Afrodesc cuaderno no. 1 Bibliographic Compilation on Belize

Documento de Trabajo No. 1
Working Paper No. 1
Document de Travail No. 1

Compilación Bibliográfica sobre Belice
Bibliographical compilation on Belize
Compilation bibliographique sur le Belize

Elisabeth Cunin & Odile Hoffmann

con el apoyo de / with support of / avec l’aide de Gloria Lara

México, Septiembre 2008
Mexico, September 2008
Mexico, Septembre 2008

AFRODESC
http://www.ird.fr/afrodesc/

AFRODESC – Documento de trabajo No. 1, Working paper No. 1, Document de travail No. 1

CUNIN, Elisabeth & HOFFMANN Odile, 2008. Compilación Bibliográfica sobre Belice.
Bibliographical compilation on Belize. Compilation bibliographique sur le Belize. Documento
de Trabajo No. 1 / Working Paper No. 1 / Document de Travail No. 1, México: Proyecto
AFRODESC

Las citas bibliográficas se presentan en el formato de la American Psychological
Association (APA). The bibliographical references follow the model of the American
Psychological Association (APA). Les références bibliographiques suivent les normes de
la American Psychological Association (APA).

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Esta compilación bibliográfíca inaugura la colección “Documentos de trabajo” del Programa
Internacional de Investigación AFRODESC, “Afrodescendientes y esclavitud: dominación,
identificación y herencias en las Américas”. Este programa está financiado principalmente por
la Agencia nacional de investigación (ANR) francesa y comprende una docena de instituciones
mexicanas, francesas, colombianas y de otros países. Para más información, se puede
consultar el sitio web http://www.ird.fr/afrodesc/. Las actividades de AFRODESC se llevan a
cabo en colaboración estrecha con el Programa europeo de investigación EURESCL « Slave
Trade, Slavery, Abolitions and their Legacies in European Histories and Identities ».

El Documento de trabajo No. 1 del programa AFRODESC marca la primera etapa de la
investigación en curso sobre Belice. Empezamos por registrar las referencias de trabajos
disponibles, y nos pareció útil difundirlas después de haberlas organizado de manera
sistemática. Los temas son en parte arbitrarios en la medida en que corresponden a nuestros
propios intereses de investigación. Además, concretamente, algunas referencias podían haber
sido registradas en varias rúbricas: en este caso privilegiamos la temática principal del
documento.

La compilación se realizó mediante la revisión de las obras disponibles en librerías y
bibliotecas, principalmente en Belice (Archivos, Biblioteca Nacional, Biblioteca de la
University of Belize), y de las revistas nacionales e internacionales. Se nutrió además de los
datos referenciados en los catálogos de las bibliotecas especializadas en Francia (IHEAL,
SUDOC con 196 referencias), México (COLMEX con 150 títulos, UNAM con unas veinte obras
referenciadas, CIESAS con 118 títulos, Instituto Mora con 90 referencias), Estados Unidos
(Library of Congress con 187 títulos) y Gran Bretaña (British Library, con más de 550
referencias, aunque no más de 200 publicadas después de 1990).

La documentación histórica es relativamente abundante, sobre todo aquella concerniente a los
litigios territoriales entre Belice, México y Guatemala, señalando así el interés de los analistas,
diplomáticos e historiadores, por este caso muy particular de un territorio fuera de normas, a
la vez codiciado y abandonado durante siglos por las potencias coloniales. Por su parte, la
literatura contemporánea es rica en trabajos relativos al medioambiente, la biodiversidad y la
biología, muestra de los intereses globales de nuestra época por este medio extremadamente
rico en ecosistemas y recursos de alto potencial (turismo, ecología, desarrollo sustentable).

Sin soslayar estos tópicos, nosotras privilegiamos temáticas contemporáneas sociales, políticas
y culturales (dejando de lado los trabajos más arqueológicos). Si no es muy abundante, la
producción bibliográfica es mucho más rica de lo que pensábamos al iniciar este trabajo de
compilación. Sin pretensión de exhaustividad, esta bibliografía sobre Belice da cuenta de esta
riqueza, evidencia algunas lagunas y atestigua de los intereses y debates llevados sobre Belice
en el mismo país como en las arenas académicas internacionales.

Esta bibliografía es una versión provisional, llamada a ser constantemente completada por los
avances en la investigación y los aportes de otros investigadores.

El texto ha sido revisado y formateado por Gloria Lara.

Elisabeth Cunin, IRD-CIESAS
elisabeth.cunin@ird.fr

Odile Hoffmann, CEMCA
odilehoffmann@prodigy.net.mx

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This bibliographic compilation opens the collection “Documentos de trabajo” of the
International Research Program AFRODESC, “Afrodescendientes y esclavitud: dominación,
identificación y herencias en las Américas”. It is principally financed by the French Research
National Agency (ANR) and includes a dozen institutions from Mexico, France, Colombia, and
other countries. AFRODESC activities take place in close collaboration with the European
research program EURESCL “Slave Trade, Slavery, Abolitions and their Legacies in European
Histories and Identities”. For more information, please check up the web page
http://www.ird.fr/afrodesc/.

Work document number 1 of AFRODESC program indicates the first stage of the currently
research about Belize. We have started to register the available bibliographical references so
we found useful to diffuse them after having organized this material in a systematic way.
Topics are partly arbitrary as they correspond to our own research interests. Furthermore,
some references might have been registered in several headings: in this case we favoured the
document’s principal thematic.

The compilation was made through the revision of publications available in bookshops and
libraries, mainly in Belize (Archives, National Library, University of Belize Library), and from
national and international journals. We also used the referenced data of specialized libraries’
catalogues: in France (IHEAL, SUDOC 196 references), in Mexico (COLMEX 150 titles, UNAM
about 20 referenced works, CIESAS 118 titles, Instituto Mora 90 references), in the United
States (Library of Congress 187 titles) and in Great Britain (British Library, more than 550
references, although no more than 200 published after 1990).

Historical material is relatively abundant, especially regarding the territorial disputes between
Belize, Mexico and Guatemala, thus indicating the interests of analysts, diplomats and
historians, for this very particular case of a territory which has been both disputed and
neglected during centuries by the colonial powers. Regarding the contemporary literature on
Belize, it mainly concentrates on ecology biodiversity and biology issues, showing today’s
global interests for this environment so rich in ecosystem and potentially exploitable resources
(tourism, ecology, sustainable development).

Considering the above mentioned subjects, we have attached great importance to social,
political and cultural contemporary issues (with very few references to the archaeological
works). Even though the bibliographical references on those topics are not very numerous,
they are more numerous than what we thought at the beginning. This compilation, which does
not pretend to be exhaustive, gives account of this abundance, as well as it shows the absence
of some thematic and allows thus to precise the themes of interests and discussions about
Belize in this country or in the international academic world.

Like all bibliographies, this one is a temporal version, and we hope it will be completed
progressively our colleagues and readers contributions.

The text was revised by Gloria Lara.



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Cette bibliographie inaugure la collection « Documento de Trabajo / Working Paper / Document
de Travail » du Programme international de recherche AFRODESC, « Afrodescendants et
esclavages: domination, identification et héritages dans les Amériques ». Financé principalement
par l’Agence Nationale de Recherche (France), celui-ci regroupe une douzaine d’institutions,
principalement au Mexique, en Colombie et en France. Pour plus d’informations, voir le site
http://www.ird.fr/afrodesc/. Les activités d’Afrodesc se déroulent en étroite collaboration avec le
programme européen EURESCL « Slave Trade, Slavery, Abolitions and their Legacies in European
Histories and Identities ».

Le Document de Travail No. 1 du programme Afrodesc correspond à la première étape de
recherches en cours au Belize. Comme lors de tout nouveau projet, nous avons commencé par
recenser les travaux disponibles, et il nous a semblé utile de les organiser de façon systématique et
de les diffuser publiquement. Les thèmes retenus sont donc en partie arbitraires et correspondent
à nos propres intérêts de recherche. D’un point de vue pratique, certaines références auraient pu
être classées dans plusieurs rubriques : dans ce cas, nous avons privilégié la thématique principale
abordée dans le document.

La compilation bibliographique s’appuie sur la révision des ouvrages disponibles en librairie et en
bibliothèques, principalement au Belize (Archives, Bibliothèque Nationale, Bibliothèque de
l’University of Belize), et des revues nationales et internationales. Elle reprend aussi les données
référencées dans les catalogues des bibliothèques a priori les mieux dotés en France (IHEAL,
SUDOC avec 196 références), au Mexique (COLMEX avec 150 titres, UNAM avec une vingtaine
d’ouvrages, CIESAS avec 118 titres, Instituto Mora avec 90 titres), aux Etats-Unis (Library of
Congress avec 187 titres) et en Grande Bretagne (British Library, plus de 550 titres avec l’entrée
Belize, mais pas plus de 200 publiés depuis 1990).

La documentation historique est assez abondante, surtout pour celle concernant les litiges
territoriaux entre le Belize, le Mexique et le Guatemala, signe de l’intérêt des praticiens et des
théoriciens (diplomates et historiens) pour ce cas tout à fait particulier de territoire à la fois disputé
et négligé pendant des siècles par les puissances coloniales. Pour sa part, la littérature
contemporaine est riche dans les domaines de l’environnement, la biodiversité et la biologie,
traduisant les intérêts globaux de notre époque pour ce milieu extrêmement riche en écosystèmes
et ressources potentiellement exploitables (tourisme, écologie, développement durable).

Tout en prenant en compte ces domaines, nous avons pour notre part privilégié les thématiques
contemporaines sociales, politiques et culturelles (laissant ainsi de côté les travaux plus
archéologiques). La production n’est pas extrêmement abondante, mais elle est beaucoup plus
riche que ce que l’on pouvait penser en un premier temps. La compilation, sans prétention
exhaustive, rend compte de cette richesse, met en évidence certains manques, et permet de
préciser les thèmes d’intérêts et les débats menés sur place ou dans les arènes universitaires
internationales.

Cette bibliographie est une version provisoire, nous espérons qu’elle sera progressivement
complétée grâce aux apports de nos collègues et des lecteurs en général.

Le texte a été revu et mis en page par Gloria Lara.



