Risk Assessment For Installation of Drainage Pipes.pdf
AWS A5.18 A5.18M-2021.pdf
1. AWS A5.18/A5.18M:2021
An American National Standard
Specification for
Carbon Steel
Electrodes and
Rods for Gas
Shielded Arc
Welding
0 ""'erican National
19)
2. AWS A5.18/A5.18M:2021
An American National Standard
Approved by the
American National Standards Institute
June 1, 2021
Specification for
Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods
for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
8th Edition
Revises AWS A5.18/A5.18M:2017
Prepared by the
American Welding Society (AWS) AS Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials
Abstract
Under the Direction of the
AWS Technical Activities Committee
Approved by the
AWS Board of Directors
This specification prescribes the requirements for classification of carbon steel electrodes and rods, including solid,
composite stranded, and composite metal cored electrodes for gas shielded arc welding. Classification is based on chemical
composition of the electrode for solid electrodes and rods, chemical composition of weld metal for composite stranded
and composite metal cored electrodes and rods, and the as-welded mechanical properties of the weld metal for each.
Additional requirements are included for usability, manufacturing, diameters, lengths, and packaging. A guide is
appended to the specification as a source of information concerning the classification system employed and the intended
use of the electrodes and rods.
This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). Since these units
are not equivalent, each system must be used independently of the other.
~American Welding Society®
4. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards
All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American
Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the
American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or
made part of, documents thatare included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental
bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards
must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws
and regulations. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes
the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS
standard must be by agreement between the contracting parties.
AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings
together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process
and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or
verify the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in its standards.
AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or to property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether
special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, or reliance
on this standard. AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy orcompleteness ofany information published
herein.
In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or
on behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone
else. Anyone using these documents should rely on his or her own independent judgment or, as appropriate, seek the
advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is
assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions is entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel.
This standard may be revised, corrected through publication of amendments or errata, or supplemented by publication of
addenda. Information on the latest editions of AWS standards including amendments, errata, and addenda is posted on
the AWS web page (www.aws.org). Users should ensure that they have the latest edition, amendments, errata, and
addenda.
Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent or trade name. Users of this standard accept
any and all liabilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement of
any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard.
AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.
Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request,
in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society,
Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, 8669 NW 36 St, # 1 30, Miami, FL 33166 (see Annex B). With
regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may be rendered. These
opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such
opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak on
behalfof AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or interpretations of AWS. In addition,
oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.
This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials. It must
be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be either reaffirmed or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations,
additions, or deletions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are requested and should be
addressed to AWS Headquarters. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS AS Committee on Filler
Metals and Allied Materials and the author ofthe comments will be informed ofthe Committee's response to the comments.
Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials to express
their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the
Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American
Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 1 30, Miami, FL 33166.
lll
5. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
This page is intentionally blank.
IV
6. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Personnel
AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials
T. Melfi, Chair
R. V. Decker, Vice Chair
M. F. Sinfield, 2nd Vice Chair
R. K. Gupta, Secretary
T. Anderson
A. Boulianne
J. C. Bundy
J. L. Caron
G. L. Chouinard
T. J. Eckardt
D. A. Fink
R. J. Fox
R. D. Fuchs
M. James
S. D. Kiser
P. J. Konkol
D. J. Kotecki
L. G. Kvidahl
J. S. Lee
C. McEvoy
M. T. Merlo
B. Mosier
T. C. Myers
B. A. Pletcher
K. Roossinck
K. Sampath
J. D. Schaefer
F. A. Schweighardt
W. S. Severance
D. Singh
R. C. Sutherlin
H. D. Wehr
J. Zhang
The Lincoln Electric Company
Weldstar
Naval Surface War
f
are Center
American Welding Society
ITW-Miller Electric Manu
f
acturing Company
CWB Group
Hobart Brothers LLC
Haynes International, Incorporated
Stoody Company (a division ofESAB)
Kief
ner andAssociates
The Lincoln Electric Company
Hobart Brothers LLC
Voestalpine Bohler Welding USA, Incorporated
The Lincoln Electric Company
Consultant
Concurrent Technologies Corporation
Damian Kotecki Welding Consultants
Ingalls Shipbuilding
Chevron
Consultant
Consultant
Polymet Corporation
Westec
Bechtel Global Corporation
Ingalls Shipbuilding
Consultant
Aqua-Chem
Airgas
The Lincoln Electric Company
Baker Hughes
Richard Sutherlin PE Consulting LLC
Arcos Industries
Ohmstede, Limited
Advisors to AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials
D. M. Fedor
J. G. Feldstein
S. Ferree
G. L. Franke
S. Imaoka
S.J. Knostman
v
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
Consultant
Kobe Steel Limited
Hobart Brothers LLC
7. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
AWS ASO Subcommittee on Carbon and
Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
J. C. Bundy, Chair
M. T. Merlo, Vice Chair
R. K. Gupta, Secretary
R. V. Decker
R. J. Fox
P. J. Konkol
D. J. Kotecki
T. C. Myers
V. B. Rajan
K. Sampath
J. Schaeffer
R. D. Strugar
Hobart Brothers LLC
Consultant
American Welding Society
Weldstar
Hobart Brothers LLC
Concurrent Technologies Corporation
Damian Kotecki Welding Consultants
Lutech Resources
The Lincoln Electric Company
Consultant
The Lincoln Electric Company
Bechtel Plant Machinery, Incorporated
Advisors to the AWS ASO Subcommittee on Carbon and
Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
D. A. Fink
K. W. Gerhart
A. P. Gerlich
S. Imaoka
B. L. Kahut
M. P. Parekh
D. A. Wright
VI
The Lincoln Electric Company
Gestamp
University ofWaterloo
Kobe Steel Ltd.
Select-Arc
Consultant
Consultant
8. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Foreword
This foreword is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
This document makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). The measurements
are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other without combining values in
any way. In selecting rational metric units, AWS A l .I, Metric Practice Guidefor the Welding Industry, is used where
suitable. Tables and figures make use of both U.S. Customary and SI Units which, with the application of the specified
tolerances, provide for interchangeability of products in both U.S. Customary and SI Units.
The current document is the seventh revision ofthe initial joint ASTM/AWS document issued in 1 965.
This 2021 edition includes the following substantive changes, shown in italic font in this document.
(1) The amperage, voltage, and travel speed requirementsfor testing solid electrodes have been replaced by a heat
input requirement, and these are also applied to composite and metal cored electrodes.
(2) Allow the techniques ofcomputed radiography or digital radiography to be used on welds in place offilm radiog
raphy although still in conjunction with ASTM E1032.
(3) The addition of optional supplemental designators to indicate ranges ofshielding gases for which an electrode
meets the requirementsfor classification, including any optional, supplemental designators.
(4) The addition ofan optional supplemental designator to indicate that an ER70S-6 electrode or R70S-6 rod meets
the chemical composition requirements ofASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX "A-No. 1."
Document Development
The evolution took place as below:
AWS A5. 1 8-65T
ASTM A559-65T
AWS AS. 18-69
ANSI W3. 1 8-1973
AWS AS.1 8-79
AWS AS. 18-93
T
entative Specificationfor Mild Steel Electrodesfor Gas Metal Arc W
elding
Specificationfor Mild Steel Electrodesfor Gas Metal Arc W
elding
Specificationf
or Carbon Steel Filler Metalsfor Gas Shielded Arc Welding
Specificationfor Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rodsfor Gas Shielded Arc Welding
AWS A5. l 8/A5. l 8M:2001 Specificationfor Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rodsfor Gas ShieldedArc Welding
AWS A5.18/A5. 18M:2005 Specificationfor Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rodsfor Gas ShieldedArc Welding
AWS A5. l 8/A5. l 8M:2017 Specificationfor Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rodsfor Gas ShieldedArc Welding
The user's attention is called to the possibility that compliance with this standard may require use of an invention covered
by patent rights. By publication of this standard, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any such claim(s) or
of any patent rights in connection therewith. If a patent holder has filed a statement of willingness to grant a license
under these rights on reasonable and nondiscriminatory terms and conditions to applicants desiring to obtain such a
license, then details may be obtained from the standards developer.
Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,
AWS AS Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials, American Welding Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 1 30, Miami,
FL 33 1 66.
All errata to a standard shall be published in the Welding Journal and posted on the AWS website.
Vil
9. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
This page is intentionally blank.
Vlll
11. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
List of Tables
Table Page No.
Chemical Composition Requirements for Solid Electrodes and Rods ........................................................ 1 1
2 Chemical Composition Requirements for Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes ................................... 12
3 Required Tests . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3
4 Mechanical Property Requirements for GMAW and GTAW Tests ............................................................. 14
5 Base Metal for Test Assemblies................................................................................................................... 1 5
6 GMAW Groove Weld Assembly Test Conditions.............. .......................................................................... 1 5
7 GTAW Groove Weld Assembly Test Conditions ......................................................................................... 1 6
8 Diffusible Hydrogen Limits for Weld Metal................................................................................................ 1 6
9 Shielding Gas Requirementsfor Oxygen Equivalent Gas Range Designator ............................................. 1 7
List of Figures
Figure Page No.
A5. 18/A5.18M Classification System.......................................................................................................... 1 8
2 Groove Weld Test Assembly for Mechanical Properties and Soundness of Weld Metal ............................ 19
3 Weld Test Assembly for Transverse Tension and Longitudinal Guided Bend Tests ................................... 20
4 Pad for Chemical Analysis of Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes...................................................... 21
5 Radiographic Acceptance Standards............................................................................................................22
x
12. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes
and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
1. Scope
1.1 This specification prescribes requirements forthe classification of carbon steel electrodes and rods (solid, composite
stranded, and composite metal cored) for gas metal arc (GMAW), gas tungsten arc (GTAW), and plasma arc (PAW)
welding. Rod is understood to include both cut lengths and spooled wires for GTAW or PAW.
