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THE PATRONAGE
OF DIFFERENCE:
MAKING INDIAN
ART ‘ART, NOT
ETHNOLOGY’
報告人 R04544008 吳柏澍
贊助差異:讓印地安藝術,不只是民族學
1931 Exhibition of Indian Tribal Art
ART, NOT
ETHNOLOGY
1931年在紐約中央藝廊舉辦
印地安部落藝術展,贊助者
希望用「藝術」取代民族學
來看美國西南的印地安民族
的手作品:結合人類學分析
、國族與地區的「品味」。
印第安:投射美洲原真性
• 印第安:無異化、純真、「美洲
」、每件藝術品只有一件、土地
• 尋找美洲原真性:
一戰後,政治與經濟制霸的美國用藝
術強調國族與個人認同。隱憂是現代
主義取代地方特色,地方變得空洞
......
• 消費觀光主義的「威脅」
• 文化消費的品味劃界:工人與菁英
印地安藝術
• 20世紀人類學崛起
• 博物館與藝評家
• 收藏家與「贊助者」
• 大眾消費主義與觀光
• 印地安手作者
文化菁英 與 印地安人
• 印地安人普遍經濟狀況不佳,患有傳染病與營養不良等問題
• 文化菁英援助者:人類學家、考古學家、博物館家、藝評家
• 成立東岸印地安協會、新墨西哥印地安協會、人類學實驗室:
1. 改善印地安人經濟狀況,保存傳統文化
2. 阻擋「庸俗」大眾消費,破壞印地安(美洲)文化原真性
>>>部分菁英 仲介印第安藝術品給美國東岸收藏家
• 藝術與工藝品的界線,真的存在嗎?
保存派(博物館)與文化研究派(人類學)衝突。
白人文化菁英
印地安藝術家
東岸收藏家
「菁英」
白人勞工階級
「大眾」
陪
力
仲介買家,越過貿易代理
訓練品味
「紀念品消費」
×
新墨西哥博物館 Navajo人的家屋
• 1910 E. Hewett 等人保存原真的部落建築:
爭議——消費目的,還是保留Santa Fe的多元差異
• Anglo 培育 Indian 藝術 :搜集奇觀?
文化保存 >科學研究 >文學作品 >藝術品 >收藏家(商業)
• 衝突:文化(生活方式) or 藝術(價值)
白人專家、收藏家、專業機構衝突......印地安人在哪?
文化衝突:CHATAUQUA肖托誇
• 肖托誇:19世紀末20世紀初的成
人教育運動、夏季教學贏
「美國最美國的事務」
——羅斯福總統
• 美國研究院的Hewett 想引入聖塔
菲結合藝術家、藝術品販售
結合聯邦女性俱樂部
• M. Austin ,E. White,
M.Wheelwright , A. Kiddar 等贊助
者
反對,成功擋下
藝術,大家都同意
• 1930大蕭條剛結束,美國西部發展與好萊屋製片成本降低,迪士尼
化想像「印第安」觀光,商業化印地安符號對當地造成影響,印地
安人去工廠製作「印第安」紀念品改善家計
• 有錢婦女挪用印地安藝術品比起印第安族裔品更容易彰顯品味
• 贊助者用藝術產業改善印地安人生計,讓藝術品生產在後院手作坊
>>模糊公共與家庭經濟界線,維持傳統生活的方式。
• 贊助者的做法——印人藝術的雙向對接:
印地安迎合菁英品味↔︎培育潛在精英顧客
• 將Ishauu商店 改成 藝廊:確定藝術是手作品的核心價值
白人文化菁英
印地安藝術家
東岸收藏家
「菁英」
白人勞工階級
「大眾」
陪
力
仲介買家,越過貿易代理
訓練品味
「紀念品消費」
×
• 藝術品化的策略:
政府資助、人類學家、考古學家、收藏家與藝評家,包含眾多名人
例如洛克斐勒先生與胡佛總統
• 在House or Garden雜誌推廣:使用攝影術展示生活方式
• 不跟潮流← Indian藝術自有美學體系→寰宇主義的質、樸、純
• 系統性提升:
1. 展覽要破除民族學與藝術的界線,挑戰歐陸美學霸權。
2. 方法是用藝術家的名字:
如果是民族展,物件會被當成整體文化作者會被匿名,作者的現身讓藝術的
創作有跡可循。
好品味 V.S 集體OR個體原真
性
• 原真性遭到好品味挑戰:品味能被被教導
• 品味的形塑:Indian Fair 、藝術獎、博物
館認證護照、協會認證貼紙、族裔性程度
• 「贊助者」:
贊助者身兼藝評家、評審,本身的的偏好
與利益影響品味、影響印藝術家的名聲、
潛在收入還有藝術創作的「原真性」。
• 得獎=收入:
印藝術家彼此競爭、地方同質化
• 西班牙遺留獲得很少的關注
官方標準:箭、牛、雷鳥
結論:大眾消費真的是破壞嗎?
• Fair →Market
• 無法教育的品味,能在市場過程中
形成嗎?
• 中產消費者無法購買藝術精品,作
者認為品質就是原真性,市場網絡
比起個別的贊助者關係較能架構全
面的價值體系。
• 拒絕用原真性做階級劃界、中止階
級偏見、破除印地安人與白人勞工
的品味對立:解放印地安文化
• 大眾文化與部落文化早已互相滲透
The End
Thank you
白人勞工階級
白人文化菁英
印地安藝術家
白人文化菁英

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贊助差異:讓印地安藝術,不只是民族學