Antonio De Gouveia was a priest from the Azores who was persecuted by the Portuguese Inquisition for over a decade for charges including practicing medicine and commerce with the devil. Beatriz De Padilla was a former slave and mistress in 17th century New Spain who was falsely accused of poisoning two powerful men she had relationships with, though she was ultimately proven not guilty in her trial. Francisco Baquero was a non-white shoemaker in 18th century Buenos Aires who worked to improve rights for non-white artisans and desegregate the shoemakers guild, though he did not achieve creating a separate non-white guild.

1. Struggle & Survival
Ryan Cooley
History 140 71153
Fall 2011

2. Antonio De Gouveia
• An Azorean adventurer and priest
– A man born in 1528 in Terceira
– At the age of 20 he traveled to Lisbon
• Within two years he became a deacon and then ordained in to the holy priesthood
of the chapel of Saint Anne
– In 1553 he traveled to Italy to further his education in theology and medicine
• These medical skills came in handy on his return voyage when he was shipwrecked
near Barcelona
– The Inquisition
• Antonio’s first run in with the Inquisition was in Valladolid in Spain.
– He was arrested with accusations of superstitions and practicing medicine
(which was illegal for priests at the time)
– He was eventually released on bail and fled to the safety of Portugal
• On May 4th 1557 Antonio was denounced to the Inquisition by Bastiao Luis (a
groom of the queen’s chamber)
– He was placed behind bars on May 9th having been accused of witchcraft,
superstition, divination, and commerce with the Devil

3. Antonio De Gouveia
• After four years of imprisonment Antionio was found guilty of:
– Scandalous acts against the faith
– Practicing medicine without qualifications
– Being a victim of his own imagination
– Commerce with the Devil
– Failure to say the canonical hours during a period of three months
– Celebrating the Holy Mass in a state of mortal sin
– Not abstaining in Lent
• Anontio spent a decade in and out of Inquisition jails suffering the
harshest of punishments. His health greatly deteriorated
• In 1567 he was deported to Brazil after failing to leave Portugal as
ordered by the Inquisition

4. Antonio De Gouveia
• Brazil
– In April 1571 Gouveia was once again accused of acts against the faith and was
ordered to be arrested and returned to Lisbon to stand in front of the
Inquisition once again
• This was made more difficult due to the fact that the people of Brazil were
on Antonio’s side
– On May 4th Antonio was placed on a ship and returned to Lisbon
• Father Antonio would eventually disappear from history in the Inquisition prisons
without ever have being convicted

5. Catarina De Monte Sinay
• A nun and entrepreneur
– Catarina joined the convent at an early age
• She joined the Desterro convent which was coveted position
• Many other girls applied but were turned down, Catarina’s important
father was able to get her a place in the convent
• She took her place as a bride of Christ.
• Catarina was proud and grateful to be a member of the nunnery
• Madre Victoria: An influential figure
– Victoria was known for her humility
– Catarina looked up to Victoria for guidance
• Catarina’s childhood coincided with a with a great decline in the city of Bahia.
– Most of the economic engine in Bahia was driven by the sugar cane business
– When the sugar cane industry declined so did Bahia

6. Catarina De Monte Sinay
• Catarina the entrepreneur:
– The nun was said to be a shrewd business woman and had a talent for making money
(possibly from her father)
– Catarina was able to take advantage of the financial and business dealing around the
convent such as selling sweets
• Catarina near the end:
• Catarina was conflicted at the end of her life
– Had he business dealings caused her to fall short of living up to her creed
• Catarina was grateful for the convent
– It had given her life purpose and keep her safe from a possible unpleasant husband
– Because of this Catarina gave generously to her sisters and the convent

7. Diego Vasicuio
• A native priest
– Denounced for heresy in 1671
• In Peru and other areas the Spanish had used the Catholic religion to control and convert the Indians
– They underestimated the tenacious survival of the indigenous peoples belief system
– Despite their efforts to crush the native beliefs the ceremonies and original culture persisted
• Diego’s parents and grandparents entrusted him with the stone image of the Indian god Sorimana
– They also taught him the ceremonies and prayers of his cult
– Diego was able to teach these practices to many women in the area
– For this reason Diego was summoned to testify in Father de Prado’s investigation of witchcraft