1.2 This specification makes use of both U.S. Customary Units and the International System of Units (SI). The measurements
are not exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without combining in any way
when referring to weld metal properties. The specification with the designation AS. 1 8 uses U.S. Customary Units. The
specification AS. l SM uses SI Units. The SI Units are shown within brackets [ ] or in appropriate columns in tables and
figures. Standard dimensions based on either system may be used for the sizing of electrodes or packaging or both under
the AS. 1 8 or AS.ISM specifications.
1.3 Safety and health issues and concerns are beyond the scope of this standard; some safety and health information is
provided, but such issues are not fully addressed herein. Some safety and health information can be found in the non
mandatory Annex Clauses AS and AlO.
Safety and Health information is available from the following sources:
American Welding Society:
( 1 ) ANSI Z49. l , Saf
ety in W
elding, Cutting, andAllied Processes
(2) AWS Safety and Health Fact Sheets
(3) Other safety and health information on the AWS website
Material or Equipment Manufacturers:
( 1 ) Safety Data Sheets supplied by materials manufacturers
(2) Operating Manuals supplied by equipment manufacturers
Applicable Regulatory Agencies
Work performed in accordance with this standard may involve the use of materials that have been deemed hazardous and
may involve operations or equipment that may cause injury or death. This standard does not purport to address all safety
and health risks that may be encountered. The user of this standard should establish an appropriate safety program to
address such risks as well as to meet applicable regulatory requirements. ANSI Z49.l should be considered when developing
the safety program.
2. Normative References
The documents listed below are referenced within this publication and are mandatory to the extent specified herein.
Unless otherwise defined in this document, welding terms are as defined in AWS A3.0M/A3.0. For undated references,
the latest edition of the referenced standard shall apply. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of
any of these publications do not apply.
13. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
American Welding Society (AWS) documents:
AWS A3.0M/A3.0, Standard W
elding T
erms and De
finitions, Including T
erms f
or Adhesive Bonding, Brazing,
Soldering, Thermal Cutting, and Thermal Spraying
AWS A4.3-ADD1 , Standard Methodsfor Determination ofthe Diffusible Hydrogen Content ofMartensitic, Bainitic,
and Ferritic Steel W
eld Metal Produced by Arc W
elding
AWS A5.01M/A5.0l (ISO 14344 MOD), W
elding Consumables-Procurement ofFiller Metals and Fluxes
AWS A5.02/A5.02M, Specificationf
or Filler Metal Standard Sizes, Packaging, and Physical Attributes
AWS A5.32M/A5.32 (ISO 14175 MOD), W
elding Consumables-Gases and Gas Mixtures for Fusion W
elding and
Allied Processes
AWS B4.0, Standard Methodsfor Mechanical Testing ofWelds
ASTM International (ASTM) documents:
ASTM A36/A36M, Standard Specificationf
or Carbon Structural Steel
ASTM A285/A285M, Standard Specificationfor Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, Low- and Intermediate-T
ensile
Strength
ASTM A5 15/A5 15M, Standard Specificationfor Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, f
or Intermediate- and Higher
T
emperature Service
ASTM A5 1 6/A5 16M, Standard Specification for Pressure Vessel Plates, Carbon Steel, for Moderate- and Lower
T
emperature Service
ASTM E29, Standard Practicefor Using Significant Digits in T
est Data to Determine Conf
ormance with Specifications
ASTM E350, Standard T
est Methods for Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel, Low-Alloy Steel, Silicon Electrical
Steel, Ingot Iron, and Wrought Iron
ASTM El032, Standard Practicefor Radiographic Examination of W
eldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
ASTM E2033, Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination Using Computed Radiography (Photostimulable
Luminescence Method)
ASTM E2698, Standard Practicefor Radiographic Examination Using Digital Detector Arrays
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) document:
ANSI Z49. l , Sa
fety in Welding, Cutting, andAllied Processes
International Organization for Standardization (ISO) documents:
ISO 15792-1:2020, W
elding Consumables - T
est Methods - PartI: T
est Methodsf
orAll-W
eldMetal T
est Specifications
in Steel, Nickel and Nickel-Alloys
ISO 80000-1 :2009, Quantities and Units - Part 1: General. Corrected by ISO 80000-1:2009/Cor 1:2011
3. Classification
3.1 Solid Electrodes
3.1.1 The solid electrodes and rods covered by the A5. 1 8 specification utilize a classification system based upon U.S.
Customary Units and are classified according to the chemical composition of the electrode or rod as specified in Table 1
and according to the as-welded mechanical properties of the weld metal as specified in Table 4. The solid electrodes and
rods covered by the A5. 1 8M specification utilize a classification system based upon the International System of Units
(SI) and are classified according to the chemical composition ofthe electrode or rod as specified in Table 1 and according
to the as-welded mechanical properties of the weld metal as specified in Table 4. The GMAW test assembly in Figure 2,
using C02 shielding gas, is required and sufficient to classify products offered as an electrode or an electrode and rod.
2
14. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
The GTAW test assembly in Figure 2, using argon shielding gas, is required for products offered as a rod only. The
GTAW test assembly may be requested in addition to the GMAW test assembly as an option and as agreed upon between
the purchaser and supplier.
3.2 Composite Metal Cored and Composite Stranded Electrodes
3.2.1 The composite metal cored and stranded electrodes and rods covered by the AS. l S specification utilize a classi
fication system based upon U.S. Customary Units and are classified according to the chemical composition of weld
metal as specified in Table 2 and according to the as-welded mechanical properties of the weld metal as specified in
Table 4. The composite metal cored and stranded electrodes and rods covered by the AS.ISM specification utilize a
classification system based upon the International System of Units (SI) and are classified according to the chemical
composition of weld metal as specified in Table 2 and according to the as-welded mechanical properties of the weld
metal as specified in Table 4. The GMAW test assembly in Figure 2, using the shielding gas specified in Table 4, is
required to classify products offered as an electrode. The GTAW test assembly in Figure 2, using argon shielding gas, is
required for products offered as a rod. Both test assemblies are required to classify composite metal cored and stranded
filler metals as both an electrode and a rod (ERC-XX).
3.3 Electrodes and rods classified under one classification shall not be classified under any other classification in this
specification, with the following two exceptions for composite stranded or composite metal cored electrodes. Electrodes
classified as E70C-XC [E49C-XC] may also be classified as E70C-XM [E49C-XM] and electrodes classified as E70C-6X
[E49C-6X] may also be classified as an E70C-I2X [E49C-I2X], or vice versa, provided the product meets all requirements
for both classifications. Electrodes may be classified under AS.IS using U.S. Customary Units or under AS.ISM using
the International System of Units (SI), or they may be classified under both systems. Electrodes classified under either
classification system must meet all requirements for classification under that system.
3.4 The welding electrodes and rods classified under this specification are intendedfor gas shielded arc welding, but that
is not to prohibit their use with any other process (or any other shielding gas, or combination of shielding gases) for
which they are found suitable. See Clauses 15.2 andA8.4f
or in
formation on optional shielding gas range designators.
4. Acceptance
Acceptance of the electrodes and rods shall be in accordance with the provisions of AWS AS.OIM/AS.OI and the tests
and requirements of this specification. See Clause A3 for further information concerning acceptance, testing of the material
shipped, and AWS AS.OIM/AS.01 .
5. Certification
By affixing the AWS specification and classification designations to the packaging or the classification to the product,
the manufacturer certifies that the productmeetsthe requirements of this specification. See Clause A4 for further information
concerning certification and the testing called for to meet this requirement.
6. Rounding Procedure
For purposes of determining compliance with the requirements of this standard, the actual test values obtained shall be
subjected to the rounding rules of ASTM E29 or Rule A in Clause B.3 of ISO SOOOO-I (the results are the same). If the
measured values are obtained by equipment calibrated in units other than those of the specified limit, the measured
values shall be converted to the units of the specified limit before rounding. If an average value is to be compared to the
specified limit, rounding shall be done only after calculating the average. An observed or calculated value shall be
rounded to the nearest 1 000 psi ( 1 ksi) for tensile and yield strength for the U.S. Customary Unit standard and to the
nearest IO MPa for tensile and yield strength for the SI unit standard, and to the nearest unit in the last right-hand place
of figures used in expressing the limiting values for other quantities. The rounded results shall fulfill the requirements for
the classification under test.
3
15. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
7. Summary of Tests
7.1 Thetests required for each classification are specified in Table 3. The purpose ofthese tests is to determine the chemical
composition of the solid filler metal or the chemical composition of the weld metal for composite filler metal, as well as
the mechanical properties, and soundness of the weld metal. The base metal for the weld test assemblies, the welding
and testing procedures to be employed, and the results required are given in Clauses 9 through 14.
7.2 The optional test for diffusible hydrogen in Clause 1 5 . 1 , Diffusible Hydrogen Test, is not required for classification
(see Table 3, note e).
7.3 The optional tests for an oxygen equivalent gas range supplemental designator are not requiredf
or classification,
but may be used to indicate that the electrode being classified meets the same classification requirements, including any
optional supplemental designators when tested with other shielding gases. See Clause 15.2 and T
able 3, note f
8. Retest
If the results of any test fail to meet the requirement, that test shall be repeated twice. The results of both retests shall
meet the requirement. Specimens for retest may be taken from the original test assembly or sample or from one or two
new test assemblies or samples. For chemical analysis, retest need be only for those specific elements that failed to meet
their requirement. Ifthe results of one or both retests fail to meet the requirement, the material under test shall be considered
as not meeting the requirements of this specification for that classification.