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Índice/Index/Table des matières
1. GENERALIDADES (SÍNTESIS, BIBLIOGRAFÍAS, ATLAS)/ GENERALITIES (SYNTHESES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ATLAS)/
GÉNÉRALITÉS (SYNTHÈSES, BIBLIOGRAPHIES, ATLAS) .........................................................................7
2. HISTORIA/ HISTORY/ HISTOIRE................................................................................................9
2.1 Relatos de viajeros/ Stories of travelers/ Récits de voyageurs .......................................9
2.2. Historia colonial/ Colonial history/ Histoire Coloniale .................................................10
2.3. Independencia, anticolonialismo/ Independence, anticolonialismo/ Indépendance,
anticolionalisme.................................................................................................................13
2.4 Esclavitud/ Slavery/Esclavage ......................................................................................15
3. SOCIEDAD, POLÍTICA, ECONOMÍA/ SOCIETY, POLITICS, ECONOMY/ SOCIÉTE, POLITIQUE, ECONOMIE ........ 16
3.1. Sociedad y política/ Society and politics/Sociéte et politique ......................................16
3.2. Economía/ Economy/Economie ..................................................................................19
3.3. Explotación forestal, agricultura, tierra/ Logging, agriculture, land/Exploitation
forestière, agriculture, terres .............................................................................................22
3.4. Turismo/ Turism/Tourisme .........................................................................................24
3.5. Ciudad, medio ambiente, territorio/ City, environment, territory/Ville, environnement,
territoire ............................................................................................................................25
4. ETNICIDAD, RAZA/ ETHNICITY, RACE/ETHNICITÉ, RACE ................................................................ 27
4.1. Políticas, integración, identidad nacional/ Politics, integration, national identity/
Politiques, intégration, identité nationale .........................................................................27
4.2. Relaciones interétnicas, etnicidad/ Interethnic relations, ethnicity/ Relations
interethniques, ethnicité ....................................................................................................29
4.3. Grupos étnicos/ Ethnic groups/Groupes ethniques .....................................................31
4.3.1. Creoles, baymen, negros, afrodescendientes/ Creoles, baymen, blacks,
descendents of Africans/ Créoles, baymen, noirs, afrodescendants .......................... 31
4.3.2. Garifunas/ Black Caribs ................................................................................. 33
4.3.3. Españoles, mestizos, indígenas, mayas/ Spanish, mestizos, indians, mayas/
Espagnols, mestizos, indigènes, mayas ................................................................... 35
4.3.4. Hindúes, chinos/ East Indians, Chinese/ Indiens, chinois ................................. 38
4.3.5. Menonitas/Mennonites ................................................................................ 39
5. GÉNERO/ GENDER/ GENRE .................................................................................................. 40
6. MIGRACIONES/ MIGRATIONS/ .............................................................................................. 41
6.1. Migración/ Migration .................................................................................................41
6.2. Emigración/ Emigration ..............................................................................................42
6.3. Inmigración, refugiados/ Immigration, refugees/ Immigration, réfugiés ...................42
7. CULTURA/ CULTURE............................................................................................................ 43
7.1. Cultura, arte, literatura, medios/ Culture, art, literature, medias/ Culture, art,
littérature, medias .............................................................................................................43
7.2. Educación y lengua/ Education and language/ Education et langue ..........................45
7.3. Religión/ Religion .......................................................................................................48
8. RELACIONES INTERNACIONALES, CONTEXTO REGIONAL/ INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, REGIONAL CONTEXT/
RELATIONS INTERNATIONALES, CONTEXTE RÉGIONAL ...................................................................... 48
8.1. España-Inglaterra, política exterior/ Spain-Great Britain, foreign policy/ Espagne-
Angleterre, politique extérieure .........................................................................................48
8.2. Belice-México/ Belize-Mexique ...................................................................................49
8.3. Belice en Centro América, Belice-Guatemala/ Belize in Central America, Belize-
Guatemala/ Belize Amérique Centrale, Belize-Guatemala ................................................51
8.4. Belice en el Caribe ingles/ Belize in the English Caribbean/ Belize dans la Caraïbe
Anglaise .............................................................................................................................53
REVISTAS/ JOURNALS/ REVUES ................................................................................................. 54
ÍNDICE DE AUTORES/ AUTHORS' INDEX/ INDICE DES AUTEURS ........................................................... 55
6


1. Generalidades (Síntesis, bibliografías, atlas)/ Generalities
(syntheses, bibliographies, atlas)/ Généralités (Synthèses,
bibliographies, atlas)

A Bibliography of books on Belize in the national collection (1977). Belize: The Central library.

A History of Belize: Nation in the Making (1983). Belize: Sunshine Books. [Reissue: 1995 y 2004.
Benque Viejo del Carmen: Cubola, Productions. Disponible en:
http://www.belizenet.com/history.html; consulta 30/06/08)].

Abstract of statistics: Belize (1970-2004). Belmopan, Belize: Central Statistical Office, Ministry
of Finance.

ANDERSON, A. H. (1963). A brief sketch of British Honduras. Government Printer. [First Ed.
1927].

ANTOCHIW, Michel & BRETON, Alain (1992). Catálogo cartográfico de Belice/ Cartographic
catalogue of Belice, 1511-1880. México: Bureau Regional de Cooperation en Amérique
Centrale, Centre d’Etudes Mexicaines et Centramericaines.

ARANA, Francis B. (1992). It used to be that… Volume I. Beverly Hills: Minuteman Press.

ARANA, Francis B. (1995). It used to be that… Volume II. Benque Viejo del Carmen, BRC Printing
Ltd.

ARANA, Francis B. (1997). It used to be that… Volume III. National Printers Ltd.

Atlas of Belize (2006). Benque Viejo del Carmen: Cubola Books.

BARRY, Tom & VERNON, Dylan (1995). Inside Belize: The essential guide to its politics,
economy, society, and environment. Albuquerque, New Mexico: Resource Center Press.

BATH, Sergio (1966). Notas para una bibliografía sobre Belize, Honduras Británica. México:
Embaixada do Brazil.

Belice, historia y sociedad (1990). Guatemala: FLACSO - Fundación Friedrich Ebert.

Belize Today: A Society in transformation (1984). Belize City: Sunshine Books.

Belize: New Nation in Central America (1975). Belize: Cubola.

BOUVIER, Leon (1984). Belize: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Washington DC: Population
Reference Bureau.

BRADBURY, Alex (1994). Guide to Belize. Old Saybrook, Connecticut: Globe Pequot Press.

BRADLEY, Leo (Ed.). (1964). A Bibliography of published material on the country, as found in the
National collection (2nd ed.). Belize City: British Honduras Library Service.

BUHL, Richard (Ed.). (1976). National Studies Faces & places of old Belize. Belize: Government
Printery.
7


BURDON, Sir John Alder (1927). A Brief sketch of British Honduras past, present, and Future.
London: The West India Committee.

CARPIO, Roberto (1977). Hacia donde va Belice. Ciudad de Guatemala: Girblan y Cia. Ltda.

DIRECTION DE LA DOCUMENTATION, FRANCIA, (1972). Les pays anglophones de la Caraïbe. Les
Antilles Britanniques Belize-Guyana. Le bloc andin: structures et perspectives. Paris: Direction
de la Documentation.

ESTRADA DE LA HOZ, Julio (1949). Belice. Guatemala, C. A.: Tipografía Nacional Guatemala.

EVERITT, John (1969). Terra incognita. An analysis of a geographical anachronism and an
historical accident (a cultural geography of British Honduras). MA Thesis, Vancouver, Simon
Fraser University.

GARGALLO, Francesca & SANTANA, Adalberto (comp.). (1993). Belice: sus fronteras y destino.
México: Universidad Autónoma de México.

GLASSMON, Paul (1991). Belize Guide. Champlain: Passeport Press.

GORDON, Jessica (1990). The Nation we are making. Junior history of Belize. Belmopan:
Ministry of Education, published by Cubola Productions.

KNIGHT, Franklin & PALMER, Colin A. (1989). The modern Caribbean. Chapel Hill: University of
North Carolina Press.

KROHN, Lita et al. (1987). Readings in Belizean History (2nd ed.). Belize City: St John’s College.

MERRIL, Tim L. (1993). Guyana and Belize: Country studies. Washington D.C.: Federal Research
Division, Library of Congress.

MINKEL, Clarence & ALDERMAN Ralph H.A. (1972). “A Bibliography of British Honduras, 1900-
1970”. Journal of Latin American Studies, 4 (1), (May), 155. Cambridge University Press.

MUNIANDY, Andy (1991). Belize and her people. Limited Buermah House Swindon (UK):
Burmah Castrol

OLGUÍN, David (2004). Belize. Belice (Triptyque). Montreuil, la Guillotine: Collection Le miroir
qui fume.

PALACIO, Joseph (1976). “Anthropology in Belize”. Current Anthropology, 17(3), 485-490.

PALACIO, Myrtle (1990). “A social profile of Belize City”. SPEAReports3. Third annual studies on
Belize conference, Belize, City, 1989 (pp. 68-81.). Belize City: Society for the Promotion of
education and Research (SPEAR).

Profile Of Belize (1990). Society for the Promotion of Education and Research (SPEAR).

SPEAReport6, (1990). Second annual studies on Belize conference (26-28 de octubre 1989).
México: Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

8


SPEAReport7, (1991). Fourth annual studies on Belize conference (25-27 de octubre 1990).
México: Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

SPEAR (1992). Fifth annual studies on Belize conference. Ten Year’s of Independence in Times of
Crisis: Belize 1981-1991 (October 1991). México: Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

SULLIVAN, Paul (1978). “The founding and growth of bullet tree falls”. Belizean Studies, 6 (6),
1-22.

SWAN, Michael (1957). British Honduras. London: Phoenix House.

The Belize issue (1978). London: Latin America Bureau, Research and Action on Latin America.

The Handbook of British Honduras (1925). London: The West India Committee.

The New Belize (1978). Belize: Government Information Service.

WADDELL, David (1960). “More on the Belize Question”. The Hispanic American Historical
Review, 40 (2), (May), 230-233.

WILLIAMS, Eric (1966). British Historians and the West Indies. London: Andre Deutsch.

WOODWARD, Ralph L. (1980). Belize Bibliography (World Bibliographical Series, vol. 21).
Oxford: Clio Press.

WOOLRICH, B. Manuel (1957). Bibliografía sobre Belice. México: Vargas Rea.

YOUNG, Alma (1990). “Belize”. In James M. Malloy & Eduardo A. Gamarra (Ed.), Latin America
and contemporary record. NY-London: Holmes and Meyer.

ZAMMIT, J. Ann (1978). The Belize Issue. London: Latin American Bureau.

