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PLANNING AND THE SELF-
ORGANIZATION OF MARKETPLACES
Alfonso Morales
R04544008 吳柏澍
Maxwell Street
Market
Margaret Meade, anthropologist
filming Maxwell street
沒有管理者,攤販共
存?
收到一封e-mail :
如果沒有市場管理者,攤
販自營的市場...可行嗎?
「自我組織」是一個規劃
選項嗎?
1973-1994 ,攤販自我管理
Maxwell Street 市場。
本文要點
• 規劃者/空間專業者應該將 自我治理 當成是一種政策工具選項。
• 從政府到治理,治理到參與,規劃理論認為「互動」能提升參與。
• 從實用主義借用互動概念。
• 從Maxwell Street Market的經驗中發現,多族裔的空間並不會影響自
我治理。
• 自我治理不是萬靈丹,作為治理工具的選項之一,能讓規劃者做其他
事情,例如:新商業活動從街頭開始,小企業到街店營業。
• 透過攤販自治的協同治理,能創造更多公共資源。
本文論證架構
➤ 規劃理論:治理與參與的文獻
從政府到治理:由上而下+由下而上的方法論
治理加入參與、社區參與:如何提高參與?
Jacobs,Sennett,Furg 日常生活之「互動」提高參與
➤ 從實用主義的觀點看攤販自我組織
實用主義互動理論:社會行動+設身處地角色扮演
達到治理目的:促進公益、培育小企業
➤ Case Study : Maxwell Street
分配攤位的方法:公司型+鑲嵌型+混合型
新來的如何加入?
所謂的Maxwell Street 傳統熱狗 Maxwell Street Blue
1870年 每天營業
1912年 市府派駐市場主
1974年 貪腐下台改自治
經歷大學開發,以及族群衝突:
猶太→非裔→墨裔→多族裔混合
早期芝加哥的中心,位在芝加哥的東南邊。
歷史悠久:100多年的歷史,歷經多次變遷
多族裔空間:猶太、非裔、義大利、希臘....
Maxwell Street Market
MAXWELL STREET MARKET 位在芝加哥城的東南邊
芝加哥MAXWELL STREET
MARKETPLACE
管理者
政策
時間 1912-1972 1973-1994 1995-now
金權市場 申請執照
First come, first serve
消費者管理處市場master 攤販自治
攤販自治分配攤位
自我治理
從「政府」到「治理」:參與
規劃目的是公益
規劃理論
規劃理論不處理互動?
求救 實用主義
「互動」促進參與
↓
↓
如何?透過互動
↓
修補問題
↓
互動理論
社會行動
設身處地
攤位分配
公司型 鑲嵌型
確保器材
“Tenure”
60%30%
新進者:學習攤位分配制度
朋友關係
放任政策產生自我治理
↓
混合型:複雜的互動網絡
從政府到治理
• 回顧市場管理歷史,20世紀以
前的市場都是自我管理。接著
,國家介入提供基礎設施、保
安、規劃經濟與商業活動。從
監控與官僚範型轉換:新的治
理型態與多目標的規劃
• 從政府到治理,由上而下到由
下而上:治理包含參與,是規
劃的長城目標:社區參與
......more?
• Jacobs 認為日常生活
的互動能提高參與,鄰
里就是自我治理的範型
• Sennett 認為混亂、衝
突、失序,可以誘發實
驗、創新,鼓勵互動能
創造自我治理
• 借用實用主義的互動理
論。
從治理到參與
實用主義的互動理論
• 規劃沒有互動理論,借用實用主義G.H.Mead 的互動理論
• 問題情境的異質興趣,透過設身處地與社會互動,考量他者差異的反
應。從情境互動,誘發串連他人,形成新的衝力impulse.
治理、國家中心、混合、自我治理:治理型態衍伸不同的治理策略,複數的政治
Impulse
Perception
Manipulation
Consummation
Delay
考量他者
差異反應
個人行動 社會行動
情境互動:問題情境
Impulse B 解決問題導向的互動
互動中解決衝突→自我治理的基礎
分配攤販空間:無紙化合約、社會關係
Tenure :轉租、租賃、繼承、買賣
保有多重關係多重確保攤位
公司型v.s鑲嵌關係型
其實,每個攤販都是混合型
市場master制度腐敗
因為市場仍然有利可圖
→需要有效分配的方式
治理範型轉換:
恐懼與卡里斯馬
新進者如何加入?
• Pancho,皮帶販售者
• 合法性並非由市府的執照授與,而是社會關係
• 驅趕中學會攤位分配制度
• 一邊維持關係,一邊尋找機會
• 繼承空間,也繼承社會關係,鄰攤關係超越族裔關係
• 攤位確保器具:未保證僅警示,深化鑲嵌,節省勞力並且感到安適
• 是商業行為,也是進一步鑲嵌
• 本研究反擊Umemoto and Suryanata:族裔化未必不利自我治理
• 複數政治:多目標的治理策略,攤販自治協同治理
• 攤販自治:最知道問題的人解決問題(實用主義)
• 節省管理:成本轉作培育、地方營造與加強硬體
• 市場領袖:成為公眾人物加強自我管理的合法性(理論實踐),管理
者也接受自我管理作為一種規劃治理的政策工具。
• 包容性的規劃治理:進一步深化由下而上治理,有很多天然盟友
結論

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攤販自我治理與Maxwell street market