In the event that during preparation or after completion of any test it is clearly determined that prescribed or proper
procedures were not followed in preparing the weld test assembly or test specimens or in conducting the test, the test
shall be considered invalid without regard to whether the test was actually completed or whether the test results met or
failed to meet the requirement. That test shall be repeated, following proper prescribed procedures. In that case, the
requirement for doubling the number of test specimens does not apply.
9. Weld Test Assemblies
9.1 At least one weld test assembly is required and two may be required (depending on the electrode-solid as opposed
to composite-and the manner in which the sample for chemical analysis is taken), as specified in Table 3. They are:
( 1 ) The GMAW weld test assembly in Figure 2 for mechanical properties and soundness of the weld metal for both
composite and solid electrodes, the GTAW weld test assembly in Figure 2 for mechanical properties and soundness of
the weld metal for both composite and solid electrodes, or the weld test assembly in Figure 3 for mechanical properties
of the single-pass electrode classification E70C-GSX [E49C-GSX].
(2) The weld pad in Figure 4 for chemical analysis of the weld metal from composite stranded and composite metal
cored electrodes.
The sample for chemical analysis of weld metal from composite electrodes may be taken from the reduced section of the
fractured all-weld-metal tension test specimen or from the corresponding location (or any location above it) in the weld
test assembly in Figure 2, thereby avoiding the need to make a weld pad. In case of dispute, this sample from the groove
weld in Figure 2 (including the tension specimen) shall be the referee method.
Chemical analysis of weld metal from composite stranded and composite metal cored electrodes designated for single
pass applications should not be obtained from the weld test assembly shown in Figure 3 due to the high amount of base
metal dilution.
9.2 Preparation of each weld test assembly shall be as prescribed in Clauses 9.3 and 9.4. The base metal for each assem
bly shall be as required in Table 5 and shall meet the requirements of the ASTM specification shown there or an equiva
lent specification. Testing of the weld test assembly shall be as prescribed in Clauses 10 through 14.
4
16. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
9.3 Weld Pad. A weld pad shall be prepared using composite stranded and composite metal cored electrodes as shown in
Figure 4, except when, as permitted in Clause 9. 1 , the sample for analysis is taken from the weld test assembly (Figure
2) or the fractured all-weld-metal tension test specimen. Base metal of any convenient size that will satisfy the minimum
requirements of Figure 4 and is of a type specified in Table 5, shall be used as the base for the weld pad. The surface of
the base metal on which the filler metal is deposited shall be clean. The pad shall be welded in the flat position using test
conditions as specified in Table 6. Multiple layers shall be deposited to obtain undiluted weld metal (4 layers minimum
thickness). The electrode size shall be 0.045 in or 1/16 in [ 1 .2 mm or l .6mm] (or the size that the manufacturer produces
that is closest to one of these, if these sizes are not produced). The preheat temperature shall not be less than 60°F [15°C]
and the interpass temperature shall not exceed 325°F [ 1 65°C]. Any slag shall be removed after each pass. The pad may
be quenched in water between passes (temperature of the water not specified). The dimensions of the completed pad
shall be as shown in Figure 4. Testing of this assembly shall be as specified in Clauses 10.2 and 10.3. The results shall
meet the requirements of Clause 10.4.
9.4 Groove Weld
9.4.1 For Multiple Pass Classifications. For all classifications except E70C-GS(X) [E49C-GS(X)], a GMAW and/or
GTAW test assembly shall be prepared and welded as specified in Figure 2 and Table 6 or 7, using base metal of the
appropriate type specified in Table 5.
The electrode diameter used for the GMAW test assembly shall be 0.045 in or 1/1 6 in [ 1 .2 mm or 1 .6 mm] (or the
diameter the manufacturer produces that is closest to one of these, if these diameters are not produced) and welded as
specified in Table 6. Welding shall use a constant voltage welding process on direct current, electrode positive polarity
with spray or globular trans
fer except E70C-8X [E49C-8X] shall be welded using direct current, electrode negative
polarity. The heat inputperpass range in T
able 6 must befollowedfor all electrode classifications.
The rod diameter used for the GTAW test assembly shall be 3/32 in or 1/8 in [2.4 mm or 3.2 mm] (or the diameter the
manufacturer produces that is closest to one of these, if these diameters are not produced).The GTAW test assembly shall
be prepared and welded, when required in Clauses 3 . 1 or 3.2 as specified in Figure 2 and Table 7.
Welding shall be in the flat position, and the weld test assembly shall be restrained or preset during welding to prevent
warpage in excess of 5°. A completed weld assembly that is more than 5° out of plane shall be discarded. Test assemblies
shall not be straightened.
The weld test test assembly shall be tack welded at room temperature and welding shall begin at that temperature (60°F
[ 15°C] minimum). Welding shall continue until the weld test assembly has reached a maximum interpass temperature of
325°F [1 65°C], measured by temperature indicating crayons or surface thermometers at the location shown in Figure 2.
For the remainder ofthe weld, a minimum preheat temperature of 275°F [ 135°C] and maximum interpass temperature of
325°F [165°C] shall be maintained. Should it be necessary to interrupt welding, the weld test assembly shall be allowed
to cool in still air at room temperature. The weld test assembly shall be preheated to a temperature of 300°F ± 25°F
[ 1 50°C ± 15°C] before welding is resumed.
When welding has been completed and the weld test assembly has cooled in still air at room temperature, the weld test
assembly shall be prepared and tested as specified in Clauses 1 1, Radiographic Test; 12, Tension Test; and 14, Impact
Test. All testing will be performed in the as-welded condition except for the optional aging specified in Clause 12. 1 . 1 .
9.4.2 For Single-Pass Classification. For the single-pass electrode classification E70C-GSX [E49C-GSX] a weld
test assembly, using base metal as specified in Table 5 and shielding gas as specified in Figure 1 , shall be prepared and
welded as shown in Figure 3. After tack welding the plates at each end, the weld test assembly shall be welded in the flat
position, with one bead on each side. Welding shall begin with the weld test assembly at room temperature (60°F [15°C]
minimum). When the weld bead has been completed on one side, the weld test assembly shall be turned over and a second
bead deposited on the second side in the flat position, as shown in Figure 3. This sequence shall not be interrupted. The
electrode diameter shall be 0.045 in or 1/16 in [1.2 mm or 1 .6 mm] (or the diameter the manufacturer produces that is
closest to one of these, if these diameters are not produced).
After welding has been completed and the weld test assembly has cooled in still air to room temperature, the weld test
assembly shall be prepared and tested as specified in Clause 1 2.2 and Clause 1 3, Bend Test. All testing shall be per
formed in the as-welded condition except for the optional aging specified in Clause 1 3.2.
5
17. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
10. Chemical Analysis
10.1 A sample of the solid electrode or rod stock from which it is made shall be prepared for chemical analysis. Solid
filler metal, when analyzed for elements that are present in a coating (copper flashing, for example), shall be analyzed
without removing the coating. When the filler metal is analyzed for elements other than those in the coating, the coating
shall be removed if its presence affects the results of the analysis for the other elements. Rod stock analyzed for elements
not in the coating may be analyzed prior to reducing the rod to finished electrode diameter and applying the coating.
10.2 For composite (stranded or metal cored) filler metals, the sample for analysis shall be taken from weld metal produced
with the filler metal and shielding gas with which it is classified.
The sample shall be taken from a weld pad prepared in accordance with Clause 9.3 or from the reduced section of the
fractured tension test specimen, or from a corresponding location or any location above it along the weld centerline in
the groove weld in Figure 2. In case of dispute, the area ofthe groove weld described in Clause 9.1 (including the tension
specimen) is the referee method.
The top surface of the pad described in Clause 9.3 and shown in Figure 4 shall be removed and discarded. A sample for
analysis shall be obtained from the underlying metal, no closer than 3/8 in [9.5 mm] above the surface of the base metal
in Figure 4 by any means that will not affect the chemical composition. The sample shall be free of slag.
When the sample is taken from the groove weld or the reduced section ofthe fractured tension test specimen, that material
shall be prepared for analysis by any means that will not affect the chemical composition.
10.3 The sample obtained as specified in Clauses 10. l or 10.2 shall be analyzed by accepted analytical methods. The ref
eree method shall be ASTM E350.
10.4 The results of the analysis shall meet the requirements of Table 1 for solid electrodes or Table 2 for composite
electrodes for the classification of electrode under test.
11. Radiographic Test
11.1 The groove weld described in Clause 9.4 and shown in Figure 2, shall be radiographed to evaluate the soundness of
the weld metal. In preparation for radiography, the backing shall be removed and both surfaces of the weld shall be
machined or ground smooth and flush with the original surfaces of the base metal or with a uniform reinforcement not
exceeding 3/32 in [2.5 mm]. It is permitted on both sides of the test assembly to remove base metal to a depth of 1/16 in
[ 1 .5 mm] nominal below the original base metal surface in order to facilitate backing and/or buildup removal. Thickness
of the weld metal shall not be reduced by more than 1/16 in [ 1 .5 mm], so that the thickness of the prepared radiographic
test specimen equals at least the thickness of the base metal minus 1/16 in [1 .5 mm].
Both surfaces of the test assembly in the area of the weld shall be smooth enough to avoid difficulty in interpreting the
radiograph.
11.2 The weld shall be radiographed in accordance with one of the following. The quality level ofinspection shall be 2-2T.
( 1 ) Film Radiography: ASTM E1032.
(2) Computed Radiography (CR): ASTM E2033 and the requirements ofASTM E1032 except where CR differsfrom
film. The term film, as used within ASTM E1032, applicable to peiforming radiography in accordance with ASTM
E2033, refers to phosphor imaging plate.
