4. HISTORY TAKING
ο Talk to patient to find out the Etiology of the ulcer.
ο Enquire about Pain.
Superficial > Deep
Excruciating: Acanthameoba (Radial Keratoneuritis)
Absent: Fungal
Sudden relief: Perforation
ο Redness
16. Cornea
ο Epithelium, including defects and punctate keratopathy,
edema, epithelial movement patterns
ο Stroma, including ulceration, thinning, perforation,
infiltrate and edema
ο Endothelium (endothelial plaque)
ο Foreign body, including sutures
17. ο Satellite lesions
ο Signs of corneal dystrophies
ο Previous corneal inflammation (thinning, scarring, or
neovascularization)
ο Signs of previous corneal or refractive surgery
28. DIAGNOSTIC TESTS
CULTURES AND SMEARS
Indications
ο Corneal infiltrate is central, large, and/or is associated with significant
stromal involvement or melting
ο Infection is chronic or unresponsive to broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy
ο History of corneal surgeries
ο Atypical clinical features are present that are suggestive of fungal,
amoebic, or mycobacterial keratitis
ο Infiltrates are in multiple locations on the cornea
29.
30.
31. CORNEAL BIOPSY & DEEP STROMAL CULTURE
Indications
Response to treatment is poor
Repeated cultures have been negative and the clinical picture continues
to suggest an infective etiology
Infiltrate is located in the mid or deep stroma with overlying
uninvolved tissue
Organisms were identified by culture in 42% of corneal biopsies and
identified on histopathological examination in 40% of cases.
Younger JR, Johnson RD, Holland GN, Page JP, Nepomuceno RL, Glasgow BJ, Aldave AJ, Yu F, Litak J, Mondino BJ, Service UC.
Microbiologic and histopathologic assessment of corneal biopsies in the evaluation of microbial keratitis. American journal of
ophthalmology. 2012 Sep 1;154(3):512-9.
32. CORNEAL IMAGING
ο Scanning laser confocal microscopy is used to image the various
levels of the cornea from the epithelium through stroma to the
endothelium in vivo.
ο Optical coherence tomography may also be helpful in
determining depth of involvement
RANDOM BLOOD SUGAR
35. Contdβ¦
ο Central or severe keratitis (e.g., deep stromal
involvement or an infiltrate larger than 2 mm with
extensive suppuration), a loading dose every 5β15
minutes followed by frequent applications hourly is
recommended.
ο Fortified topical antibiotics(cefta+ β¦..) should be
considered for large or visually significant corneal
infiltrates, especially if a hypopyon is present. Also for
eyes non responsive to initital therapy.
36. Corticosteroids:
Advantages:
Suppression of inflammation, which may reduce subsequent
corneal scarring and associated visual loss
Disadvantages:
Recrudescence of infection
Local immunosuppression
Inhibition of collagen synthesis predisposing to corneal
melting
Increased intraocular pressure
37. Contdβ¦
ο SCUT treatment study found no benefit of concurrent topical
corticosteroid therapy using prednisolone phosphate 1% in
conjunction with broad-spectrum topical antibiotic.*
ο Benefit for using corticosteroids in Pseudomonas keratitis and in
more severe cases of bacterial keratitis.**
ο Treatment of Nocardia keratitis with corticosteroids resulted in
poor visual outcomes.**
Srinivasan M, Mascarenhas J, Rajaraman R, Ravindran M, Lalitha P, Glidden DV, Ray KJ, Hong KC, Oldenburg CE, Lee SM, Zegans
ME. Corticosteroids for bacterial keratitis: the Steroids for Corneal Ulcers Trial (SCUT). Archives of ophthalmology. 2012 Feb
1;130(2):143-50.
Lalitha P, Srinivasan M, Rajaraman R, Ravindran M, Mascarenhas J, Priya JL, Sy A, Oldenburg CE, Ray KJ, Zegans ME, McLeod SD.
Nocardia keratitis: clinical course and effect of corticosteroids. American journal of ophthalmology. 2012 Dec 1;154(6):934-9.
*:
**:
38. ο Conservative approach would avoid prescribing
corticosteroid treatment for presumed bacterial ulcers
until
ο Organism has been identified
ο Epithelial defect is healing
ο Ulcer is consolidating
ο Cycloplegics: Decrease synechiae formation and pain,
and are indicated when substantial anterior chamber
inflammation is present.
ο Antiglaucoma drugs( If IOP )
39. FUNGAL ULCER
Topical E/D Natamycin 5% (Fusarium) 1hrly upto 48 hrs
Topical E/D Voriconazole 1-2% / E/D Amphotericin B 0.15%(Candida)
(Treatment to be continued for 3 months)
ο Oral Antifungals
ο Indications:
ο Near Limbus
ο Suspected Endophthalmitis
ο Tab Voriconazole 400mg 1 bd x 1 day f/b 200mg 1 bd
ο Tab Itraconazole 200 mg 1 od
ο Oral Tetracyclin(Doxycycline 100 mg bd): Anticollagenase
ο Antigalucoma drugs( If IOP ) )
ο Intracameral antifungal injection (enlarging endothelial exudation
with stable corneal infiltration)
40. VIRAL ULCERS
ο Topical E/O Aciclovir 3% 5 times a day
Topical E/O Ganciclovir 0.15% 5 times a day
ο Debridement (Resistant cases)
Epithelium removed 2mm from the ulcer edge
ο Oral therapy
Aciclovir 200-400 mg 5 times a day
Valacyclovir 500 md bd 7-10 days
Indications
Immunosuppressed
Children
Ocular surface disease
41. Contdβ¦
ο Interferon therapy
Monotherapy not beneficial
Combination with debridement or nucleoside antiviral speeds healing
ο Cycloplegics ( E/D Homide 2%) od/bd
ο Topical antibiotics variably recommended
ο IOP control ( Prostaglandin analogues are
CONTRAINDICATED)
42. PARASITIC ULCERS (ACANTHAMOEBA)
Treatment in based on eradication of cysts.
1st Line (Cysticidal):
E/D Chlorhexidine (0.02%) & polyhexamethylene biguanide (0.02%)
(Hourly initially for few days f/b qid for 4-6 wks)
Clinical resistant patients: E/D Chorhexidine 0.04-0.06%
49. SUPERIOR LIMBIC
KERATOCONJUNSTIVITIS OF
THEODORE
ο Classic sign:
ο B/L local hyperemia of superior bulbar conjunctiva
which appears keratinized, thickened and redundant
ο Papillary reaction with hyperemia: Opposing
palpebral conjunctiva
ο Fine fluoresceine staining +