Z Score,T Score, Percential Rank and Box Plot Graph
RE dejene research final commented.docx
1. AMBO UNVERSITY
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND COMPUTIONAL SCIENCE
DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGICAL LABORATORY
ASSESSMENT OFSOLID WASTE MANAGEMENTIN DAMBOYATOWN,
DAMBOYA’S DISTRICT, KAMBATA TAMBARO ZONE, SOUTHERN
ETHIOPIA
By: Dejene Tadesse
Advisor: TEKLU GOSAYE (Ass. Prof.)
July 2022
Ambo Ethiopia
2. i
Approval sheet I
I have supervised the senior project “Assessment on Solid Waste disposal and
Management ways in Damboya twon, Kembata Tambaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia”
I assurethat it has beenoriginal and solely conducted bytheresearch/group members
under my supervision. I dully acknowledge, who in one or other way round helped
us to accomplish the project.
Advisor’s Name………………………………………………
Signature……………………………………………………
Group member’s name and signature
1. …………………………………………. ………………..
2. …………………………………………. ………………..
3. ………………………………………….. ………………..
3. ii
Approval sheet I
We the undersigned examine and advisor have critically examined and evaluated the
research report entitled
“Assessment on Solid Waste disposal and Management ways in Damboya twon,
Kambata Tambaro Zone, Southern Ethiopia” and approved that it has accepted with
major/ minor modification.
We also ensured that the forwarded comments and corrections are appropriate
incorporated by the researchers.
Examiner’s name and signature
Name ………………………………………. Signature …………………..
Advisors name and signature
Name ……………………………………….. signature ……………………
4. i
Contents
List of abbreviations .......................................................................................................................... iii
List of tables .....................................................................................................................................iv
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................................................v
Abstract............................................................................................................................................vi
Chapter one........................................................................................................................................1
1. Introduction....................................................................................................................................1
1.1. Back ground and justification........................................................................................................1
1.2 Statement of the problem...............................................................................................................2
1.3 The research questions...................................................................................................................3
1.4 objectives of the study...................................................................................................................5
1.4.1 General objectives ......................................................................................................................5
1.4.2 Specific objectives......................................................................................................................5
1.5 significance of the study................................................................................................................5
1.6. Delimitation of the study ..............................................................................................................5
1.7 Delimitation..................................................................................................................................6
CHAPTER TWO................................................................................................................................7
2. Literature review.............................................................................................................................7
2.1 waste disposal...............................................................................................................................7
2.2 types of solid wastes......................................................................................................................7
2.3 management of solid wastes...........................................................................................................7
2.4 effects of improper solid waste management...................................................................................7
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................................8
3. Methodology ..................................................................................................................................8
3.1 description of the study area...........................................................................................................8
3.2 study population............................................................................................................................9
3.3 sample size ...................................................................................................................................9
3.4 sampling techniques......................................................................................................................9
3.5 Data Collection methods..............................................................................................................10
3.6 methods of data Analysis .............................................................................................................10
3.7 organizations of the study ............................................................................................................10
CHAPTER FOUR............................................................................................................................10
6. iii
List of abbreviations
CAS---------------- Central Statistical Agency
SNNPR-----------South Nation Nationalities and Peoples Region
DHC_------------ Damboya Health Center
DTAO----------Damboya Town Agriculture Center
DTMSO-------- DamboyaTtown Municipality Services Office
7. iv
List of tables
Table 1, Socio-Demographic characters respondents
Table 2, Types of common solid wastes
Table 3, methods of solid wastes management
Table 4, Impacts of solid wastes
8. v
Acknowledgements
First of all, I need thanks my God for his protection and providing success for all
my performance, next, I am strongly indebted to my advisor mr. Tilahun Tolossa for
universal assistance and valuable comments in reviewing me this work from the
proposal development to its completion. I would also like to express my
appreciation to office of Damboya health center and the agricultural office for
providing me the necessary data and information for the study.
Finally, I would like to thanks mr, Akililu Legesse and Emabet Mathewos for their
assistance including materials and new information from the beginning to
completion of the study.