(3) Digital Radiography (DR): ASTM E2698 and the requirements ofASTM E1032 except where DR differsfromfilm.
The term film, as used within ASTM E1032, applicable to peiforming radiography in accordance with ASTM E2698,
refers to digital detector array (DDA).
11.3 The soundness of the weld metal meets the requirements of this specification if the radiograph shows:
( 1 ) no cracks, no incomplete fusion, and no incomplete penetration; and
(2) no rounded indications in excess of those permitted by the radiographic standards in Figure 5.
In evaluating the radiograph, 1 in [25 mm] of the weld on each end of the test assembly shall be disregarded.
6
18. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
A rounded indication is an indication on the radiograph whose length is no more than three times its width. Rounded
indications may be circular or irregular in shape and they may have tails. The size of a rounded indication is the largest
dimension of the indication, including any tail that may be present. The indication may be of porosity or slag. Indications
whose largest dimension does not exceed 1/64 in [0.4 mm] shall be disregarded. Test assemblies with indications larger
than the largest indications permitted in the radiographic standards (Figure 5) do not meet the requirements of this
specification.
12. Tension Test
12.1 One all-weld-metal tension test specimen, as specified in the Tension Test clause of AWS B4.0, shall be machined
from the welded test assembly described in Clause 9.4. 1 and shown in Figure 2, as required in Table 3. The all-weld
metal tension specimen, when machined from the GMAW test assembly shown in Figure 2, shall have a nominal
diameter of 0.50 in [12.5 mm] and a nominal gage length-to-diameter ratio of 4: 1 . The tension specimen, when
machined from the GTAW test assembly shown in Figure 2, shall have a nominal diameter of 0.350 in [9 mm] and a
nominal gage length-to-diameter ratio of 4: 1 .
12.1.1 For composite electrode classifications, the welded test assembly or tension test specimen may be aged at a
temperature not to exceed 220°F [105°C] for up to 48 hours then allowed to cool to room temperature. In case of dispute,
aging the tension specimen shall be the referee method. No aging shall be performed prior to radiographic examination.
Refer to Clause A8.3 for a discussion on the purpose of aging.
12.1.2 The tension test specimen shall be tested in the manner described in the Tension Test clause of AWS B4.0.
12.1.3 The results of the tension test shall meet the requirements specified in Table 4. Test reports shall indicate if the
specimen was tested in the aged condition (composite electrodes only).
12.2 One transverse rectangular tension test specimen, as specified in the Tension Tests clause of AWS B4.0, shall be
machined from the weld test assembly described in Clause 9.4.2 and shown in Figure 3, as required in Table 3. The
transverse tension specimen shall have a nominal thickness of 1/4 in [6.5 mm] and reduced width of 1-1/2 in [38 mm] and
a minimum length of 8 in [200 mm]. Other dimensions of the transverse tension test specimen shall be as specified in the
Tension Test clause of AWS B4.0.
12.2.1 The specimen shall be tested in the as-welded (unaged) condition in the manner described in the Tension Test
clause of AWS B4.0.
12.2.2 The results of the transverse tension test shall meet the requirements specified in Table 4. A test specimen that
fractures in the base metal shall be considered to have met those requirements.
13. Bend Test
13.1 For single pass electrode classifications, one longitudinal face bend test specimen, as required in Table 3, shall be
machined from the welded test assembly described in 9.4.2 and shown in Figure 3. The dimensions of the specimen shall
be as shown in Figure 3. Other dimensions of the longitudinal bend test specimen shall be as specified in the Bend Test
clause of AWS B4.0.
13.2 The welded test assembly or bend specimen may be aged at 200°F to 220°F [95°C to 105°C] for up to 48 hours,
then allowed to cool to room temperature. In case of dispute, aging the bend specimen shall be the referee method. Refer
to A8.3 for a discussion on the purpose of aging.
13.3 The bend specimen shall be tested in the manner described in the Bend Test clause of AWS B4.0 by bending it
uniformly through 1 80° over a 3/4 in [ 1 9 mm] radius, using any suitable jig, as specified in the Bend Test clause of AWS
B4.0. Positioning of the face bend specimens shall be such that the face that was welded last is in tension.
13.4 Each specimen, after bending, shall conform to the 3/4 in [19 mm] radius, with appropriate allowance for spring
back, and the weld metal shall not contain openings in excess of 1/8 in [3.2 mm] on the convex surface.
7
19. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
14. Impact Test
14.1 Five Charpy V-notch impact test specimens, as specified in the Fracture Toughness Testing clause of AWS B4.0,
shall be machined from the weld test assembly shown in Figure 2, for those classifications for which impact testing is
required in Table 3.
The Charpy V-notch specimens shall have the notched surface and the surface to be struck parallel with each other
within 0.002 in [0.05 mm]. The other two surfaces shall be square with the notched or struck surface within 10 minutes
of a degree. The notch shall be smoothly cut and be square with the longitudinal edge of the specimen within one degree.
Test specimens shall not contain metal that has been affected thermally as a result of cutting or preparation.
The geometry of the notch shall be measured on at least one specimen in a set of five specimens. Measurement shall be
done at a minimum lOX magnification. The correct location of the notch shall be verified by etching before or after
machining.
14.2 The five specimens shall be tested in accordance with the Fracture Toughness Test section of AWS B4.0. The test
temperature shall be at orbelow the temperature specified in Table 4, fortheclassification undertest. The actual temperature
used for testing shall be listed on the certification documentation when issued.
14.3 In evaluating the test results, the lowest and the highest values obtained shall be disregarded. Two of the remaining
three values shall equal or exceed the specified 20 ft·lbf [27 J] energy level. One of the three may be lower, but not lower
than 15 ft·lbf [20 J], and the average of the three shall not be less than the required 20 ft·lbf [27 J] energy level.
14.4 For classifications with the "N" (nuclear) designation, three additional specimens shall be prepared. These specimens
shall be tested at a temperature range of 60°F to 90°F [1 5°C to 32°C]. Two of the three shall equal or exceed 75 ft·lbf
[100 J], and the third shall not be lower than 70 ft·lbf [95 J]. The average of the three shall equal or exceed 75 ft·lbf
[100 J].
15. Optional Supplemental Tests and Requirements
Provisions are made in this specification for four tests listed below which are optional and not required for classification.
Conformance to these supplemental requirements is indicated by a specific designator (HX, OE H!L, A, or N) which is
added to the classification as shown in Figure 1 .
15.1 "H" Optional Supplemental Designator (Diffusible Hydrogen)
15.1.1 For each electrode to be designated by an optional supplemental diffusible hydrogen designator, the 0.045 in or
1116 in [1.2 mm or 1 .6 mm] size, (or the size that the manufacturer produces that is closest to one of these sizes if the
specified sizes are not produced), shall be tested according to one of the methods given in AWS A4.3-ADD1 . Based
upon the average value of test results which satisfy the requirements of Table 8, the appropriate diffusible hydrogen
designator may be added at the end of the classification.
15.1.2 Testing shall be done with electrodes in the as-received condition, unless the manufacturer recommends otherwise.
Conditioning can be considered to be any special preparation or procedure, such as baking the electrode. If the electrodes
are conditioned, that fact, along with the method used for conditioning and the time and temperature involved in the
conditioning shall be noted on the certificate of conformance.
15.1.3 For purposes ofcertifying compliance with diffusible hydrogen requirements, the reference atmospheric condition
shall be an absolute humidity of ten (10) grains of moisture/lb [1 .43 g/kg] of dry air at the time of welding. The actual
atmospheric conditions shall be reported along with the average value for the tests, according to AWS A4.3-ADD1 .
15.1.4 When the absolute humidity equals or exceeds the reference condition at the time of preparation of the test
assemblies, the test shall be acceptable as demonstrating compliance with the requirements of this specification, provided
the actual test results satisfy the diffusible hydrogen requirements for the applicable designator. If the actual test results
for an electrode meet the requirements for the lower or lowest hydrogen designator specified in Table 8, the electrode
also meets the requirements for all higher hydrogen designations in Table 8 without the need to retest.
8
20. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
15.2 O
ptional Supplemental Shielding Gas Range Designatorsf
or GMAW Electrodes. This test is an optional test and
is not requiredfor classification. The "OE HIL " designation added to the end of the classification (see Figure 1) does
not constitute a part ofthe electrode classification. Preparation and testing shall be as prescribed in Clauses 9 through
14, using the shielding gases ofthe appropriate oxygen equivalent as shown in T
able 9 based on the optional designators
to be applied. Oxygen equivalent shall be calculated as shown in Equation 1, with the percentages in volume percent.
T
esting shall also be conducted as prescribed in Clause 15.1 if an optional "HX" diffusible hydrogen designation is
applied. T
est results for all classification tests, including any optional supplemental designators applied, shall meet the
requirementsf
or the classification under test.
Equation 1: % Oxygen Equivalent ofa shielding gas (0E) = % 02 in the shielding gas + (0.5 x % C02 in the shielding gas)
A minimum oftwo shielding gases must be tested, but one ofthe tests may be the test(s) conductedfor electrode classifi
cation. All the same tests shall be conducted and all the same requirements shall be met with those gases as thosefor the
electrode classification and any optional, supplemental designators. It is not requiredf
or the welding conditions to be
identicalf
or each ofthe gases tested, but all the testing results shall meet all the requirements ofthis specificationfor the
classification including any optional supplemental designators applied to the classification. The designators for the
highest and lowest oxygen equivalent shielding gases that were tested and met all requirements may be added to an
electrode classification, as shown in Figure 1 and note e ofT
able 9. See Clause A8.4 in Annex Afor more inf
ormation on
this optional supplemental designator.