2. Historia/ History/ Histoire

2.1 Relatos de viajeros/ stories of travelers/ Récits de voyageurs

CARR, J.D. & THORPE J.E. (Ed.). (1961). From the cam to the Cays: the story of the Cambridge
Expedition to British Honduras 1959-60. London: Putnarn.

DAMPIER, William (1717/1906). Dampier’s voyage: Two voyages to Campeachy. Vol. 2., Ed. by
John Mansfield. London: E. Grant-Richards.

Department of Archaeology, Archives Department, Department of Museums (1990). The 1990
Travel Exhibition. Moments in the history of Belize. Belmopan: Government Printery.

DOBSON, Narda (1959). English privateering voyages to the West Indies: 1588-1595. Ed.
Kenneth R. Andrews. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

9


STEPHENS, John L. (1969). Incident of travel in Central America, Chiapas and Yucatan. New
York: Dover Publication Inc.

2.2. Historia colonial/ colonial history/ Histoire Coloniale

ASHCRAFT, Norman (1973). Colonialism and underdevelopment: processes of political
economic change in British Honduras. New York: Teachers College Press.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1978). “The perversion of history: A critique of Stephen L. Caiger’s ‘British
Honduras past and present’”. Journal of Belizean Affairs, 6, (Jan.), 37-50.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1987). “The Colonial administrator as historian: Burdon, Burns and the
Battle of St. George’s Cay”. Belizean Studies, 15 (1), 8-16. [Reprinted in Essays in the Battle of
St. George’s Caye Day, 2006. Belize: St. John’s College+.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1977). The formation of a Colonial society: Belize, from conquest to crown
Colony. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1988). Colonialism and resistance in Belize: essays in historical sociology.
Belize City: SPEAR.

BRADLEY, Leo H. (without date, introduction in 1966). Glimpse on our country. Seventy-six
short articles on British Honduras (Belize).

BRISTOWE, Lindsay & WRIGHT, Philip (1889). The Handbook of British Honduras, 1888-1889.
Edinburgh and London: Blackwood.

BROOKE, Cyril (1924). The new edition of the consolidated laws of British Honduras. London
Wall, London: Waterlow and Sons Limited.

BROWN, Wallace (1990). “The Mosquito shore and the bay of Honduras during the era of the
American Revolution”. Belizean Studies, 18 (2-3), (December), 43-61.

BRYCE, William (1963). The subsidiary laws of British Honduras in force on the 31 st Day of
December, 1963. London: Richard Madley Limited.

BUHLER, Richard (1979). “How the British won the Battle of St. George’s Caye”, Belizean
Studies, 7 (5), (September), 11-17. [Reprinted in Essays in The Battle of St. George’s Caye Day
(2006). Belize: St. John’s College, pp. 1-7].

BURDON, Sir John Alder (1931-1935). Archives of British Honduras, Vol.3. London: Sifton Praed
and Co.

BURNS, Alan (1949). Colonial civil servant. London: Allen and Unwin.

BURNS, Alan (1954). History of the British West Indies. London: Allen and Unwin.

CAIGER, C.L. (1951). British Honduras past and present. London: Allen and Unwin.

CAL, Angel (1989). Review of Nigel Bolland “Colonialism and resistance in Belize: essays in
10


historical sociology”. The Hispanic American Historical Review, 69 (3), 584-585.

CALDERON, José A. (1944). Belize, 1663-1821. Sevilla: Victoria Gráficas.

CAMPBELL, Mavis C. (2003). “St. George’s Caye: Genesis of the British Settlement of Belize –
Anglo-Spanish Rivalry”. Journal of Caribbean History, 37 (2).

CLEGERN, Wayne (1967). British Honduras: Colonial dead end, 1859-1900. Baton Rouge:
Louisiana State University Press.

DOBSON, Narda (1973). A History of Belize. London: Longman Caribbean, Trinidad and Jamaica:
Longman Caribbean Limited.

DONOHOE, William A. (1946). A History of British Honduras. Montreal: Provincial Publishing
Co.

ERGOOD, Bruce (1991). “Review. Belize: an introduction”. Latin American Research Review, 26
(3), 257-265.

EVANS, G. (1948). Report of the British Guiana and British Honduras settlement Commission.
London: HMSO.

FLOYD, Barry (1970). “Focus on British Honduras (Belize)”. Occasional Publication, no. 18.
Jamaica: University of the West Indies.

GIBBS, Archibald R. (1883). British Honduras: an historical descriptive account of the colony
from its settlement, 1670. London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle and Rivington.

GOLDSWORTHY, D. J. (1971). Colonial Issues in British Politics, 1945-61. Oxford: Clarendon.

GRANT, Cedric (1976). The making of modern Belize: politics, society and British Colonialism in
Central America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

GREAT BRITAIN. CENTRAL OFFICE OF INFORMATION (1964). Reference Division, Honduras
Británicas (Belize). Londres: Central Office of Information.

GREGG, Robert A. (1968). British Honduras. London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

HENDERSON, George (1809). An account of the British Settlement of Honduras. London: C. and
R. Baldwin.

HUMPHREYS, Francis (1979). “The Battle of St. George’s Caye: a new analysis (Part. I)”.
Belizean Studies, 7 (4), (July), 1-11. [Reprinted in Essays in The Battle of St. George’s Caye Day
(2006). Belize: St. John’s College, pp. 17-27).

HUMPHREYS, Francis. (1979). “The Battle of St. George’s Caye: a new analysis (Part. II).
Belizean Studies, 7 (5), (September), 1-10. [Reprinted in Essays in The Battle of St. George’s
Caye Day, (2006). Belize: St. John’s College, pp. 28-37].

HUNTER, Lita, MURRAY, Fr. M. & YSAGUIRRE, Lena (Ed.). (1987). Readings in Belizean History.
Belize: Belizean Studies.

11


HURFORD, Graham (1987). “The Moyne Commission in British Honduras public opinion and
the politics of the Burns Administration, 1934-1940”. Master’s Thesis, University of London.

KING, Emory (1991). Belize 1798. The road to glory. The Battle of St. George’s Caye. A novel
history of Belize. Belize: Tropical Books.

KING, Emory (1999). The Great Story of Belize, vol. 1. Belize: Printed by BRC Printing and
Published by Tropical Books.




LEAS, Charles (1863). Belize or British Honduras. Manuscript, Dispatches from the United
States Consuls in Belize, 1847-1906, roll 2 (53), July 25.

LEON, Narda D. (1958). Social and administrative developments in British Honduras, 1798-
1843. Thesis, University of Oxford: unpublished B. Lit.

LEWIS, Gareth D. (1977). “The 1794 register of St. John’s Cathedral”. Belizean Studies, 5, 19-26.

METZGEN, Monrad & CAIN H.E.C. (1925). Handbook of British Honduras, 1925. London: The
West India Committee.

METZGEN, Monrad (Ed.). (1928). Shoulder to shoulder, or the Battle of St. George’s Caye 1798.
Belize City: Literary and Debating Club.

MOBERG, Mark (1996). “Review 13 Chapters of a History of Belize by Assad Shoman”. Journal
of Latin American Studies, 28 (2), (May), 512-513.

MORRIS, D., 1883. The Colony of British Honduras. Its resources and prospects. London: Edward
Stanford, 55, Charing Cross.

NAYLOR, Robert A. (1968). “Review of Clegern Wayne M., 1967. British Honduras: Colonial
dead end, 1859-1900. Baton Rouge, Louisiana State University Press”. The Hispanic American
Historical Review, 48 (1), (feb.), 136-137.

NAYLOR, Robert A. (1989). Penny Ante Imperialism: the Mosquito shore and the bay of
Honduras, 1600-1914: a case study in British Informal Empire. Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson
Press.

OMAN, Sir Charles (1922). The unfortunate Colonel Despard and other studies. London: Edward
Arnold.

OWER, Leslie H. (1927). “Features of British Honduras”. The Geographical Journal, 70 (4),
(Oct.), 372-386.

12


PEREZ, Gustavo (1958). Documentos sobre Belice o Balice. México: Boletín Bibliográfico de la
Secretaria de Hacienda y Crédito Público.

POSNETT, N. W. & REILLY P.M. (1973). Belize (British Honduras). Foreign and Commonwealth
office overseas development administration, land Ressource Division. Tolworth Tower,
Surbiton, Surrey, England.

RITZ, Stacy (1994). The new key to Belize. Berkley, CA: Ulysses Press.

SHERLOCK, Philip (1969). Belize: A Junior History. London and Glasgow: Collins.

SHOMAN, Assad (1995). Backtalking Belize: selected writings. Edited by Anne Masherson.
Belize City: The Angelus Press Limited.

SHOMAN, Assad (2000). Thirteen chapters of a history of Belize. Belize City: The Angelus Press
Limited. [First Ed. 1994]

TOUSSAINT, Mónica (1993). Belice: una historia olvidada. México: Instituto Mora-CEMCA.

TOUSSAINT, Mónica (Comp.). (2004). Belice: textos de su historia, 1670-1981. México: Instituto
Mora.

VICKERS, George (1955). The legislature of British Honduras. London: Government Printer.

WADDELL, David (1961). British Honduras: A historical and contemporary survey. London, New
York and Toronto: Oxford University Press.

WADDELL, David (1988). “Britain, British Honduras and Belize”. Belizean Studies, 16 (2), 16-28.

WINZERLING, E.O. (1946). The Beginning of British Honduras, 1506-1765. New York: North
River Press.

2.3. Independencia, anticolonialismo/ Independence,
anticolonialismo/ Indépendance, anticolonialisme

AGUILERA, Gabriel (1977). “Dependencia política y colonialismo: Ideología independentista y
lucha de clase en Belice”. En Anuario de Estudios Centroamericanos, 3, 81-95, Instituto de
Investigaciones Sociales de la Universidad de Costa Rica.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1977). “Antonio Soberanis and the 1934-35 ‘Disturbances’ in Belize” Part 1.
Belizean Studies, 5 (4), July, 1-11.

Belizean Studies, 5 (5), July, 16-30.

Belizean Studies, 6 (2), 12-19.

13



ASHDOWN, Peter (1979). “The Labourer’s riot of 1894”, Part I. Belizean Studies, 7 (6), 8-20.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1980). “The Labourer’s riot of 1894”, Part II. Belizean Studies, 8 (2), 22-28.

BALBONI, Barbara S. & PALACIO, Joseph O. (Ed.). (2007). Taking stock: Belize at 25 years of
Independence (Vol.1). Belize: Cubola Books.

