kracht
en de zwakke kernkracht.
Problem: de 2 krachten lijken heel verschillend te zijn
(foton heeft geen massa, maar de W en Z bosonen zijn zwaar)
Elektrozwakke wisselwerking
Oplossing: spontane symmetriebreking
Direkt naar de big bang was het heelal zo heet (1015K) dat
deze interacties waren verenigd.
Nu is de symmetrie gebroken door de form van het Higgsveld.
Higgsveld
Lagrangedichtheid:
met
somprero potential:
François Englert, Peter Higgs
Nobelprijs 2013
kinetische energie potentiële energie
Samenvatting
3 voorbeelden voor spontane symmetriebreking:
mechanisch system ferromagneet Higgs boson

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Evenwichten