15.3 OptionalDesignatorf
or S-6 Electrodes and Rods Meeting 1.60% Manganese and 1.0% Si Maximums. Electrodes
classified as ER70S-6 [ER49S-6] or rods classified as R70S-6 [R49S-6] that also meet 1.60% manganese and 1.0% silicon
maximum may have an optional supplemental designator "A " added after the "S-6" in their classification indicating
conf
ormance to ASME Section IX, A-No.I weld deposit composition. See Figure 1 and Clause A8.5for more in
formation
on this optional supplemental designator.
15.4 "N" Optional Supplemental Designator for Electrodes and Rods for Nuclear Applications. The addition of the
letter "N" as an optional supplemental designator to a classification indicates that the electrode is intended for certain
very special welds in nuclear applications. These welds are found in the core belt region of the reactor vessel. This
region is subject to intense neutron radiation, and it is necessary, therefore, that the phosphorus and copper contents of
the weld metal be limited in order to resist neutron radiation-induced embrittlement. See Table 1, note e. It is also necessary
that the weld metal has a high upper shelf energy level in order to withstand some embrittlement, yet remain serviceable
over the years.
16. Method of Manufacture
The electrodes and rods classified according to this specification may be manufactured by any method that will produce
electrodes and rods that meet the requirements of this specification.
17. Standard Sizes
Standard sizes for electrodes and rods in the different package forms (straight lengths, coils with support, coils without
support, spools, and drums) are as specified in AWS A5.02/A5.02M.
18. Finish and Uniformity
Finish and uniformity shall be as specified in AWS A5.02/A5.02M.
19. Standard Package Forms
Standard package forms are straight lengths, coils with support, coils without support, spools, and drums. Standard package
dimensions and weights and other requirements for each form shall be as specified in AWS A5.02/A5.02M.
9
21. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
20. Winding Requirements
20.1 Winding requirements shall be as specified in AWS A5.02/A5.02M.
20.2 The cast and helix of filler metal shall be as specified in AWS A5.02/A5.02M.
20.3 The castand helix of solid filler metal on 4 in [100 mm] spools shall be such that a specimen long enough to produce
a single loop, when cut from the spool and laid unrestrained on a flat surface, will:
( 1 ) form a circle not less than 4 in [100 mm] nor more than 9 in [230 mm] in diameter
(2) rise above the flat surface no more than 112 in [ 1 3 mm] at any location
20.4 The cast and helix of solid filler metal on all other package forms shall be such that a specimen long enough to produce
a single loop, when cut from the package and laid unrestrained on a flat surface, will:
( 1 ) form a circle not less than 12 in [300 mm] in diameter for wire diameters of 0.030 in [0.8 mm] and smaller, or
form a circle not less than 15 in [380 mm] in diameter for wire diameters 0.035 in [0.9 mm] and larger
(2) rise above the flat surface no more than 1 in [25 mm] at any location
Certain bulk packages may contain wire that has been elastically twisted or otherwise treated to provide straight wire
feed. Wire from these packages will not form a circle when cut. Traditional cast and helix measurements may have no
relevance. Any method of wire form inspection shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
21. Filler Metal Identification
Filler metal identification (including marking ofbare straight lengths of filler rod), product information, and the precau
tionary information shall be as specified in AWS A5.02/A5.02M.
22. Packaging
Electrodes and rods shall be suitably packaged to ensure against damage during shipment and storage under normal
conditions.
23. Marking of Packages
23.1 The product information (as a minimum) that shall be legibly marked so as to be visible from the outside of each
unit package shall be as specified in AWS A5.02/A5.02M
23.2 The appropriate precautionary information given in ANSI Z49.l , latest edition (as a minimum) or its equivalent,
shall be prominently displayed in legible print on all packages of electrodes, including individual unit packages within a
larger package. Typical examples of "warning labels" and precautionary information are shown in figures in ANSI Z49. 1
for some common or specific consumables used with certain processes.
1 0
22. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Table 1
Chemical Composition Requirements for Solid Electrodes and Rods
AWS Classification• UNS
AS.18 [AS.ISM] Numberh c Mn Si pe s
0.90 0.40
ER70S-2 [ER49S-2) K10726 0.07 to to 0.025 0.035
1 .40 0.70
0.06 0.90 0.45
ER70S-3 [ER49S-3] K 1 1 022 to to to 0.025 0.035
0. 1 5 1 .40 0.75
0.06 1 .00 0.65
ER70S-4 [ER49S-4] Ki i 1 32 to to to 0.025 0.035
0. 1 5 1 .50 0.85
0.06 1 .40 0.80
ER70S-6g [ER49S-6g] K1 1 140 to to to 0.025 0.035
0. 15 1 .85 1 . 1 5
0.07 1 .50 0.50
ER70S-7 [ER49S-7] Ki i 1 25 to to to 0.025 0.035
0. 1 5 2.00h 0.80
0.02 1 .40 0.55
ER70S-8 [ER49S-8] -
to to to 0.025 0.035
0.10 1 .90 1 . 1 0
ER70S-G [ER49S-G] -
a Refer to Figure 1 for an explanation of the classification system.
b SAE HS-1 086/ASTM DS-56, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
' Single values are maximum.
Weight Percentc,d
Ni Cr Mo v Cu•,r Ti Zr
0.05 0.02
0.15 0.15 0. 1 5 0.03 0.50 to to
0. 1 5 0.1 2
0. 1 5 0. 1 5 0. 1 5 0.03 0.50 - -
0. 1 5 0.15 0. 1 5 0.03 0.50 - -
0. 1 5 0. 1 5 0.15 0.03 0.50 - -
0. 1 5 0. 1 5 0.15 0.03 0.50 - -
Ti + Zr:
0. 1 5 0. 1 5 0.15 0.03 0.50
0.10 to 0.30
Not Specifiedi
ct Analysis for boron is required to be reported if intentionally added, or if it is known to be present at levels greater than 0.00 1 0%.
Al
0.05
to
0.15
-
-
-
-
-
e The letter "N" as an optional suffix to a classification indicates that the weld metal is intended for the core belt region of nuclear reactor vessels, as
described in 1 5 .4. This suffix will change the limits on the phosphorus and copper as follows: P = 0.0 1 2% maximum, Cu = 0.08% maximum.
r Copper due to any coating on the electrode or rod plus the copper content of the filier metal itself shall not exceed the stated 0.50% maximum.
8 The letter "A " as an optional suffix (ER70S-6A [ER49S-6A]) designates an electrode or rod o
fthis classification thatalso meets theA-No. 1 requirement
o
f 1.60% Mn maximum and 1.0% Si maximum. See Clause A8.5.
h In this classification, the maximum manganese may exceed 2.00%. If it does, the maximum carbon must be reduced 0.01% for each 0.05% increase in
manganese or part thereof.
; Chemical requirements are not specified but there shall be no intentional adding of Ni, Cr, or Mo greater than 0.15% maximum, or V greater than 0.03%
maximum. Composition shall be reported. Requirements are those agreed upon between the purchaser and the supplier.
1 1
23. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Table 2
Chemical Composition Requirements for Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes
AWS Classificationa, b
AS.18 [AS.ISM]
E70C-3X [E49C-3X]
E70C-6X [E49C-6X]
E70C-8X [E49C-8X]
E70C-1 2X [E49C- 1 2X]
E70C-GX [E49C-GX]
E70C-GSX [E49C-GSX]
UNS
Numberc
W07703
W07706
-
-
c Mn
0. 1 2 1 .75
0.12 1 .75
0.12 1 .75
0.12 1 .60
a Refer to Figure 1 for an explanation of the designation system.
Si
0.90
0.90
0.90
0.90
Weight Percentd,e,r
p s Ni Cr Mo v
0.03 0.03 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.08
0.03 0.03 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.08
0.03 0.03 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.08
0.03 0.03 0.50 0.20 0.30 0.08
Not Specifiedg
Not Requiredh
Cu
0.50
0.50
0.50
0.35
b Shielding gas shall be as designated in Figure I and Table 4. Electrodes may also be classified with di
ff
erent shielding gases by using the optional
supplemental OE HIL designator. See Clauses 15.2 andA8.4.
' SAE HS-1 086/ASTM DS-56, Metals & Alloys in the Unified Numbering System.
d Single values are maximums.
• Analysis for boron is required to be reported if intentionally added, or if it is known to be present at levels greater than 0.00 1 0%.
r The sum of Ni, Cr, Mo, and V shall not exceed 0.50%.
g The composition shall be reported. The requirements are as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
h For single pass classifications the composition of weld metal is not required. Dilution with the base material in single pass welds is usually quite high.
1 2
24. AWS Classification•
AS.18 [AS.ISM]
ER70S-2 [ER49S-2]
ER70S-3 [ER49S-3]
ER70S-6 [ER49S-6]
ER70S-7 [ER49S-7]
ER70S-8 [ER49S-8)
ER70S-4 [ER49S-4)
ER70S-G [ER49S-G]
Chemical Analysis
Table 3
Required Tests
Radiographic
Electrode Weld Metal Test
Solid Electrodes
Required
Not
Required
Required
Required
Not
Required
Required
Required
Not
Required
Required
Tension
Test
Required
Required
Required
Composite Electrodes
E70C-3X [E49C-3X]
E70C-6X [E49C-6X]
Not
Required
Required
E70C-8X [E49C-8X]
E70C- 1 2X [E49C- 1 2X]
E70C-GX [E49C-GX]
Not
Required
Required
E70C-GSXb [E49C-GSXb]
Not Not
Required Required
• Refer to Figure 1 for an explanation of the classification system.
b Intended for single-pass welding.
' Transverse tension test. All others are all-weld-metal tension tests.
d Not specified but as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.