BERTRAND, Régis (1985). Belize: son indépendance ou l'issue d'un contentieux colonial entre
Grande-Bretagne et Guatemala. Mémoire de DEA, Paris, IHEAL-Université Paris3.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1986). Belize. A New Nation in Central America. Boulder and London:
Westview Press.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1992). “The politics of freedom in the British Caribbean”. In Frank Mc Glynn,
Seymour Drescher (Ed.), The meaning of freedom: economics, politics, and culture after slavery
(pp. 113-146). Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press,

COLLINS, Charles O. (1973). The political geography of nation-building: the case of Belize. Tesis
(Doctor of Philosophy), University of Kansas.

DA PENA, Ramón (1976). Belize prospects for independence and sovereignty. Tesis (Doctor of
Philosophy in Geography), Los Angeles, Calif., University of California.

FAIRWEATHER, D.N.A. (1977). A short history of the volunteer forces of British Honduras.
Montreal: n.p.

George Price. Father of the nation of Belize (2000). Belize: Ion Media.

GILES, B. W. (1956). The “belize” question: a problem of anticolonialism in the new world. Tesis
(Doctor of Philosophy), Yale University.

GOVERNMENT OF BELIZE, 1980. Free Belize Now!

GOV. OF PEOPLE'S UNITED PARTY (PUP), (1989). The manifesto for the Independent Belize.
Belize: Government Printery.

HOWE, Stephen (1993). Anticolonialism in British Politics: The left and the end of empire.
Oxford: Clarendon Press.

JAMAIL, Milton (1984). “Belize: still struggling for Independence”. NACLA Report on the
Americas, 18 (3), (May-June), 8-10.

KOOP, G.S. (1991). Pioneer Years in Belize. Belize City, Belize: Published by G.S. Koop.

PAZ, Ma. Elena (1979). Belize. El Despertar de una Nación. México: Siglo XXI.

14


PEOPLE'S UNITED PARTY (PUP). (1969). Manifesto for the New Belize in the surging seventies.
Belize: Government Information Service. Printed by the Government Printery.

SÁNCHEZ, I. E. (1984). Belize and its cultural identity: crisis of a people in search of their
national identity. Belmopan: mimeografiado.

SETZEKORN, William D. (1981). Formerly British Honduras: a profile of the new nation of Belize.
Athens: Ohio University Press. [Original work published in 1975 by Newark, NJ, Dumbarton
Press].

SHOMAN, Assad (1973). “The birth of the nationalist movement in Belize, 1950-1954”. Journal
of Belizean Affairs, 2, 3-40. [Reissue: Lita Hunter Krohn, Fr. M. Murray, Lena Ysaguirre (Ed.).
(1987), Readings in Belizean history. Belize: Belizean Studies and St. John’s College, pp. 194-
238].

SPEAR’s Annual Studies on Belize Conference: Ten Year’s of independence in times of crisis:
Belize 1981-1991. Belice: 1991, independence ten years after: fifth annual studies on Belize
conference. Belize, SPEAR, 1992

SUTHERLAND, Anne (1998). The making of Belize: Globalization in the margins. Westport,
Connecticut: Bergin and Garvey.

2.4 Esclavitud/ Slavery/ Esclavage

BOLLAND, Nigel (1981). “Systems of domination after slavery: the control of land and labor in
the British West Indies after 1838”. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 23 (4), 591-
619.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1978). “Slavery in Belize”. Journal of Belizean Affairs, 6, 3-36.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1986). “Labour control and resistance in Belize in the century after 1838”.
Slavery and Abolition, 7 (2), 175-187.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1994). “Colonization and slavery in Central America”. In Paul E. Lovejoy and
Nichols Rogers (Eds.). Unfree labour in the development of the Atlantic World (pp. 11-25).
London: Frank Cass.

BURN, W. L. (1937). Emancipation and apprenticeship in the British West Indies. London:
Jonathan Cape.

CRATON, Michael (1982). Testing the chains: resistance to slavery in the British West Indies.
Ithaca, NY: Carnell University Press.

DAVIES, Ioan (1971). The West Indies, before and since slave emancipation. London: Frank
Cass. [First Ed. 1854].

ENGERMAN, S. L. (1985). “Economic change and contract labour in the British Caribbean: the
end of slavery and the adjustment of emancipation”. In David Richardson (Ed.), Abolition and
its Aftermath: the historical contact, 1790-1916 (pp. 225-244). London: Frank Cass.

15


FIEHRER, Thomas (1979). “Slaves and freedmen in Colonial Central America: rediscovering a
forgotten Black”. The Journal of Negro History, 64 (1), (Winter), 39-57.

GREEN, William A. (1976). British slave emancipation: the Sugar Colonies ad the great
Experiment, 1830-1865. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

GREEN, William A. (1984). “The perils of comparative history: Belize and the British sugar
Colonies after slavery” and Bolland’s Reply. Comparative Studies in Society and History, 26 (1),
(Jan.), 112-119.

HADEL, Richard (1975). “Slave trials in Belize”. Belizean Studies, 3 (2), 1-7.

HIGMAN, Barry (1984). Slaves populations in the British Caribbean, 1807-1834. Baltimore, MD:
John Hopkins University Press.

KING, Emory (2006). Slavery in Belize. A family affair. Belize City: Tropical Books. [First Ed.
1999].

MURRAY, Roy (2002). An account of slavery in the marginal colonies of the British West Indies.
Unpublished PhD Thesis, University of Glasgow.

SPEAReport4, (1990). Second annual studies on Belize conference (14-16 de octubre 1988).
Slavery and freedom in Belize: Yesterday and Today. México: Published for SPEAR by Cubola
Productions.

3. Sociedad, política, economía/ Society, politics, economy/
Société, politique, économie

3.1. Sociedad y política/ Society and politics/ Société et politique

50 years of serving the people. PUP 1950-2000, a special anniversary pictorial (2000). Belize,
Ion Media.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1980). “Sweet-Escott, Swayne and the unofficial majority in the Legislative
Council of British Honduras: 1904-1911”. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, IX
(1), (October), 57-75.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1980). “The Belize elite: a pictorial commentary”. Belizean Studies, 8 (1),
(January), 12-15.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1981).”The Belize elite and its power base: Land, labour and commerce
circa 1890”. Belizean Studies, 9 (5-6), 30-43.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1989). “A Democracy too soon: The Constitutional proposals 1923-1925”.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1973). “The social structure and social relations of the settlement in the Bay
of Honduras (Belize) in the 18th Century”. Journal of Caribbean History, 6, 1-42.
16


BOLLAND, Nigel (1991). “Society and politics in Belize”. In Colin Clarke (Ed.). Society and politics
in the Caribbean (pp. 78-109). Oxford: Macmillan.

CHEVERTON, R. L. & SMART, H. P. (1937). Report of the committee on nutrition in the Colony of
British Honduras. Belize: Government Printer.

CRAIG, Susan (1982). “Sociological theorizing in the English-speaking Caribbean: A Review”. In
Susan Craig (Ed.), Contemporary Caribbean: a Sociological Reade, 2, 143-180.

EDWARDS, Colleen (1994). Belizean children in especially difficult circumstances. Belize: The
Belize National Committee on Families and Children and UNICEF.

ELLIS, Zoila (1980). “A brief review of recent social legislation. The status of children ordinance
1980”. Network: Journal of Belizean Women’s Affairs, 1 (1), (December), pp. 22-33.

FERNANDEZ, Julio (1989). Belize: case study for democracy in Central America. United
Kingdom, United States: Aldershot, Avebury.

GRANT, Cedric (1966). “The civil service strike in British Honduras: a case study of politics and
the civil service”. Caribbean Quarterly, 12 (13), (September), 37-49.

GRANT, Cedric (1967). “Rural local government in Guyana and British Honduras”. Social and
Economic Studies, 16, 57-76.

HADEL, Richard. (1974). “Three early censuses: 1816, 1820 and 1823”. Occasional Papers
Series, BISRA Journal of Social Research and Thought. Belize City: St. Johns College.

HANSON, David (1974). “Politics, partisanship and social position in Belize”. Journal of
Interamerican Studies and World Affairs, 16 (4), 409-435.

HARRISON, J. (1984). Belize: Social policy and intersectorial planning. Belmopan: British
Development Division in the Caribbean.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1988). “Creating and manipulating power within dependency”. Belizean
Studies, 16 (3), 2-13.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1992). Power and development: The political economy of identities in Belize.
PhD Dissertation, University of California, Los Angeles.

KROSHUS, Laurie (2004). Negotiating economic development: identity formation and collective
action in Belize. Tucson: University of Arizona Press.

LUNDGREN, Nancy (1987). Socialization of children in Belize: identity, race and power within
the world political economy. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Massachusetts,
Massachusetts.

OKEKE, Stephen (2004). Understanding the problems of Belizean youths. Positive insights.
Benque Viejo del Carmen: BRC Printing LTD.

PALACIO, Joseph (1993). “Social and cultural implications of recent demographic changes in
Belize”, Belizean Studies, 21 (3), 2-12.
17


PALACIO, Myrtle (1990). “The Rise of local area community organizations in Belize City”. In
SPEAReports 6: Third annual studies on Belize conference, Belize, 1989 (pp. 52-81). México:
SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

PALACIO, Myrtle (1991). “Elections in Belize City: who is Participating? A critique of our voting
system”. In SPEAReports7: Fourth annual studies on Belize conference, Belize, 1990 (pp. 48-60).
México: SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

PALACIO, Myrtle (1993). The first Primer on the people called Garifuna. Belize: Glessima
Research and Services, Ltd.

PALACIO, Myrtle (1993). Who and what in Belizean elections, 1954 to 1993. Belize: Glessima
Research and Services, Ltd.

PRICE, George (1991). Constitution & regulations of the People's United Party (PUP). Belize:
Government Printery.

ROESSINGH, Carel & BOERSMA, Kees (2005). “Local Interests versus Global Organizational
Power: Political Conflicts in the Organization of Belizean Football”. In: Belizean Studies, 27 (1),
77-82.

ROSBERG, Michael (2005). Impact of crime and violence on children and adolescents:
Responding to the emotional, physical and financial security needs of children and adolescents.
Belize: Community Rehabilitation Department-UNICEF.

SÁNCHEZ, I. E. (1990). “Our political contract: amendments and additions”. In SPEAReport, 4:
Second annual studies on Belize conference (pp. 64-70). México: SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

SHOMAN, Assad (1987). Party politics in Belize. 1950-1986. Benque Viejo del Carmen: Cubola
Productions.

