PPT for Energy Transformation..Hope it helps

1. Unit 6:
Energy Transformation

2. What is Energy?
• Definition:
the capacity to do work
• Work
Moving matter against an opposing force

3. Potential Energy
Energy that results from the location or position
of an object.

4. Kinetic Energy
Energy of moving objects.

5. Organisms and machines need energy
to grow.

6. Chemical potential energy is stored in
chemical bonds.

7. The activities of living organisms are fueled by
breaking chemical bonds in food and harnessing
the released energy.

8. Which answer is an example of
potential energy?
a) Heat from a fire
b) Sledding down a hill
c) A candy bar
d) Walking to your car

9. Thermodynamics
The study of the transformation of energy from
one type to another.

10. First Law of Thermodynamics
Energy can not be created or destroyed.
It can only change from one form to another.

11. Second Law of Thermodynamics
Every conversion of
energy includes the
transformation of
some energy into
heat.
 Heat is almost
completely useless to
living organisms.

12. Energy Flow and Trophic Levels

16. Photosynthesis
Why is it so
important?

17. • Makes organic molecules (glucose) out of
inorganic materials (carbon dioxide and
water.)
• It begins all food chains/ food webs. Thus, all
life is supported by this process.
• It also makes oxygen gas!!!
– (which animals breathe!)

18. The word photosynthesis
comes from the Greek
language:
 ‘photo’ means ‘light’
 ‘synthesis’ means
‘putting together’

19. Using light energy, the
carbon and oxygen from
atmospheric carbon
dioxide, and the hydrogen
from water absorbed
from the environment, is
combined to make sugar.
Oxygen gas is released as
a by-product.

20. • Food is used by ALL
organism.
• During cellular
respiration (a series of
reactions) the energy in
the sugar is released in
a form that organisms
can use.

21. Producers
• What kind of organisms
can produce their own
food?
• organisms that
photosynthesize, make
their own food.
—
They are called
PHOTOAUTOTROPHS
 Photo – light
 Auto – self
Troph – feed

22. Consumers
• Organisms that cannot
make their own food. 
Called heterotrophs
must eat to get their
energy.
• Hetero – other
• Troph – feed
• Other than plants, most
organisms including all
animals and fungi, are
heterotrophs.

23. • What is the original source of food for almost
all heterotrophs?

24. Where does the mass of an autotroph
come from?
• Where does a plant’s mass come from?
•
• In 1634, agents of the Spanish Inquisition arrested Jan Baptist van Helmont for the crime of
studying plants and other phenomena. While under house arrest, he started to consider how
plants grew. The prevailing theory at the time was that plants grew by eating soil, and van
Helmont devised a clever investigation to test this idea.
•
• This is an excerpt from van Helmont’s diary:
•
• “I took an earthenware pot in which I put 200 pounds of earth that had dried in a furnace. I
moistened it with rainwater and implanted in it a trunk of a willow tree weighing 5 pounds. I
planted it in the garden and covered the earth with an iron lid punched with many holes to allow
rainwater in.
•
• At length, after 5 years, the tree did weigh 169 pounds and 3 ounces. I again dried the earth in
the vessel and found it weighed almost 200 pounds (less about 2 ounces). Therefore 164 pounds
of wood, bark and roots arose out of water only.”
•
• What was the change in mass of the tree? ________________
• What was the change in mass of the soil? ________________
• What did van Helmont conclude from his experiment?
_______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________
• Do you agree with his conclusion? ________________
• What other explanations could there be for the results he found?
• I agree with van Helmont. Only the water could have made this much difference.
• _______________________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________________
__________
• But I think that plants make their food from sunlight
• 1.
•
• 2.
•
• Some of the tree may have grown from minerals in the soil.
• van Helmont may not have known about the gases in the air.
• 4.
• 3.
• Which student do you agree with?
__________________________________________________

25. We know that the food that plants make from
photosynthesis are called CARBOHYDRATES.
• If we look at the word.......CARBOHYDRATE... We
can tell quite a lot about it..
• Carbohydrates contain the atoms CARBON,
HYDROGEN, and OXYGEN
• So, which part of the word means that it contains
carbon?
• And which part of the word means that it
contains hydrogen?
• Now, can you suggest what the letters ATE mean
when placed on the end of a chemical name?