Required Required
Required Required
Not
Requiredc
Required
AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Optional
Diffusible
Hydrogen
and
Shielding
Bend Impact Gas Range
Test Test Tests
Not
Required
Required
(e, f)
Not Not
Required Required
Not
(d)
Required
Not
Required
Required
(e, f)
Not
(d)
Required
Required
Not
Required
• Optional diffusible hydrogen test is required only when specified by the purchaser or when the manufacturer puts the diffusible hydrogen designator
on the label. See also Clauses A2.2 and AS.2.
f Optional Shielding Gas Range testing is required only when specified by the purchaser or when the manuf
acturer puts an optional supplemental
shielding gas range designator on the label. See also Clause A8.4.
1 3
25. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Table 4
Mechanical Property Requirements for GMAW and GTAW Tests
AWS Classification•
AS.IS [AS.ISM]
ER70S-2 [ER49S-2]
ER70S-3 [ER49S-3]
ER70S-4 [ER49S-4]
ER70S-6 [ER49S-6]
ER70S-7 [ER49S-7]
ER70S-8 [ER49S-8]
ER70S-G [ER49S-G]
E70C-3C [E49C-3C]
E70C-3M [E49C-3M]
E70C-6C [E49C-6C]
E70C-8C [E49C-8C]
E70C-6M [E49C-6M]
E70C-8M [E49C-8M]
E70C-I 2C [E49C-I 2C]
E70C-I 2M [E49C-I 2M]
E70C-GX [E49C-GX]
E70C-GSX [E49C-GSX]
Shielding Gash,c, d
C02 (Cl )
C02 (Cl )
C02 (Cl )
C02 (Cl )
(j)
C02 (Cl )
75%-80% Ar/
balance C02 (M2I )
C02 (Cl )
75%-80% Ar/
balance C02 (M2l )
C02 (Cl )
75%-80% Ar/
balance C02 (M2l )
(j)
(j)
Yield
Tensile Strengthr
Strength• (minimum)
ksi [MPa] ksi [MPa]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
Composite Electrodes
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70-90 [490-620] 58 [400]
70-90 [490-620] 58 [400]
70 [490] 58 [400]
70 [490] Not Required
a Refer to Figure 1 for an explanation of the classification system.
b The designations for the shielding gases (in parentheses) are from AWS A5.32M/A5.32.
Elongationg Energy Absorbedh,i
Percent (minimum average)
(minimum) AS.IS [AS.ISM]
22
20 ft·lbf @ -20°F
[27 J @ -30°C]
22
20 ft·lbf @ 0°F
[27 J @ -20°C]
22 Not Required
20 ft·lbf @ -20°F
22
[27 J @ -30°C]
22 (j)
22
20 ft·lbf @ 0°F
[27 J @ -20°C]
22
20 ft·lbf @ 0°F
[27 J @ -20°C]
22
20 ft·lbf @ -20°F
[27 J @ -30°C]
22
20 ft·lbf @ -20°F
[27 J @ -30°C]
22
20 ft·lbf @ -20°F
[27 J @ -30°C]
22
20 ft·lbf @ -20°F
[27 J @ -30°C]
22 (j)
Not Required Not Required
' The use of a particular shielding gas for classification purposes shall not be construed to restrict the use of other gas mixtures. A filler metal tested
with other gas blends may result in weld metal having different mechanical properties.
d Testing with 100% Ar shielding is required when classification testing is based upon GTAW only.
• Tensile strengths are minimum unless specified otherwise.
f Yield strength measured at 0.2% offset.
g Percent elongation in 2 in [50 mm] gage length (or 1 .4 in [36 mm] gage length for the 0.350 in [9.0 mm] tension specimen required in 1 2. 1 ).
h For classifications with the "N" (nuclear) optional supplemental designator, three additional specimens shall be tested at a temperature range of 60°F
to 90° F [ 1 5°C to 32°C). Two of the three shall equal, or exceed, 75 ft·lbf [ 1 00 J], and the third shall not be lower than 70 ft·lbf [95 J]. The average of
the three shall equal, or exceed, 75 ft·lbf [ 1 00 J].
; Filler metal classification testing to demonstrate conformance to a specified minimum acceptable level for impact testing, i.e., minimum energy at
specified temperature, can be met by testing and meeting the minimum energy requirement at any lower temperature. In these cases, the actual temperature
used for testing shall be listed on the certification documentation when issued.
i Not specified (as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier).
14
26. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Table 5
Base Metal for Test Assemblies
AWS Classifications ASTM Specification UNS Number•
A36 K02600
All except E70C-GSX [E49C-GSX]
A285 Grade C K02801
A5 1 5 Grade 70, or K03 101
A5 16 Grade 70 K02700
E70C-GSX [E49C-GSX] A5 1 5 Grade 70, or K03 101
A5 16 Grade 70 K02700
• Refer to SAE-HS-1 088/ASTM DS-58H, Metals & Alloys in the UnifiedNumbering System.
Table 6
GMAW Groove Weld Assembly Test Conditions3• b
Standard Size0 0.045 in [ 1 .2 mm] 1116 in [ 1 .6 mm]
Heat Input per Passd 25 kl/in to 60 k.Jlin [1.0 k.Jlmm to 2.4 k.Jlmm] 30 k.Jlin to 65 kl/in [1.2 k.Jlmm to 2.6 k.Jlmm]
Shielding Gas0
Contact-tip-to-work distancef
as specified in Table 4
112 in to 1 in [12 mm to 25 mm]
a Welding shall use DCEP (Direct Current Electrode Positive) with spray or globular transfer except for E70C-8X [E49C-8X] which shall be welded
on DCEN (Direct Current Electrode Negative).
b A constant voltage (CV) welding process shall be used.
' If sizes other than 0.045 in and 1/16 in [ 1 .2 mm and 1 .6 mm] are tested, theheat input shall be modified as needed. The groove assemblyjoint configuration
is not recommended for electrode sizes smaller than 0.035 in [0.9 mm].
d The calculation to be usedf
or heat input is:
(I) Heat Input (kl/in) =
volts x amps x 60
or
Tra vel Speed (in/min) x 1 000
(2) Heat Input (kJ/mm) =
volts x amps x 60
or
Tra vel Speed (mm/min) x 1 000
volts x amps x 60 x arc time (min)
Weld L ength (in) x 1 000
volts x amps x 60 x arc time (min)
Weld Length (mm) x 1 000
e Gases other than those specified in T
able 4 are used when applying an optional supplemental shielding gas range designator. When using shielding
gas blends containing Ar, the minimum nominal voltage shall be 24 V.
f Distance from the contact tip to the work, not from the shielding gas cup to the work.
Notes:
1. Base metal shall be as specified in Table 5. The surfaces to be welded shall be clean.
2. Prior to welding, the groove assembly may be preset so thatthe weldedjoint will be sufficiently flat to facilitate test specimen removal. As an alternative,
restraint or a combination of restraint and preset may be used.
3. Preheat and interpass temperatures for all electrode classifications shall be as specified in Clause 9.4. 1 .
1 5
27. AWS A5.1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Table 7
GTAW Groove Weld Assembly Test Conditions
Standard sizea 3/32 in [2.4 mm] 1/8 in
Shielding gash Ar Ar Ar
Nominal current, DCEN
220 A to 250 A 220 A to 250 A 250 A to 280 A
(DCEN = electrode negative)
Approximate arc voltagec 1 3 V to 1 6 V 1 3 V to 1 6 V 1 6 V to 1 9 V
Travel speed 4 in/min to 6 in/min
[2.0 mm/sec ± 4 in/min to 6 in/min
0.4 mm/sec]
a If sizes other than those shown above are tested, nominal current and arc voltage shall be changed as needed.
b AWS A5.32M/A5.32 (ISO 1 4 1 75 MOD), Classification I I .
[3.2 mm]
Ar
250 A to 280 A
16 V to 1 9 V
[2.0 mm/sec ±
0.4 mm/sec]
' Arc voltage shall be reported for information only. The voltage range is only a suggested range and may change based on power source characteristics.
Typically, the voltage cannot be set independent of the current.
Notes:
1 . Base metal shall be as specified in Table 5. The surfaces to be welded shall be clean.
2. Prior to welding, the assembly may be preset so that the welded joint will be sufficiently flat to facilitate test specimen removal. As an alternative,
restraint or a combination of restraint and preset may be used.
3. Preheat and interpass temperatures shall be as specified in Clause 9.4. 1 .
4. The travel speed does not apply to thefirst layer.
5. Thefirst layer shall contain a maximum o
ftwo passes.
6. Test conditions for composite electrodes used as rods shall be as recommended by the manufacturer.
Table 8
Diffusible Hydrogen Limits for Weld Metala
Optional, Supplemental
Diffusible Hydrogen Designatorh,c,d
Average Diffusible Hydrogen•
Maximum (mL/100 g Deposited Metal)
H 1 6
HS
H4
H2
• Limits on diffusible hydrogen when tested in accordance with AWS A4.3-ADD 1 , as specified in Clause 1 5. 1 .
b Refer to Figure 1 .
' The lower diffusible hydrogen limits may not be available in some classifications.
1 6
8
4
2
d Electrodes which satisfy the diffusible hydrogen limits for H2 also satisfy the requirements for H4, HS, and H l 6. Electrodes which satisfy the diffus
ible hydrogen limits for H4 also satisfy the requirements for HS and H l 6. Electrodes which satisfy the requirement for HS also satisfy the require
ment for H 1 6.
e These hydrogen limits are based on welding in air containing a maximum of 10 grains of water per pound [ 1 .43 g/kg] of dry air. Testing at any higher
atmospheric moisture level is acceptable provided these limits are satisfied.