SHOMAN, Assad (1988). “Double Jeopardy: trade unions relations with party and State. The
case of the UGWU”. In Belize: Ethnicity and Development. Belize: SPEAR (without pagination).

SHOMAN, Assad (1990). “Belize: an authoritarian democratic State in Central America”. In
SPEAReports4: Second annual studies on Belize conference (pp. 42-63). México: SPEAR by
Cubola Productions.

SMITH, Godfrey P. (2005). Belize. A Caribbean nation in Central America. Selected Speeches of
Said Musa. Kingston, Miami: Ian Randle Publishers.

THORNDIKE, Tony (1983). “Belizean political parties: the independence crisis and after”.
Journal of Commonwealth and Comparative Politics, 21 (2), 195-211.

TOUSSAINT, Mónica (1990). “Las elecciones en Belice: del espejismo bipartidista a la realidad
neocolonialista”. Secuencia, 18, (sept-dic.), 5-16.

UNICEF-CRD (2005). The impact of crime and violence on children and adolescents. Belmopan:
Ministry of Human Development-Community Rehabilitation Department.

18


WILK, Richard (1984). “Rural settlement change in Belize, 1970-1980: The effects of roads”.

WILK, Richard (1995). “Learning to be local in Belize: Global systems of common difference”. In
D. Miller (ed.), Worlds apart: Modernity through the prism of the local. London: Routledge, pp.
110-133.

WITTER, Michael (n.d.). Civil society participation in Governance in Jamaica and Belize.
Jamaica: CSEDNet.

YOUNG, Alma (1994). “Belize: challenges to democracy”. In Carlene J. Edie (Ed.). Democracy in
the Caribbean. Myths and realities (pp. 114-129). Westport, Connecticut: Praeger.

3.2. Economía/ Economy/ Economie

ASHDOWN, Peter (1979). “Control and Coercion: the Motives for Governments Nurture of
Organized Labour”. Journal of Belizean Affairs, 9, 36-43.

BARNETT, Carla (1993). “Perspectives on globalization”. In SPEAReports 9: Globalization and
Development: Challenges and Prospects for Belize. Belize City: SPEAR.

BLOOD, Sir Hilary (1960). “British Honduras: land of opportunity”. Journal of the Royal
Commonwealth Society, 3.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1984). “Labour conditions in Belize: the century after 1838”. Belcast, Journal
of Belizean Affairs, 1 (1), 48-54.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1988). “The Labour movement and the genesis of modern politics in Belize”.
In Malcom Cross & Gad Heuman (Ed.), Labour and the Caribbean: From Emancipation to
Independence (pp. 258-284). London: Macmillan.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1995). On the March: Labour rebellions in the British Caribbean. 1934-39.
Kingston, Ian Randle, London: James Currey.

BOLLAND, Nigel (2001). The politics of Labour in the British Caribbean: the social origins of
authoritarianism and democracy in the labour movement. Princeton: Markus Wiener.

BRAUN, Bertram (1993). “The Enterprise for the Americas initiative: where Belize Fits”. In
SPEAReports 9: Globalization and Development: Challenges and Prospects for Belize. Belize
City: SPEAR.

CAL, Angel (1984). “The Corozal (Goshen) Estate 1819-1887”. Belcast, Journal of Belizean
Affairs, 1 (1), (December), 41-47.

CAL, Angel (1991). “Capital-Labor relations on a Colonial frontier: nineteenth Century Northern
Belize”. In Jeffrey T. Brannon & Gilbert M. Joseph (Ed.), Land, labour, and capital in modern
Yucatán: Essays in regional history and political economy (pp. 83-106).Tuscaloosa: University of
Alabama Press.

CAL, Angel (1991). Rural society and economic development. British mercantile capital in the
19


nineteenth-century Belize. PhD Dissertation, University of Arizona.

CARREY, N.S. (1953). The Pattern of a dependent economy: the National Income of British
Honduras. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

CAYETANO, Roy (1987). “Why cooperatives fail”. First annual studies on Belize conference,
University Center (May 25-26, 1987). Belize City: SPEAR Ethnicity and Development.

DANIEL, George (1957). “Labor and nationalism in the British Caribbean”. Annals of the
American Academy of Political and Social Science, 310, (Mar.), 162-171. Current Issues in
International Labor Relations.

DODD, S. & SEAMAN, P. (1998). “Religion and enterprise: an introduction exploration”.
Entrepreneurship: Theory and Practice, 3 (1), 71–87.

DOWNIE, J. (1959). An Economic Policy for British Honduras. Belize: Government Printery.

DUMONT, René (1963). A development plan for British Honduras. Part 2: The modernization of
agriculture. UN Commission of Technical Assistance, Dept. Of Economic and Social Affairs.

FOG, Karen (1993). “Between tradition and modernity: national development in the
Caribbean”. Social Analysis, 33, (September), 89-104.

GORDON, Edmund (1981). Phases of development and underdevelopment in a Caribbean
fishing village: San Pedro, Belize. Doctoral Dissertation, Stanford University.

HAMILL, Don (1978). “Colonialism and the emergence of trade unions in Belize”. Journal of
Belizean Affairs, 7, 3-20.

HENDERSON, Peta (1990). “Development and dependency in a Belizean Village”. SPEAReport 4:
Second annual studies on Belize conference (pp. 71-91). México: SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

HEYMAN, Will & GRAHAM, R. (2000). The voice of the fisherman of southern Belize. Belize:
TIDE.

JAMES, C.L.R. (1980). “The West Indian middle class”. In Spheres of existence: selected writings
(pp. 131-140). Westport CT: Lawrence Hill and Co.

KROHN, Eleanor (1979). The development of nursing in Belize (British Honduras) Central
America: 1920 to 1970. Tesis (Doctor of Philosophy), Columbia University Teachers College.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1990). “For the good of the small Man: the sources of small growers’
power”. In SPEAReports 6: Third annual studies on Belize conference, Belize, 1989 (pp. 44-51).

KROSHUS, Laurie (1992). “Immigration, labour and Government policy: class conflict and
alternative paths towards development”. In SPEAReports 8 (pp.144.-158). Belize: SPEAR.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1997). “Development policies and identity politics: class and collectivity in
Belize”. American Ethnologist, 24 (1), (Feb.), 148-169.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1998). “The impact of free- trade initiatives on the Caribbean Basin: From
20


Democracy to Efficiency in Belize”. Latin American Perspectives, 25 (5), (Sep.), 27-49.

LAURE, Joseph & BONILLA, Rosario (1992). Belize: 1889-1990, a century of slow change in the
purchasing power of low wages. Belice: 1889-1990, un siglo de lenta evolución del poder
adquisitivo de los salarios bajos. Ciudad de Guatemala: Instituto de Nutrición de Centro
América y Panamá.

LAURE, Joseph (1991). Belize : un siècle de lente évolution du pouvoir d'achat des bas salaires,
1889-1990. Guatemala de la Asunción: ORSTOM-INCAP.

LEWIS, Arthur (1977). Labour in the West Indies: the birth of a workers’ movement. London:
New Beacon Books. [First Ed. 1939].

PALACIO, Myrtle (1990). “A socio-economic Profile of Belize” in SPEAReports 3. Belize: SPEAR.

ROGERS, E. (1885). “British Honduras: Its resources and development”. Journal of the
Manchester Geographical Society. 1, 197-227.

ROSBERG, Michael & JOHNSON, Melva (2000). Preparing for the new millennium: National
Human Development Report 1999. Belize: National Human Development Advisory Committee-
UNDP-UNICEF.

SHOMAN, Assad (1987). “The making and breaking of the United General Workers’ Union”. In
Belize: Ethnicity and Development (pp. 1-32). Belize: SPEAR.

SOSA, Nigeli (1997). “Measuring the multidimensional aspects of poverty: a study based on
Orange Walk district, Belize”. Working papers 238. The Hague: Inst. of Social Studies.

SPEAR’s (1993). Annual Studies on Belize Conference: Globalization and development:
challenges and prospects for Belize (1992). Belize: SPEAR.

STAHL, Kathleen (1951). The metropolitan organization of British Colonial Trade. London: Faber
and Faber.

SUTHERLAND, Anne (1986). Caye caulker: economic success in a Belizean fishing village.
Boulder: Westview Press.

TASKER-BROWN, Julie (1989). A preliminary analysis of Low-Income housing policy for Belize
City. Montreal: School of Urban Planning, Mc Gill University.

TILLETT, W. Edmund (1979). The development of an industrial labor force in a developing
country: a case study of Belize. Tesis (Master of labour and industrial relations), Michigan State
University.

TRIPARTITE REPORT (1966). Report of the Tripartite economic survey of British Honduras, May
1966. Canada, UK, USA: Tri-national survey team.

VERNON, Dylan (1992). “Ten years of independence in Belize: an analysis of the socio-
economic crisis”. In SPEAReports 8 (pp. 38-50). Belize City: SPEAR.

21


WOLFE, J. & BROWN, D. (1987). The informal sector production of housing: effects of
unarticulated policies: a case study from Belize. Montreal: School of Urban Planning, Mc Gill
University.

WOODS, Louis & PERRY, Joseph (1991). “Regional integration, foreign trade, and economic
development: Caricom and Belize”. SPEAReports 7: Fourth annual studies on Belize conference,
Belize, 1990 (pp. 25-47). México: SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

3.3. Explotación forestal, agricultura, tierra/ Logging, agriculture,
land/ Exploitation forestière, agriculture, terres

BARHAM, B. (1992). “Foreign direct investment in a strategically competitive environment:
Coca-Cola, Belize and the international citrus industry”. World Development, 20 (6), 841-857.

BARNETT, Carla (1991). “Aspects of state policy on land distribution and use in the crown
Colonial period and after”. SPEAReports 7: Fourth annual studies on Belize conference, Belize,
1990 (pp. 61-79). México: SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

BARNETT, Carla (1991). The political economy of land in Belize: “Machete must fly”.
Unpublished PhD thesis, University of the West Indies.

BETETA, Ramón (1999). Tierra del Chicle. Cancún: Gobierno del Estado de Quintana Roo,
Secretaría General de Gobierno.

BOLLAND, Nigel & SHOMAN, Assad (1977). Land in Belize, 1765-1871: the origins of land
tenures, use, and distribution in a dependent economy. Mona: Institute of Social and Economic
Research, University of the West Indies.

CRAIG, Alan (1969). “Logwood as a factor in the settlement of British Honduras”. Caribbean
Studies, 9 (1), 53-62.

