4. • Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (10 December 1815 – 27
November 1852), born Augusta Ada Byron and now commonly known as
Ada Lovelace, was an English mathematician and writer chiefly known
for her work on Charles Babbage's early mechanical general-purpose
computer, the Analytical Engine.
• She created the first algorithm designed for processing by a computer
and is usually recognized as history's first computer programmer.
• Lovelace's notes are important in the early history of computers. She
also developed a vision on the capability of computers to go beyond
mere calculating or number-crunching, while others, including Babbage
himself, focused only on those capabilities.
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9.
10.
11.
12. Procedural Languages
Programming language which are considered procedural uses a series of
instructions or statements which are sequential from the beginning to the end.
This means that execution of instructions is line by line and it is terminated after
the last instruction.
Examples of Procedural Language are the following:
• BASIC (Beginner's All-Purpose Symbolic Instruction Code)
• COBOL (Common Business Oriented Language)
• PASCAL
• FORTRAN (Formula Translated)
• C
• PL 1 (Programming Language 1 )
13. Non- Procedural Languages
• These programming languages are considered as object-
oriented programming language. They are event- duvet
which means that a programmer selects an event that
needs to occur before the instruction or statement is
occurred. It is different from a procedural language
since statement are not executed line per line instead a
series of instructions are executed as a whole when an
event occurs. Examples of event are click, double-click,
drag and drop, mouse over and other event.
Examples of Non-Procedural Languages are:
VISUAL BASIC C++
• JAVA DELPHI
14.
15. Shape Name
Action
Represented
Oval Terminal symbol Represents start and end of
program.
Parallelogram Input / output Indicates input output
Rectangle Process
This represents processing
of action. E.g.
mathematical operator.
Diamond Decision
Since computer only
answer the question
yes/no, this is used to
represent logical test for
the program.
Hexagon Initialization/
preparation
This is used to prepare
memory for repetition of an
action.
Arrow Lines and Arrow
Heads
Direction This shows the flow of the
program.
Annotation This is used to describe
action or variables.
Circle
On page connector This is used to show
connector or part of
program to another part.
Pentagon Off-page connector
This is used to connect part
of a program to another
part on the other page or
paper.
16. Levels of Programming Languages
There are five levels of programming languages. These languages are used in their respective generation.
Basically each generation is an improvement of the latter generation.
Machine Languages or First Generation Programming Language
This is considered to be the lowest level of programming language. The program is represented by 1s and
0s. We all know that 1s and 0s or binary number is the only language the computer understands. Machine
language programming is a very tedious task because for just a simple task, the program code required
would be very long.
Assembly Language or Second Language Programming Language
This is also considered as low level language. However, programmers would find this language easier to use
than machine language. Instead of using 1s and 0s, assembly language uses mnemonic codes. Mnemonic
codes are abbreviations that are easy to remember. Each type of computer has its own assembly language.
This means that once you have started your programming, you cannot use a different computer to continue
your work.
17. High Level Language or Third Generation Programming Languages (3GL)
This language transformed programming in the early 1960s. It makes programming
easier since the language is now written in English like manner. If assemble is used by
assembly language, third generation languages use translator to convert the program
into a machine language.
Very High Level Languages or Fourth Generation Languages (4GL)
Fourth generation languages (4GL) simplifies further the third level generation language
(3GL) because there is a reduction in the number of instructional statements. One
hundred (100) lines of instruction in 3GLs can be reduced to five (5) to twenty (20) lines
of instructions 4GL.
Natural Languages
These languages are considered to be that fifth generation languages. These
programming languages are called natural languages because of their resemblance to
English language. Natural Languages have the capability to translate human
instructions into code that a computer understands. If it gets confused with the user’s
instructions, it asks for further explanation.