1 6
28. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
T
able 9
Shielding Gas Requirements for Oxygen Equivalent Gas Range Designator· b
Calculated Oxygen Equivalent o
f Typical Shielding Gas Optional OE Designator
Shielding Gas usedf
or Testing, OE (%)" Usedf
or Testing" Applied to Classification•J
49.5-50.5 100% C02 50
12.0-13.0 75% Ar, balance C02 12
7.0-8.0 85% Ar, balance C02 7
3.5-4.5 92% Ar, balance C02 4
1.5-2.5 98% Ar, balance 02 2
a Testing and results with alternate shielding gases must conf
orm to the requirements o
fthe classification under test, including all optional supplemen
tal designators. See Clause 15.2/
or testing details.
b Only the highest and lowest oxygen equivalent gases must be usedf
or testing. Intermediate oxygen equivalent gases need not be tested, nor should
their designators be shown in the classification. See Figure 1 and Clause A8.4.
c Calculated per Equation J in Clause 15.2.
"Another shielding gas o
fthe same oxygen equivalent may be usedf
or testing. For example, 98% Ar, balance 02 or 96% Ar, balance C02 may both be
usedf
or testing to apply the "2 " designator.
e The highest and lowest designators may be added to a classification in thef
ormat OE H/L with "H" being the OE designatorf
or the highest oxygen
equivalent shielding gas that was tested and met all requirementsf
or classification and "L" being the OE designatorf
or the lowest oxygen equivalent
shielding gas that was testedand met all requirementsf
or classi
fication. See Figure I.
f The listed designators (50, 12, 7, 4, and 2) are the only ones thatmay be applied.
1 7
29. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Mandatory Classification Designatorsa
Designates use as either an electrode or rod (ER), use only as an electrode (E), or
use only as a rod (R).
Tensile Strength Designator (2 digits). Indicates in 1000 psi increments the minimum
tensile strength of the weld metal produced by the electrode when tested according
to the A5.18 specification. In this case, 70 indicates 70 000 psi. When testing
according to the A5. 1 8M specification the designator indicates in 10 MPa increments
the minimum tensile strength of the weld metal and the designator would be 49
indicating 490 MPa.
Indicates whether the filler metal is solid (S) or composite (C).
Composition Designator. One digit indicates the chemical composition of a solid
electrode or rod (Table 1 ), or the composition of weld metal produced by a compos
ite electrode (Table 2). The use of the "GS" suffix designates filler metals intended
for single pass applications only.
Shielding Gas Designator for Composite Electrodes. The letter "C" in this position
indicates that the composite electrode is classified with C02 shielding gas. An "M"
indicates that the shielding gas used for classification is 75%-80% Ar/balance C02•
The Optional Shielding Gas Range Designator may also be applied to composite
and solid electrodes, as shown below.
ER XXX - XYX HX - OE HIL
TOptional, Supplemental Designatorsb
L Shielding Gas RangeDesignator. This designator indicates that the electrode
meets the requirements ofthe classification with shielding gases ofdiff
erent
oxygen equivalencies. Re
fer to Clause 15.2, T
able 9, andA8.4 in Annex A.
Diffusible Hydrogen Designator. This designator indicates the diffusible hydrogen
content ofthe weld deposit when tested according to theprovisions ofthis specification.
Refer to 15.1 and Table 8. See also A8.2 in Annex A.
The letter "N" is added after the composition designator for solid electrodes when
note e of Table 1 and note h of Table 4 apply. See Clause 1 5.4.
The letter "A" is added a
fter "S-6" for solid electrodes and rods that also meet
chemical composition requirements ofASME Section IX "A-No. l." See Clauses 15.3
andA8.5.
a The combination of these designators constitutes the electrode (or rod) classification.
b These designators are optional and do not constitute a part of the electrode (rod) classification.
Figure l-AS.18/AS.ISM Classification System
1 8
30. D
L
H
R
v
B
T
w
z
e
Notes:
�-
z--
-
--
L -
-
-u
-
2 ==
=I
B
�
w
·
�1--------+--'-
I
� _
W
_
E
_
L
_
D
_
_,__ ..,,......,......,......,.....,.+----t -+-
-
H
--+
'-
, I
t
A .J L s
IMPACT ALL-WELD-METAL
SPECIMENS TENSION SPECIMEN
w
i
e'/:'
ey
(A) TEST PLATE SHOWING LOCATION OF TEST SPECIMENS
SECTION A-A
(B) LOCATION OF IMPACT
TEST SPECIMENS
Primary Assembly
for GMAW
Description in mm
Specimen Center 3/8 ± 1 /32 1 0 ± 1
Length, min. 1 0 250
Approximate Point of
1 25
Temperature Measurement
SECTION 8-B
(C) LOCATION OF ALL-WELD-METAL
TENSION TEST SPECIMEN
Alternate Assembly
for GMAW
in mm
3/8 ± 1 /32 1 0 ± 1
1 0 250
1 25
Root Opening 1 /2, -0, +1/16 1 3, -0, +1 5/8, -0, +1/16 1 6, -0, + 1 /1 6
Backup Strip Thickness, min. 3/8 1 0 3/8 1 0
Backup Strip Width, min. 1 25 1 -1 /4 32
Thickness, nominal 3/4 20 3/4 20
Width, min. 5 1 25 5 1 25
Discard, min. 1 25 1 25
Bevel Angle 22.5° ± 2° 22.5° ± 2° 1 0°, +2.5°, -0° 1 0°, +2.5°, -0°
AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
t
B
!
�1
DRAWING
NOT TO
SCALE
Assembly
for GTAW
in mm
1 /4 ± 1 /32 6 ± 1
1 0 250
1 25
1/4, -0, +1/16 6, -0, +1
1 /4 6
1 25
1 /2 1 2
5 1 25
1 25
22.5° ± 2° 22.5° ± 2°
1 . Base metal shall be as specified in Table 5. Nominal plate thickness tolerance subject to base metal specification.
2. The surfaces to be welded shall be clean.
3. Prior to welding, the assembly may be preset so that the welded joint will be sufficiently flat, within 5° of plane, to facilitate test specimen
removal. As an alternative, restraint or a combination of restraint and preset may be used.
4. The alternate GMAW test assembly will also meet the requirements of joint type 1 .3 per ISO 1 5792-1 :2020. It is acceptable for classification,
but in case of dispute, the Primary Assembly shall be the referee test assembly.
Figure 2-Groove Weld Test Assembly for
Mechanical Properties and Soundness of Weld Metal
1 9
31. AWS A5. 1 8/A5. 1 8M:2021
L
Notes:
---------------------iz
TRANSVERSE TENSION
TEST SPECIMEN
ST
- - - - - - - - c - - · - - - - - - - - - 1
z
LONG ITUDINAL BEND
TEST SPECIMEN
Dimensions
in
L Length, min. 1 0
w Width, min. 4
R Root Opening, max. 1/1 6
ST Transverse Specimen 2
SL Longitudinal Specimen, min. 6
T Thickness, nominal 1 /4
z Discard, min.
mm
250
1 00
1 .5
50
1 50
6
25
1 . Base metal shall be as specified in Table 5. Nominal plate thickness tolerance subject to base metal specification.
2. The surfaces to be welded shall be clean.
3. Detail A shows the completed joint and approximate weld configuration.
4. Test conditions shall be as recommended by the manufacturer and shall be made available to the purchaser upon request.
Figure 3-Weld Test Assembly for Transverse Tension
and Longitudinal Guided Bend Tests
20
32. Notes:
WELD METAL
W, WIDTH
(SEE NOTE 8)
I----- L, LENGTH -------..j
I (SEE NOTE 8) I
AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
H, HEIGHT
(SEE NOTE 8)
BASE MET
AL
1 . Base metal of any convenient size, of any type specified in Table 5 shall be used as the base for the weld pad.
2. The surface of the base metal on which the filler metal is to be deposited shall be clean.
3. The pad shall be welded in the flat position with successive layers to obtain weld metal of sufficient height.
4. Welding conditions shall be as specifiedin T
able 6.
5. The preheat temperature shall not be less than 60°F [1 5°C] and the interpass temperature shall not exceed 325°F [1 65°C].
6. Any slag shall be removed after each pass.
7. The test assembly may be quenched in water between passes to control interpass temperature.
8. The minimum completed pad size shall be at least four layers in height (H). Length (L), after allowance for start and stop areas, and
width (W) shall be sufficient to perform analysis. The sample for analysis shall be taken at least 3/8 in [9.5 mm] above the original base
metal surface.
Figure 4-Pad for Chemical Analysis of Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes
21
33. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
•
(A) ASSORTED ROUNDED INDICATIONS
SIZE 1 /64 in TO 1/1 6 in [0.4 mm TO 1 .6 mm] IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH .
•
•
•
•
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in [1 50 mm] OF WELD = 1 8, WITH THE FOLLOWING RESTRICTIONS:
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LARGE 3/64 in TO 1/16 in [1 .2 mm TO 1 .6 mm] IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH INDICATIONS = 3.
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MEDIUM 1 /32 in TO 3/64 in [0.8 mm TO 1 .2 mm] IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH INDICA
TIONS = 5.
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SMALL 1 /64 in TO 1 /32 in [0.4 mm TO 0.8 mm] IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH INDICA
TIONS = 1 0.
•
•
• •
(B) LARGE ROUNDED INDICATION
SIZE 3/64 in TO 1/1 6 in [1 .2 mm TO 1 .6 mm] IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH .
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in [1 50 mm] OF WELD = 8.
•
• •
•
•
•
• •
•
•
•
(C) MEDIUM ROUNDED INDICATIONS
SIZE 1 /32 in TO 3/64 in [0.8 mm TO 1 .2 mm] IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH .
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in [1 50 mm] OF WELD = 1 5.