FINAMORE, Daniel (2004). “Pirate water: sailing to Belize in the Mahogany trade”. In David
Killingray, Margarette Lincoln & Nigel Rigby (Ed.), Maritime Empires: British Imperial Maritime
trade in the Nineteenth Century (pp. 30-47). London: The Boydell Press and National Maritime
Museum.

FORD, Amos (1985). Telling the truth: the life and times of the British Honduras Forestry Unit in
Scotland (1941-44). London: Karia Press.

FROST, Marvin D. (1974). A biogeographical analysis of some relationships between man, land,
and wildlife in Belize, British Honduras. Doctoral Dissertation (Doctor of Philosophy), Oregon
State University.

GARCÍA, Evadne (1990). “Mineral resources of Belize”. In SPEAReports 6: Third annual studies
on Belize conference, Belize, 1989 (pp. 29-32). México: SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

IYO, Joe (1998). An oral history of land, property & real estate development in Belize. Belize:
University College of Belize Press.

JONES, Grant (1969). “Los cañeros: sociopolitical aspects of the history of agriculture in the
22


Corozal Region of British Honduras”. Ph. D Dissertation, Brandeis University.

JONES, Grant (1971). The politics of agricultural development in Northern British Honduras.
Winston-Salem: Wake Forest University.

JOSEPH, Gilbert (1974). “British loggers and Spanish governors: The logwood trade and its
settlements in the Yucatan Peninsula, part. II”. Caribbean Studies, 4 (2), 43-52.

JOSEPH, Gilbert (1977). “The Logwood trade and its settlement” (Part 1). Belizean Studies, 5
(2), 1-16.

JOSEPH, Gilbert (1977). “The Logwood trade and its settlement” (Part 2). Belizean Studies, 5
(3), 1-15.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1990). “Contests for continuity and change: a Local-Level view of the
organization of power relations in the Belizean citrus industry”. Caribbean Studies, 23 (3-4), 51-
68.

LAMBERT, John D. & ARNASON, John Thor (1982). Notes de recherché. Discussion papers 824:
Traditional milpa agriculture in Belize. Canada: University of Ottawa: Institute for International
Development and Co-operation.

MOBERG, Mark (1991). “Citrus and the State: factions and class formation in rural Belize”.
American Ethnologist, 18 (2), 215-233.

MOBERG, Mark (1992). Citrus, strategy, and class: the politics of development in Southern
Belize. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.

MOBERG, Mark (1996). “Crown Colony as banana republic: the united fruit company in British
Honduras, 1900-1920”. Journal of Latin American Studies, 28, 357-381.

MOBERG, Mark (2003). “Responsible men and sharp Yankees: the United Fruit Company,
resident elites, and colonial state in British Honduras”. In Steve Striffler & Mark Moberg (Ed.).
Banana Wars: Power, production and history in the Americas (pp. 145-170), Durham, NC: Duke
University Press.

MURRAY, Roy (2006). Family and People all well... an account of the occurrences in the
business of Mahogany and Logwood cutting in the Bay of Honduras in 1789. Belize, Benque
Viejo del Carmen: Cubola Books.

PERRY, Joseph & WOODS, Louis (1991). “Changing agricultural patterns in Belize since 1958”.
In SPEAReports 7: Fourth annual studies on Belize conference, Belize, 1990 (pp.80-112).

PETCH, Trevor (1986). “Dependency, land and Oranges in Belize”. Third World Quarterly, 8 (3),
(Jul.), 1002-1019. Published by: Taylor & Francis, Ltd.

ROBINSON, Guy (1985). “Agricultural change in the Belize River Valley”. Caribbean Geographer,
2, 35-44.

ROMNEY, D. (Ed.). (1959). “Land use in British Honduras”. Colonial Research Publication, 24.
London: Her Majesty´s Stationary Office.
23


SAMPSON, H. (1929). Report on development of agriculture in British Honduras. London: His
Majesty’s Stationery Office.

SHARPE, Frank (1955). “Activities of the Citrus Company of British Honduras”. In W.A.J.
Bowman (Ed.), Citrus culture in British Honduras: the development of the Citrus Industry in the
Stann Creek Valley. British Honduras: Bowman, W.A.J

SHOMAN, Assad (1988). “Reseña de la industria bananera en Belice”. In FLACSO (Ed.), Cambio
y continuidad en la economía bananera (pp. 37-47). San José: FLACSO.

SIEMENS, Alfred (1989). Tierra configurada: Investigaciones de los vestigios de agricultura
precolombina en tierras inundables costeras desde el norte de Veracruz hasta Belice. México:
Consejo Nacional Para la Cultura y las Artes.

STAVRAKIS, Olga (1979). The effect of agricultural change upon social relations and diet in a
village in Northern Belize, Central America. Doctoral Dissertation (Doctor of Philosophy),
University of Minnesota.

TOUT, G.M., ANDERSON, A.G., ESTALL, D.A., FREEMAN, T.A. & RYAN, J. (1979). Belize Citrus
Industry. United Kingdom: Commonwealth Development Corporation. Watson, Hilbourne.

UNIVERSITY OF WISCONSIN, LAND TENURE CENTER LIBRARY, 1975. “The Central American
agrarian economy: a bibliography (Part I, Regional, Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador)”. Training
and methods series, 26. Madison, Univ. of Wisconsin, land tenure center library.

WILK, Richard & CHAPIN, Mac (1989). “Belize: land tenure and ethnicity”. Cultural Survival
Quarterly, 13 (3), 41-44.

WOODS, Louis, et al., (1993). “Sugar consumption, sugar policy and the fate of the Belizean
cane growers”. In SPEAReports 9: Globalization and Development: Challenges and Prospects for
Belize. Belize: SPEAR.

WRIGHT, A., ROMNEY, D., ARBUCKLE R,V. & VIAL, V.E. (1959). “Land in British Honduras:
Report of the British Honduras land use survey team”. In Colonial Research Publication, 24.
London: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office.

3.4. Turismo/ Turism/ Tourisme

AWE, Jaime & CAMPBELL, Mark (1989). Cahal Pech, Cayo, Belize: a preliminary guide to the
Ancient Ruins. Belize: Belize Dept. of Archaeology

BERENDSE, Myrte & ROESSINGH, Carel (2007). “Hidden and unspoiled: image building in the
tourism industry of Belize”. International Journal of Tourism Policy, 1 (3), 267 – 282.

DACHARY, Alfredo & ARANAIZ, Stella (1991). “Tourism development, the options and their
problems: The case of San Pedro”. In SPEAReport No. 7: Fourth annual studies on Belize
conference, Belize 1990 (pp. 142-146). México: Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

DALTABUIT, Magalí, VÁSQUEZ, Luz María, CISNEROS, Héctor & RUIZ, Gregorio (2006). El
24


turismo costero en la ecorregión del sistema arrecifal mesoamericano. Cuernavaca, Morelos:
Universidad Autónoma de México, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Multidisciplinarias.

ENRIQUEZ, Jeremy (1998). “Birds come, tourists come: That cultural and economic impact of
ecotourism on Crooked Tree village, Belize”. In Brown, Deryck R., Evaluation, Learning and
Caribbean Development. Canoe Press: University of the West Indies.

KEY, Carol (2002). “The political economy of the transition from fishing to tourism, in Placencia,
Belize”. International Review of Modern Sociology, 30 (1), (Fall), 1-17.

MC MINN, S. & CARTER, E. (1998). “Tourist typology: Observation from Belize”. Annals of
Tourism Research, 25 (3), 675-699.

PEARCE, Douglas G. (1984). “Planning for tourism in Belize”. Geographical Review, 74 (3), (Jul.),
291-303.

PHILLIPS, Michael D. (1994). “Imaging Belize: Tourist and Tourism Advertising”. Belizean
Studies, 21 (3), 3-12.

ROESSINGH, Carel & BERENDSE, Myrte (2005). “Combining sustainable tourism and cruise-
ships in Belize”. In: Journal of Hospitality and Tourism, 3 (1), 55-76.

ROESSINGH, Carel, BRAS, Karin, BERENDSE, Myrte, & DUIJNHOVEN, Hanneke (eds), (2005).
Entrepreneurs in Tourism in the Caribbean Basin. Case studies from Belize, the Dominican
Republic, Jamaica & Suriname. Amsterdam: Dutch University Press.

SHELLER, Mimi (2003). Consuming the Caribbean. London and New York: Routledge.

SUTHERLAND, Anne (1996). “Tourism and the human mosaic in Belize”. Urban Anthropology,
25 (3), 259-281.

WOODS, Louis, PERRY, Joseph & STEAGALL, Jeffrey (1994). “Tourism as a development tool:
the case of Belize”. Caribbean Geography, 5 (1), (March), 1-19.

3.5. Ciudad, medio ambiente, territorio/ City, environment, territory/
Ville, environnement, territoire

BELIZE TOWN PLANNING COMMITTEE, (1946). A Town Planning Scheme for Belize. Belize:
Government of British Honduras Printer.

CAIN, Ernest (1932). Cyclone: being an illustrated official record of the Hurricane and Tidal
wave which destroyed the City of Belize (British Honduras) on the Colony’s Birthday, 10 th
September 1931. London: A. H. Stockwell.

CAIN, Ernest (1963). Cyclone “Hattie”: being an illustrated record of the Hurricane and Tidal
wave which destroyed the City of Belize in British Honduras on the 31 st day of October, 1961.
Devon: Arthur H. Stockwell.

25


CAYETANO, Sebastian (1988). Aspects of community involvement in the urban affairs of Belize
City building cooperatives, Beautification Projects, etc. (Report). Belize: University of the West
Indies.

COTE, Mark A. (1989). Land use policy guidelines for new development areas in Belize City.
Supervised Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree
of Master of Urban Panning, School of Urban Planning, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Canada.

EDMOND, Charles J. (1997). A history of Orange walk town. Belize City: BISRA Occasional
Publication.

EVERITT, John (1986). “The growth and development of Belize City”. Journal of Latin American
Studies, 18 (1), (May, 1986), 75-111. Published by: Cambridge University Press.

FARAZLI, Corinne (1987). Belize City comprehensive development Plan: Technical report:
population in Belize. Montreal: Mc Gill University.

FARAZLI, Corinne & LEATHEM, Thomas (1987). Belize City: Background Planning Study. Master
Thesis, School of Urban Planning, Mc Gill University, Montreal, Canada.

FOSTER, Byron (1987). The Baymen’s Legacy: a portrait of Belize City. Belize: Cubola
Productions.

FURLEY, Peter (1970). “A capital waits for its country”. Geographical Magazine 43, 713-716.