8. Diego Vasicuio
• Diego Vasicuio under investigation:
– The common punishment for heresy was very harsh
• Convicted people would be whipped and chained to a cross and paraded
through town
• Those who did not repent would receive worse
– Diego and his followers knew that all they had to do was appear to be
remorseful for there behavior and they would be spared
• Diego and his followers denounced their god to the parish priests and
gave what they told the priests was the stone image of their god Sorimana
• The priests were satisfied and released Diego
– Diego and his followers retreated back to their homes where they continued
to worship their gods in hiding
• Diego was able to save his culture from the European invasion by survival by
adaptation

9. Francisco Baquero
• A shoemaker and Organizer
– Unlike Spain, Buenos Aires didn’t have any legally recognized artisan
guilds
– Before 1776 there had been no efforts to create any such guilds
• People immigrating to Buenos Aires from Spain would be shocked
by the low economic status of the artisans
• These immigrants would blame the impoverished conditions on a
lack of organized artisan guilds
– Buenos Aires also lacked the religious and prescriptions required to
start your own business
• Because of this many people of color were able to graduate from
journeyman to open their own shops and claim the title of master
for themselves

10. Francisco Baquero
• Francisco Baquero was a non-white master shoemaker in 1779
– He worked he way from a meger apprentice to master of his own shop
– Baquero was able to improve his life and escape poverty
– In 1789 worked started on the guild constitution
• Baquero worked to desegregate and improve the rights of the non-white artisans
• Baquero was respected and looked up to by the other non-white artisans who
organized around him
• However, the opposing factions of the Spanish immigrants and white shoemakers
would thwart his efforts
• Baquero would spend his life trying to improve the rights of the nonwhite artisans
– Baquero would fail to create a non-white guild, however the non-white masters would
benefit from the dissolution of the white guild
• As a result non-white shoemakers would remain a vital part of the artisan
community.

11. Micaela Angela Carrillo
• A widow and Pulque dealer
– A widowed mother in Senora in the 1700s
• Micaela was born the daughter of a Spainiard (or mestizo who looked like one)
named Diego Carrillo
– They lived in Amozoque in the 1730s
• Micaela would marry a cacique named Juan Tapia
– Her husband died during the later part of the 1730s leaving his wife and two
small children
– Micaela would be left a small amount of land and very little money to take
care of the family on her own
• Micaela lived by making the pulque drink:

12. Micaela Angela Carrillo
• The pulque drink:
– The drink was made from the maguey plant which took a long time to mature
• To get around this problem Micaela would rent mature plants from other
peoples property
– It was through the manufacturing of this drink that Micaela would be able to
support her family and grow their wealth
• Micaela was vey successful and her pulque business grew large
• By the time of Michaela's death there would be a great conflict between
her children over who would reap the inheritance
• The money Micaela made would be divided among her children so that
they could create their own households.
• In a society that was dominated by patriarchs Micaela was able to withstand the
death of her husband to create a successful life for herself and a better future for
her children
– Most importantly, instead of granting the oldest or one particular child the
wealth to climb the social latter she gave all her children the opportunity to
become what they wanted

13. Beatriz De Padilla
• A mistress and a mother in 1650
– In the small town of Lagos in New Spain
– Beatriz has begun her life as a slave
• Her mother had been a slave before her
– Both Beatriz and her mother were granted freedom due to the
benevolence of their employer
• Beatriz was a housekeeper and mistress in the service of don Diego de las
Marinas, the mayor of Juchipila
– During her service to his household Beatriz would bear two children
• Beatriz was also involved with a priest named Diego Ortiz
– It was said that this as the man that she truly loved
– Beatriz would move outside of Lagos with Ortiz after the
commissioner allowed their relationship to become public
– After Ortiz’s death she would move back in with Marinas

14. Beatriz De Padilla
• The trial:
– Beatriz was accused of first poisoning the holy priest Ortiz who she had been living with
– In addition she was accused of then causing the mayor who invited her back in to his home to go
mad (supposedly with magic)
• The witnesses and family members who would testify would prove to be unreliable
– One witness a slave who Beatriz had been very harsh on would eventually prove to be
biased against the head of household
– Family members who didn’t approve of the colored, low status, woman being so favored
by the powerful men would also prove to have biases
– Eventually Beatriz would be proven not guilty
• The struggle that Beatriz endured was more about the inherent discrimination of low standing
peoples then any wrong doing on her part
• It was the power and affection that she had been given that made so many people angry
– While it was common to have concubines it was uncommon to give them power and
public affection