26. • The diagram below is a chemical picture of one carbohydrate.
Count how many carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms this
chemical has...
• Carbon _____
• Hydrogen ____
• Oxygen ______

27. • Glucose is a carbohydrate – it is a simple sugar
and you are probably very familiar with its
taste if you have eaten or drunk any of the
products here.

28. How do plants make carbohydrates?
• Now.. if you were a plant and you had to
make this carbohydrate what atoms are you
going to need and where could you get them
from?
• If we had some carbon dioxide, could we
make carbohydrates from it?

29. How do plants make carbohydrates?
• What element would still be missing?
• If we had some water as well as the carbon
dioxide, what extra
atom could this
supply?

30. • OK – suppose we have the carbon dioxide and
some water – we would need to split the
water up to release the hydrogen from it.
• The process of splitting water into hydrogen
and oxygen is very difficult.
• However - with the help of sunlight energy
plants can split the water and use the
hydrogen to put with the carbon and oxygen
from our carbon dioxide.

31. • When light energy is used to split water, there
is a product left over that is not needed. What
is this product?
• You may have come across this idea before – it
seems that photosynthesis results in the
production of carbohydrates and also releases
oxygen into the air – which is a good thing for
us as we will see later.

32. • We know that plants use sunlight energy to
split water (H2O) into hydrogen and oxygen.
• The hydrogen is added to the carbon dioxide
(CO2) to make CARBOHYDRATES such as
glucose.
• The oxygen produced from this splitting of
water is released into our atmosphere.
• We summarize this using a chemical equation:
CO2 + H2O + light C6H12O6 + O2
energy

33. What does synthesis mean?
A. Light
B. Sugar
C. Make
D. Feed

34. In plants, light is used to:
A. Make energy
B. Make sugar
C. Make carbon dioxide
D. Make water

35. The carbon used by the plants to
make the sugar is from:
A.Food
B.The air
C.Water
D.Animals

36. The chemical formula for glucose is
C6H12O6. Plants are made primarily of glucose in
the form of starch and cellulose. Therefore, one
could say that most of the plant’s mass comes
from:
A. The air
B. Water
C. The ground
D.The sun

37. A. Animals
B. Plants
In which of the following groups are there no
photoautotrophs?

38. Photosynthesis takes place in
chloroplasts

39. • The green color of chloroplasts comes from
the green pigment they contain, called
chlorophyll

40. • When chlorophyll is hit by photons of certain
wavelengths, the light energy bumps an
electron in the chlorophyll molecule to a
higher energy level, an excited state.

41. • Upon absorbing the photon, the
electron briefly gains energy, and the
potential energy in the chlorophyll
molecule increases.

42. Let’s Review
1. What type of organisms can
photosynthesize?
2. In which organelle of the cell does
photosynthesis take place?
3. What do the cells need in order to carryout
photosynthesis?
4. Where do they get each of these materials
from?

43. Suppose a large meteor hit the earth.
How could smoke and soot in the atmosphere
wipe out life far beyond the area of direct
impact?

44. • Scientists believe that if a large meteor hit the
earth smoke, soot, and dust in the
atmosphere could block sunlight to such an
extent that plants in the region, or even
possibly all of the plants on earth, could not
conduct photosynthesis at high enough levels
to survive.

45. • As dire as it sounds, all life on earth is
completely dependent on the continued
excitation of electrons by sunlight.

46. How do cells directly fuel their
chemical reactions?
• None of the light energy from the sun can be
used directly to fuel cellular work.
• First it must be captured in the bonds of a
molecule called adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

48. Adenosine Triphosphate
 Pop off the third phosphate group
* ATP ADP + Phosphate group + energy
release
 Release a little burst of energy!
Use this energy to drive chemical reactions
necessary for cellular functioning.
Building muscle tissue
Repairing a wound
Growing roots

49. Take-home message
Cells temporarily store energy in the bonds of
ATP molecules.
 This potential energy can be converted to
kinetic energy and used to fuel life-sustaining
chemical reactions.
 At other times, inputs of kinetic energy can
be converted to the potential energy of the
energy- rich but unstable bonds in the ATP
molecule.