GODFREY, Glenn D. (1996). Ambergris Caye. Paradise with a past. Benque Viejo del Carmen:
Cubola Productions.

IYO, Aondofe (2005). Discover old Belize Town. Sites and places of memory. Belize City, Belize:
The Institute of Social and Cultural Research (ISCR), National Institute of Culture and History
(NICH).

JACOBS, N.D. & CASTAÑEDA, A. (1998). The Belize Biodiversity action Plan, 1998-2003. Belize:
BRC.

JOLLY, Kimo & MC RAE, Ellen (1998). The environment of Belize: Our life support system.
Benque Viejo del Carmen, Cubola Productions.

KEARNS, Kevin C. (1973). “Belmopan: Perspective on a New Capital”. Geographical Review, 63
(2), (April), 147-169.

KHARUSI, Jocelyne (1970). Patterns of migration and indices of urbanization in Belize, British
Honduras. MA Thesis, Montreal, Mc Gill University.

LEATHEM, Thomas (1987). Belize City comprehensive development Plan: technical report:
employment in Belize. Montreal: School of Urban Planning, Mc Gill University.

MAZZARELLI, Marcela (1976). Continuity in change: settlement in the upper Belize Valley,
Belize. Tesis (Doctor of Philosophy), Urbana-Champaign, III, University of Illinois.

OKEKE, Stephen (2004). The Psychology of the Belize market place. Crossing Sign Publishers:
Belize.
26


PALACIO, Joseph (1976). “Post Hurricane ‘Hattie’ resettlement in Belize”. Unpublished
research report. Department of Anthropology, University of California, Berkeley, C.A.

PALACIO, Joseph (1982). “Post Hurricane resettlement in Belize”. In A. Hansen and A. Oliver-
Smith (eds.), Involuntary migration and resettlement: the problems and responses of dislocated
people (pp. 121-135). Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press.

PALACIO, Joseph (1988). Report on a survey on the opinions of Belize City residents on urban
problems. Belize City: University of the West Indies.

RUIZ, David N. (2000). Old Benque. Erase una vez en Benque Viejo. Benque Viejo: Cubola
Productions.

RUTHEISER, Charles (1993). “Belize: The Society and its environment”. In Tim Merrill (Ed.),
Guyana and Belize: country studies (pp. 187-220). Washington, D.C.: Federal Research Division,
Library of Congress.

SÁNCHEZ, I. E. (1979). “Some interesting Belizean place-names”. Belizean Studies, 7 (3), (nov),
9-12.

STONE, Michael (1990). “Backabush: Settlment on the Belmopan periphery and the challenge
to rural development in Belize”. In SPEAReports 6: Third annual studies on Belize conference,
Belize, 1989 (pp. 82-134). México: SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

THORNTON, Margaret-Ann (1988). Belize City: Planning for social and community services, and
public open space. Thesis Master of Urban Panning, School of Urban Planning, Mc Gill
University, Montreal, Canada.

THURSTON, L. (1982). The politics of Government housing in Belize City. Berkeley: University of
California, Department of City and Regional Planning.

TOPSEY, Harriot, AWE, Jaime, MORRIS, John & MOORE, A. (1983). “Belmopan before Pauling.
An ancient Maya site”. Belizean Studies, Vol. 11, No. 3, 12-20.

WATLER, John (1980). “The Story of Belize City”. Brukdown, 5, 9-10.

4. Etnicidad, raza/ Ethnicity, race/ Ethnicité, race

4.1. Políticas, integración, identidad nacional/ Politics, integration,
national identity/ Politiques, intégration, identité nationale

ASHDOWN, Peter (1979). Race, class and the unofficial majority in British Honduras, 1890-
1949. Unpublished Ph.D Thesis, University of Sussex.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1987). “Race, ethnicity and national integration in Belize”. First Annual
Studies on Belize Conference, University Center, May 25- 26, 1987. Belize City: SPEAR Ethnicity
and Development.
27


BOLLAND, Nigel (1992). “Creolization and creole societies: a cultural nationalist view of
Caribbean social history”. In Alistair Hennessy (Ed.), Intellectuals in the twentieth-century
Caribbean. London: Macmillan Caribbean.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1997). “Pluralism and politicization of ethnicity in Belize and Guyana”. In Nigel
Bolland, Struggles for freedom: essays on slavery, colonialism and culture in the Caribbean and
Central America (pp. 259-313). Belize City: Angelus Press.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1998). “Creolisation and creole societies: a cultural nationalist view of
Caribbean social history”. Caribbean quarterly, 44 (1-2), 1-32.

BOLLAND, Nigel & MOBERG, Mark (1995). “Development and national identity: creolization,
immigration, and ethnic conflict in Belize”. International Journal of Comparative Race and
Ethnic Studies, 2, 1-18.

BRAITHWAITE, Edward (1974). Contradictory Omens: cultural diversity and integration in the
Caribbean. Mona: Savacou Publications.

BROCKMANN, Thomas C., 1985. “Ethnic participation in Orange Walk economic development”.
Ethnic Groups, 6 (2-3), 187-207.

DAUGAARD-HANSEN, Flemming (2005). “Staying and contributing: narratives of belonging in
Belize”. In Jean Besson & Karen Fog (Ed.), Caribbean Narratives. London: Warwick, Macmillan
Caribbean.

GREEN, William A. (1986). “The creolization of Caribbean history: the emancipation era and a
critique of dialectical analysis”. Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History, 14, 149-169.

HOWARD, Michael (1980). “Ethnicity and economic integration in Southern Belize”. Ethnicity,
7, 119-136.

JOHNSON, Howard & WATSON, Karl (Ed.). (1998). The white minority in the Caribbean.
Kingston, Jamaica: Ian Randle.

JUDD, Karen (1989). “Cultural synthesis or ethnic struggle? Creolization in Belize”. Cimarron, 11
(2), 103-118.

JUDD, Karen (1990). “Who will define US? Creolization in Belize”. In SPEAReport, 4: Second
annual studies on Belize conference (pp. 29-40). México: SPEAR, Cubola Productions.

MOBERG, Mark (1997). Myths of ethnicity and nation: immigration, work, and identity in the
Belize banana industry. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press.

MOBERG, Mark (1992). “Continuity under Colonial rule: the alcalde system and the Garifuna in
Belize, 1858-1969”. Ethnohistory, 39 (1), (Winter), 1-19.

SERBIN, Andrés (1987). Etnicidad, clase y nación en la cultura política del Caribe de habla
inglesa. EEUU: Academia Nacional de Historia, Universidad de Michigan.

SMITH, Michael G. (1965). The plural society in the British West Indies. Berkeley: University of
California Press.
28


SMITH, Michael G. (1967). “Social stratification, cultural pluralism, and integration in the West
Indies creoles societies”. In S. Lewis & T. Mathews (Ed.), Caribbean Integration. Rio Piedras:
Institute of Caribbean Studies.

SMITH, Michael G. (1984). Culture, race and class in the Commonwealth Caribbean. Jamaica:
Mona, Department of Extra-Mural Studies, University of the West Indies.

STONE, Michael (1994). Caribbean nations, Central American State: ethnicity, race and national
formation in Belize, 1798-1990. PhD Dissertation, Austin, University of Texas at Austin.

WIEGAND, Bruce (1994). “Black money in Belize: the ethnicity and social structure of black
market crime”. Social Forces, 73 (1), (September), 135-155.

YOUNG, Alma (1978). “Ethnic politics in Belize”. Caribbean Review, 7 (3), (March), 38-42.

4.2. Relaciones interétnicas, etnicidad/ Interethnic relations,
ethnicity/ Relations interethniques, ethnicité

América Indígena (1987). Número especial “Belice indígena”, vol. XLVII, no. 1.

BRADLEY, Leo (1967). Belizean races and their cultures. Belize City: Unpublished manuscript,
Bliss Institute.

BROCKMANN, Thomas C. (1977). “Ethnic and racial relations in Northern Belize”. Ethnicity, 4,
246-262.

BROCKMANN, Thomas C. (1979). “Language, communication; and ethnicity in British
Honduras”. In William Francis Mackey & Jacob Ornstein (Ed.), Sociolinguistic studies in
language contact: methods and cases. The Hague: Mouton.

COSMINSKY, Sheila & WHIPPLE, Emory (1984). “Ethnicity and mating patterns in Punta Gorda,
Belize”. In Black Caribs: a case study in biocultural adaptation (pp. 115-131). New York and
London: Plenum Press.

DEAN, Corinne (1945). “Belize: a story of practical amalgamation”. The Journal of Negro
History, 30 (4), (Oct.), 432-436.

First annual studies on Belize conference, University Center, May 25- 26, 1987. Belize City:
SPEAR Ethnicity and Development.

GLICK, Leonard B. (1985). “Epilogue: the meanings of ethnicity in the Caribbean”. Ethnic Group,
6, 233-248.

GREGORY, James R. (1976). “The modification of an interethnic boundary in Belize”. American
Ethnologist, 3 (4), 683-709.

IYO, Joseph-Ernest (2000). Towards understanding Belize’s multi-cultural history and identity.
Belmopan: University of Belize.

29


IYO, Aondofe, TZALAM, Froyla & HUMPHREYS, Francis (2007). Belize New Vision: African and
Maya Civilizations. The heritage of a new nation. Belize City: Factory Books.

JANTZEN, C.R. (1987). “From the Maya to the Mennonites: intercommunity relationships in
West-Central Belize”. América Indígena, XLVII (1), 169–191.

JOHNSON, Melissa (2003). “The making of race and place in Nineteenth-Century British
Honduras”. Environmental History, 8 (4), 598-617.

JOHNSON, Melissa (2005). “Racing nature and naturalizing race: rethinking the nature of
Creole and Garifuna identity”. Belizean Studies, 27 (2), 43-56.

JUDD, Karen (1992). Elite reproduction and ethnicity in Belize. Ph D Dissertation, City University
of New York.

KOENIG, Edna L. (1975). Ethnicity and language in Corozal District, Belize: an analysis of code
switching. Tesis (Doctorado en Filosofia), Austin, The University of Texas.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1997). “Defining difference, forging unity: the construction of race, ethnicity
and nation in Belize”. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 20 (4), 757-780.

KROSHUS, Laurie (1998). “A class ‘politics of difference’: ethnic mobilization among workers in
Belize”. Transforming Anthropology, 7 (2), 20-34.

LUNDGREN, Nancy (1992). “Children, race, and inequality: the Colonial legacy in Belize”.
Journal of Black Studies, 23 (1), (Sep.), 86-106.