• •
•
•
•
•
•
• •
•
(D) SMALL ROUNDED INDICATIONS
SIZE 1 /64 in TO 1/32 in [0.4 mm TO 0.8 mm] IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH .
MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in [1 50 mm] OF WELD = 30.
Notes:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
1 . In using these standards, the chart which is most representative of the size of the rounded indications present in the test specimen
radiograph shall be used for determining conformance to these radiographic standards.
2. Since these are test welds specifically made in the laboratory for classification purposes, the radiographic requirements for these test
welds are more rigid than those which may be required for general fabrication.
3. Indications whose largest dimension does not exceed 1 /64 in [0.4 mm] shall be disregarded.
Figure 5-Radiographic Acceptance Standards
22
34. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
Annex A (Informative)
Guide to AWS Specification for Carbon Steel
Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding
This annex is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only.
Al. Introduction
The purpose of this guide is to correlate the electrode and rod classifications with their intended applications, so the
specification can be used effectively. Appropriate base metal specifications are referred to whenever that can be done and
when it would be helpful. Such references are intended only as examples, rather than complete listings of the materials
for which each filler metal is suitable.
A2. Classification System
A2.1 The system for identifying the electrode classifications in this specification follows the standard pattern used in
other AWS filler metal specifications, as shown in Figure 1 .
A2.2 The prefix "E" designates an electrode as in other specifications. The letters "ER" indicate that the filler metal may
be used either as an electrode or a rod. For A5. 1 8, the number 70 indicates the required minimum tensile strength, as a
multiple of 1000 psi, of the weld metal in a test weld made in accordance with specification A5. 1 8. Similarly, for
A5. l 8M, the number 49 indicates the required minimum tensile strength, as a multiple of 10 MPa, of the weld metal in a
test weld made in accordance with specification A5. 1 8M.
The letter "S" designates a solid electrode or rod. The letter "C" designates a composite electrode or rod. The digit
following the hyphen, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 12, G, or GS, indicates the chemical composition and/or impact testing requirements
specified in Tables 1 , 2, and 4.
In the case of some composite stranded and metal cored electrodes, the letter "M" or "C" will follow, indicating the type
of shielding gas.
Optional designators are also used in this specification in order to identify electrodes and rods that have met mandatory
classification requirements and certain supplementary requirements as agreed to between the supplier and purchaser. An
optional supplemental diffusible hydrogen designator (H1 6, HS, H4, or H2) may follow the classification designation,
indicating whether the electrode will meet a maximum hydrogen level of 16, 8, 4, or 2 mL/l OOg of deposited metal when
tested as outlined in AWS A4.3. Electrodes that are designated as meeting the lower or lowest hydrogen limits, as specified
in Table 8, are also understood to be able to meet any higher hydrogen limits without necessarily being designated as such.
An optional supplemental designatormay be usedto indicate that the electrode will meet the requirementsf
or classification
with various shielding gases. The gases are categorized by a calculated oxygen equivalent to determine conf
ormance
with the optional designators. Also see Clauses 15.2 andA8.4.
The addition of the letter "N" as an optional supplemental designator to a classification indicates that the electrode is
intended for certain very special welds in nuclear applications. These welds are found in the core belt region of the
reactor vessel. This region is subject to intense neutron radiation, and it is necessary, therefore, that the phosphorus and
copper contents ofthe weld metal be limited in order to resist neutron radiation-induced embrittlement. It is also necessary
that the weld metal has a high upper shelf energy level in order to withstand some embrittlement, yet remain serviceable
over the years.
23
35. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
The addition ofthe letter "A " as an optional supplemental designator to an S-6 classification indicates that the electrode
or rod meets the additional manganese and silicon requirementsfor ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section IX
A-Number I. Also see Clause A8.5.
A2.3 "G" Classification
A2.3.1 This specification includes filler metals classified as ER70S-GX [ER49S-GX], E70C-GX [E49C-GX], and
E70C-GSX [E49C-GSX]. The "G" (multiple pass) or "GS" (single pass) indicates that the filler metal is of a "general"
classification. It is general because not all of the particular requirements specified for each of the other classifications are
specified for this classification. The intent in establishing these classifications is to provide a means by which filler metals
that differ in one respect or another (chemical composition, for example) from all other classifications (meaning that the
composition of the filler metal, in the case of the example, does not meet the composition specified for any of the classi
fications in the specification) can still be classified according to the specification. The purpose is to allow a useful filler
metal, one that otherwise would have to await a revision of the specification, to be classified immediately under the
existing specification. This means that two filler metals, each bearing the same "G" classification, may be quite different
in some particular respect (chemical composition, again, for example).
A2.3.2 The point of difference between filler metal of a "G" classification and filler metal of a similar classification
without the "G" (or even with it, for that matter) may be further clarified from the use of the words "not required" and
"not specified" in the specification. The use of these words is as follows:
"Not Required" is used in those areas of the specification that specify the tests that must be conducted in order to classify
a filler metal. It indicates that that test is not required because the results for the particular test are not a requirement for
that particular classification. When a test is "not required" it is not necessary to conduct the corresponding test in order
to classify a filler metal to that classification. When a purchaser wants the information provided by that test in order to
consider a particular product of that classification for a certain application, the purchaser will have to arrange for that
information with the supplier of the product. The purchaser will have to establish with that supplierjust what the testing
procedure and the acceptance requirements are to be forthat test. The purchaser may want to incorporate that information
(via AWS A5.01 M/A5.01) in the purchase order.
"Not Specified" is used in those areas of the specification that refer to the results of some particular test. It indicates that
the requirements for that test are not specified for that particular classification. If the required results from a specific test
are listed as "not specified" but the test in question is shown as "required" then the test results must be reported.
A2.4 Request for Filler Metal Classification
(1) When a filler metal cannot be classified other than as a "G" classification, a manufacturer may request that a new
classification be established. The manufacturer shall do this using the following procedure.
(2) A request to establish a new filler metal classification must be submitted in writing. The request needs to provide
sufficient detail to permit the Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials and the relevant Subcommittee to
determine whether a new classification or the modification of an existing classification is more appropriate, or if neither
is necessary. In particular, the request needs to include:
(a) A declaration that the new classification will be offered for sale commercially.
(b) All classification requirements as given for existing classifications, such as chemical
composition ranges, mechanical property requirements, and usability test requirements.
(c) Any conditions for conducting the tests used to demonstrate that the filler metal meets the classification
requirements. (It would be sufficient, for example, to statethat welding conditions are the same as forother classifications.)
(d) Information on Descriptions and Intended Use, which parallels that for existing classifications (for that clause
of the Annex).
(e) Actual test data for all tests required for classification according to the requirements of the specification for a
minimum of two production heats/lots must be provided. In addition, if the specification is silent regarding mechanical
properties, test data submitted shall include appropriate weld metal mechanical properties from a minimum of two
production heats/lots.
24
36. AWS A5. 1 8/A5.1 8M:2021
(f) A request for a new classification without the above information will be considered incomplete. The Secretary
will return the request to the requester for further information.
(3) In order to comply with the AWS Policy on Patented Items, Trademarks, and Restraint of Trade, if the proposed
new classification is patented, if a patent is pending for it, or ifthere is any intention to apply for a patent, the requester
shall disclose this. In these cases, the patent holder must allow the use of this technology, such as by license. The Secretary
will provide examples of acceptable wording to the patent holder, as required.
(4) The request should be sent to the Secretary of the Committee on Filler Metals and Allied Materials at AWS
Headquarters for processing.
A3. Acceptance
Acceptance of all welding materials classified under this specification is in accordance with AWS A5.01M/A5.0 l . Any
testing a purchaser requires of the supplier for material shipped in accordance with this specification shall be clearly
stated in the purchase order according to the provisions of AWS A5.01M/A5.0l. In the absence of any such statement in
the purchase order, the supplier may ship the material with whatever testing is normally conducted on material of that
classification, as specified in Schedule F, Table 1 of AWS A5.01M/A5.0 l . Testing in accordance with any other schedule
in that table must be specifically required by the purchase order. In such cases, acceptance of the material shipped will be
in accordance with those requirements.
A4. Certification
The act of placing the AWS specification and classification designations and optional supplemental designators, if
applicable, on the packaging enclosing the product, or the classification on the product itself, constitutes the supplier's
(manufacturer's) certification that the product meets all of the requirements of the specification.
The only testing requirement implicit in this certification is that the manufacturer has actually conducted the tests
required by the specification on material that is representative of that being shipped, and that the material met the
requirements of the specification. Representative material, in this case, is any production run of that classification using
the same formulation. Certification is not to be construed to mean that tests of any kind were necessarily conducted on
samples of the specific material shipped. Tests on such material may or may not have been conducted. The basis for the
certification required by the specification is the classification test of representative material, cited above, and the Manu
facturer's Quality Assurance Program in AWS A5.01M/A5.0l.
AS. Ventilation During Welding
AS.1 Five major factors govern the quantity of fumes in the atmosphere to which welders and welding operators are
exposed during welding. They are:
(1) Dimensions of the space in which welding is done (with special regard to the height of the ceiling)
(2) Number of welders and welding operators working in that space
(3) Rate of evolution of fumes, gases, or dust, according to the materials and processes used
(4) The proximity of the welders or welding operators to the fumes, as the fumes issue from the welding zone, and to
the gases and dusts in the space in which they are working
(5) The ventilation provided to the space in which the welding is done
AS.2 American National Standard ANSI Z49. l , Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (published by the
American Welding Society), discusses the ventilation that is required during welding and should be referred to for
details. Attention is drawn particularly to the clause on Ventilation in that document. See also AWS F3.2M/F3.2, Ventilation
Guidef
or W
eld Fume, for more detailed descriptions of ventilation options.
25