50. Two Stages of Photosynthesis
1. Light-dependent reactions (“PHOTO”
reactions) capture the energy of light and use it
to make high-energy molecules
2. Light-independent reactions (Calvin- Benson
Cycle, and formerly known as the Dark
Reactions, “SYNTHESIS” reactions) use the high-
energy molecules to capture carbon dioxide
(CO2) and make glucose.

52. Light Reactions
1. Light energy is captured by pigments like
chlorophyll.
2. The energy is transferred to electrons and
hydrogen ions produced by the splitting of
water.
3. The energy of these electrons and ions is
transferred into chemicals – NADPH and ATP.
4. Oxygen is a waste product.

53. Which of the following is a by-product
of photosynthesis?
A.Sugar
B.Oxygen
C.Carbon dioxide
D.Water

54. Light is necessary in photosynthesis
to?
A.Split water and release
electrons
B.Produce water
C.Make food
D.Get rid of carbon dioxide

55. What are the three necessary
materials for photosynthesis?
A. Sugar, oxygen and light.
B. Carbon dioxide, water and light.
C. Plants, carbon dioxide and light.
D. Carbon dioxide, oxygen and
sugar.

56. • Products from the “Photo” Portion
ATP and NADPH
• Time for the “synthesis” part!

57. Calvin-Benson Cycle
1. The high energy chemicals (NADPH and ATP)
made in the light reaction are used to
synthesize more complex chemicals.
2. Carbon dioxide is gathered from the air and
used to build molecules of glucose.
3. This glucose can then be used as food by the
photosynthesizer.

59. The materials required for the Calvin
Benson cycle to function are
A. Water and electrons
B. Sugar
C. Carbon dioxide, and chemicals
from the light reaction.
D. Oxygen from the light reaction
and carbon dioxide

60. The end product of the Calvin Benson
cycle is:
A.Carbon dioxide
B.Electrons
C.Oxygen
D.Sugar

61. CELLULAR RESPIRATION
• Animals obtain their energy from the food
they eat, but plants can make their own food
by photosynthesis.
• In both cases, however, energy must first be
converted into a form that can easily be used
by cells.
• This process is called cellular respiration.

62. Cellular Respiration
• Requires (1) fuel and (2) oxygen.
Potential energy stored in chemical bonds of
sugar, protein, and fat molecules.
• Breaks bonds to release the high-energy
electrons captured in ATP.

63. A Human Example
 Eat food
 Digest it
 Absorb nutrient molecules into bloodstream
 Deliver nutrient molecules to the cells
At this point, our cells can begin to extract some of
the energy stored in the bonds of the molecules
from the food we eat.

64. Where does cellular respiration occur?
• Recall that the mitochondria is considered to
be the “powerhouse” of the cell because it
produces the majority of a cell’s ATP.

65. WHAT IS CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
• Cellular respiration is the process of releasing
energy through the oxidation of glucose
molecules.
Chemical equation for cellular respiration:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

66. HOW IS ENERGY USED?
• The chemical energy produced by respiration,
ATP, is used by cells to undertake work.
Where might ATP be used?
 movement – enabling muscles to contract
 thermoregulation in mammals and birds
 biosynthesis – building new molecules, cells and
tissues
 active transport – moving molecules against a
concentration gradient.

67. Energy Is Created During Internal Respiration
True
False

68. • Overall, cellular respiration is a process that is
aerobic. Aerobic means that it requires the
presence of oxygen.
• Some steps within the process of cellular
respiration do not require the presence of
oxygen and are therefore anaerobic.

70. Lactic acid
• The body builds up an oxygen debt – this is
repaid by continuing to breathe heavily for a
period after exercise ceases.
• As more oxygen becomes available, it reacts
with the lactic acid to form harmless
substances.
• The rate at which lactic acid is removed can be
increased by performing a cool-down at the
end of a session.

71. Cells can run on protein and fat as well
as on glucose.

72. In what organelle does cellular respiration take
place?
A. Nucleus
B. Lysosome
C. Ribosome
D. Mitochondrion