PALACIO, Myrtle (1995). Redefining Ethnicity. The Experiences of the Garifuna and Creole in
Post-Independence Belize. MA Tesis, New Orleans, University of New Orleans.

PALACIO, Myrtle (1998). “To ethnic or not to ethnic. Is that the question: new identity. The
GariKriols of Belize City”. Amandala, 8 (November).

PATERSON, Orlando (1975). “Context and choice in ethnic allegiance: a theoretical framework
and Caribbean case study”. In Nathan Glazer & Daniel P. Moynihan (Ed.), Ethnicity: Theory and
Experience (pp. 305-349). Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.

TOPSEY, Harriot (1987). “The ethnic war in Belize”. First annual studies on Belize conference,
University Center (May 25-26, 1987, pp. 1-5). Belize City, SPEAR Ethnicity and Development.

VERNON, Lawrence (1964). A Brief ethnological description of Belizean races. Unpublished
Master. Belmopan: National Archives.

WILK, Richard & CHAPIN, Mac (1988). Las minorías étnicas de Belice: Mopan, Kekchi y
Garifuna. S.e, s.f.

WILK, Richard & CHAPIN, Mac (1990). “Ethnic minorities in Belize: Mopan, Kekchi and
Garifuna”. Speareports, 1. Mexico: SPEAR, Cubola Production.

WOODBURY, H. Sarah (1998). “Ethnicity and ethnically ‘mixed’ identity in Belize: a study of
primary school-age children”. Anthropology & Education Quarterly, 29 (1), (March.), 44-67.

30


WOODS, Louis, PERRY, Joseph & STEAGALL, Jeffrey (1997). “The composition and distribution
of ethnic groups in Belize: immigration and emigration patterns. 1980-1991”. Latin American
Research Review, 32 (3), 63-88

4.3. Grupos étnicos/ Ethnic groups/Groupes ethniques

4.3.1. Creoles, baymen, negros, afrodescendientes/ Creoles, baymen,
blacks, descendents of Africans/ Créoles, baymen, noirs, afrodescendants

ASHDOWN, Peter (1978). “The problem of Creole historiography”. Journal of Belizean Affairs,
7, (Sept.), 39-53.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1981). “Marcus Garvey, the UNIA and the black cause in British Honduras,
1914-1949”. Journal of Caribbean History, 15, 41-55.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1985). “The growth of black consciousness in Belize 1914-1919. The
background to the ex-servicemen’s riot of 1919”. Belcast Journal of Belizean Affairs, 2 (2),
(December), 1-5.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1986). “Race riot, class warfare and ‘Coup d’Etat’: The ex-servicemen’s riot
of July 1919”. Belcast Journal of Belizean Affairs, 5 (1-2), (June), 8-14.

ASHDOWN, Peter (1990). Garveyism in Belize. Serie: SPEAReports 5. Belize City: Society for the
Promotion of Education and Research.

BALOGUN, Olatunji (2004). Our Story. Re-Awakening, vol. 13. Belmopan: Ori-gene-all
Publications.

BECK, Ervin (1980). “Call and response in Belizean Creol folk song”. Belizean Studies, 8 (2),
(March), 10-20.

BOLLAND, Nigel (1987). “African continuities and Creole culture in Belize town on the
nineteenth century”. In Charles V. Carnegie (Ed.), Afro-Caribbean villages in historical
perspective (pp. 63-82). Kingston, Jamaica: African-Caribbean Institute of Jamaica.

BURTON, Richard (1997). Afro-Creole: Power, opposition, and play in the Caribbean. Ithaca:
Cornell University Press.

COSMINSKY, Sheila (1976). “Carib-Creole relations in a Belizean community”. In Mary W.
Helms & Franklin O. Loveland (Ed.), Frontier adaptation in Lower Central America. Philadelphia:
Institute for the Study of Human Issues.

CROSBIE, Paul (Ed.), HERRERA, Yvette, MANZANARES, Myrna, WOODS, Silvana, CROSBIE,
Cynthia & DECKER, Ken (Comp.). (2007). Kriol-Inglish Dikshineri. English-Kriol Dictionary.
Belmopan: Print Belize.

DAUGAARD-HANSEN, Flemming (2002). Negotiating national identity in Belize. Creole
processes of identification and differentiation in Belize City. MA Thesis, University of
Copenhagen.
31


DECKER, Ken (2005). The song of Kriol: A grammar of the Kriol language of Belize. Belize City:
Belize Kriol Project.

DEMAZIÈRE, Eve (1994). Les cultures noires d’Amérique centrale. Paris: Karthala.

ELKINS, W. (1970). “A source of Black Nationalism in the Caribbean: the revolt of the British
West Indies Regiment at Taranto, Italy”. Science and Society, 34 (1), (Spring), 99-103.

ELKINS, W. F. (1971). “Suppression of the Negro World in the British West Indies”. Science and
Society, 35 (3), 344-347.

ELKINS, W. F. (1972). “Marcus Garvey, the Negro World and the British West Indies: 1919-
1929”. Science and Society, 36 (1), (Spring), 63-77.

FAIRWEATHER, Stephen (researched and published by). (1992). The Baymen of Belize and how
they wrested the British Honduras from the Spaniards told by one of them, Steven Forbes.
London: Society for Promoting Christian knowledge.

HERNANDEZ, David (1990). “The name Belize: an example of Afro-Caribbean convergence”. In
SPEAReports 6: Third annual studies on Belize conference, Belize, 1989 (pp. 33-43). México:
Published for SPEAR by Cubola Productions.

HUMPHREYS, Francis (1992). “The Afro-Belizean cultural Heritage: Its role in combating
Recolonization”. Belizean Studies, 20 (3), (Dec.), 11-16.

HYDE, Evan X (1970). The crowd called UBAD: the story of a people’s movement. Belize City:
Modern Printers.

HYDE, Evan X (1971). North Amerikkkan blues. Belize: Benex Press.

HYDE, Evan X (1995). X Communications. Belize City: The Angelus Press Ltd.

HYDE, Evan X (1989). “Ethnicity in Belize. Then and Now”. Caribbean Commentary, 1 (1), (Dec.).

IYO, Joseph (1996). “Using oral traditions as a research method of studying Belizean African
heritage: a proposal”. Journal of Belizean Affairs, 1 (1), 20-29.

KROHN HERRMANN, Eleanor (1980). “Black-Cross nursing in Belize: a labour of love”. Belizean
Studies, 8 (2), (March), 1-7.

LEWIS, Corinth (2004). Heritage. A poem read at the first Belize black summit, September 13-
15, 2003 at the Biltmore Plaza hotel, Belize City. Belmopan: Occasional Publication Series no. 2
(March), University of Belize.

MINORITY RIGHTS GROUP (1995). No longer invisible: Afro-Latin. London: Minority Rights
Publications.

PALACIO, Joseph (1996). “Is there any future for Africanness in Belize?”. Journal of Belizean
Affairs, 1 (1), 34-47.

SEWELL, Tony (1990). Garvey’s children. The legacy of Marcus Garvey. London and
32


Basingstoke: MAC Millan Education LTD. [First Ed. 1987].

SMITH, Michael G. (1957). “The African heritage in the Caribbean”. In Vera Rubin (Ed.),
Caribbean studies: a symposium. Seattle and London: University of Washington Press.

SMITH, Michael G. (1991). Pluralism, politics and ideology in the Creole Caribbean. New York:
Research Institute for the Study of Man.

4.3.2. Garifunas/ Black Caribs

BATEMAN, Rebecca B. (1990). “Africans and Indians: a comparative study of the black Caribs
and black Seminole”. Ethnohistory, 37 (1), 1-24.

BYARD, Pamela, LEES, Francis & RELETHFORD, Francis (1984). “Skin color and the Garifuna of
Belize”. In Michael Crawford (Ed.), Black Caribs: a case study in biocultural adaptation. Current
development in anthropological genetics, vol. 3. New York: Plenum Press.

CAYETANO, E. Roy (1977). “Garifuna songs of mourning”, Belizean Studies, 5 (2), March, 17- 26.

CAYETANO, E. Roy (Ed.), (1993). Dimuriagei Garifuna. The peoples Garifuna Dictionary. Belize:
Governement Printery.

CAYETANO, Sebastian & CAYETANO, Fabian (1997). Garifuna history, language and culture of
Belize, Central America and the Caribbean. Bicentennial Edition (April 12 th 1797 – April 12th
1997). Belize: BRC. [First Ed. 1990]

CONZEMIUS, Eduard (1928). “Ethnographical notes on the black Carib (Garif)”. American
Anthropologist. New Series, 30 (2), (Apr. - Jun.), 183-205.

FITZGERALD, Cid (Text and design) & COOPER, Debbie (Illustration), (2005). The Garifuna:
cultures of the Caribbean and Central America. Whitefish, MT: A Kidz World.

FOSTER, Byron (1986). Heart drum: spirit possession in the Garifuna communities of Belize.
Belize: Cubola.

FOSTER, Byron (1987). “The politics of Ritual. The development of the Garifuna cult of the dead
on St. Vincent”. First annual studies on Belize conference, University Center, May 25- 26, 1987
(pp. 17-27). Belize City: SPEAR Ethnicity and Development.

GARGALLO, Francesca (2002). Garífuna Garínagu, Caribe. México: Siglo XXI.

GONZÁLEZ, Nancy (1969). Black Carib household structure. Washington: University of
Washington Press.

GONZÁLEZ, Nancy (1987). “Garifuna traditions in historiacal perspective”. Reading in Belizean
history. Belizean Studies, 14, 122-131.

GONZÁLEZ, Nancy (1988). Sojourners of the Caribbean: Ethnogenesis and ethnohistory of the
Garifuna. Chicago: University of Illinois Press.

33


GREENE, Oliver (1998). “The ‘Dügü’ Ritual of the Garinagu of Belize: reinforcing values of
society through music and spirit possession”. Black Music Research Journal, 18 (1-2) (Spring -
Autumn), 167-181.

GRIZZLE, H., Patricia (2004). Unbecoming Black: the case of the Garifuna. Doctoral dissertation,
the Claremont Graduate University.

IZARD, Gabriel (2003). “La construcción política de la identidad garífuna en el Belice
contemporáneo”. Revista de las Américas. Historia y Presente, 1, 61-81.

IZARD, Gabriel (2004). “Herencia y etnicidad entre los Garífuna de Belice”. Revista Mexicana
del Caribe, 17, 95-127.

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37

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