9. vi
Abstract
The present study entitled assessment of solid waste management in Damboya town Damboya’s
distirict kambataxambarozone southern Ethiopia conducted withmain objectivesof assessing the
solid waste management ways of effects of solid waste and identifying common solid waste
disposed in the study area smile random sampling method was used to collect data from selected
40 households out of 906 total households and semi-structured questionnaires distributed to get
all necessary information for the study majority of solid wastes disposed in the study are were
rubbish (24.19%) of total wastes disposed and garbage (17.74%) the most predominate methods
of solid waste management applied in the study area are incineration (29.5%) and open burning
in the yard (18.03%) there was a problem related with solid waste accumulation in the study area
majority of people ( 45%) are affected by food and water born disease to solve this and other
related problems educating people on the efficient solid waste management is the most important
11. 1
1. Introduction
1.1. Back ground and justification
Solid waste can be defined as non-liquid and non-gaseous products of human
activities that regarded as being useless and could take from of refuse garbage and
sludge waste disposalis one of environmental problem that has been great concern
to local in habitants, local state and federal government as well as the world in
general (leten, 2004)
Good management waste collection and its disposalis a fundamental need for every
city to provide clear and healthy environment for citizens. The current low level of
environmental safe in general and sanitation in particularly both rural and urban
areas in the country emendates from the lack of clear national policy on sanitation
and environmental hygiene. (MOH, 1987)
Improper waste management may have health, environmental and economic
problems. Ecological phenomena such as water, air and soil pollution have been
attributed to improper management of solid waste. Thus, public health service has
published the result of the study tracing the relationship of different diseases to
improper solid waste management. The waste water is the cause of the enteric
communicable diseases. Human excrete contains disease causing organisms. Thus,
it is the sourceof many infections (George and Samuel, 1993)
Sanitation is fundamental to human development security, the combined effect of
inadequate sanitation, unsafe water supply and poor personal hygiene, unsafe
water supply and poorpersonal hygiene are responsible for causing disease such
as Entaomoeba histolytica, Gardialambia and several water born and food born
disease. Thus, sanitation, problem is the source for several communicable disease
12. 2
(WHO, 1984). In many cities ofEthiopia, water management is poorand sold wastes
are dumped along road, water bodies and in to open areas endangering health and
affricating vermin(Tewodros et,al, 2008)
In Damboya and many towns of Ethiopia, there was many sanitation problems, of
which solid wastes contribute the highest amount.
Most households in Damboya town accumulate solid waste in many available open
areas.
The socio-economic character of community, individual behaviors and public
practice which are responsible in efficient solid waste service, but also public
acceptance and participation. The place may also engaged a program aimed at
improving the behavior and practice of the people in this respect (Faris, 1993)
1.2 Statement of the problem
According to world health organization expert committee the scattered solid wastes
in market areas, road sides or offices create soil, water and air pollution. This emits
a bad smell to the environment and it is also creates a suitable condition for breeding
offlies and rodents which are vectors formany disease in many developing countries
in the world.
In Damboya town, there were many sanitation problems from these , solid wastes
contributes to the highest amount most house holders in this town accumulates
solid wastes in many available open areas, these wastes products are habitat or
suitable environment for breeding of many vectors. This resulted in public health
problems, more over there was no previous research on solid waste disposaland
management ways in the study area, therefore, the present study reveals proper
13. 3
management of solid waste disposal and suggests possible ways reducing the
problem associated with of solid waste and management
1.3 The researchquestions
The research has the following basic questions to be investigating.
1. Which types of solid wastes are the most common in the study area?
Rubbish(non-decomposable waste either combustible or non-
combustible )
Garbage(decomposablewastes from food )
Ashes(residues of combustion of wood or fuels)
Remains of dead animals.
Agricultural wastes (from animal manure and crop residues)
Industrial wastes (chemicals, paints and sands)
2. Which methods of solid wastes management are mostly applied?
Open burning in the yard
Incineration
Sanitary land fill
Collecting and transportation.
Composting
3. Could you list the problems related with solid wastes
4. Explain solid wastes management
5. What problems are related with improper solid wastes management?
o Air pollution
o Water pollution
o Increase vectors
14. 4
6. What challenges are there in your locality for poor solid wastes disposaland
management?
Lack of awareness
Lack of well established municipal solid wastes services
Poor rules, regulations and guidelines that govern solid waste
management of town.
15. 5
1.4 objectives of the study
1.4.1 Generalobjectives
To asses the solid wastes disposaland management in Damboya town
1.4.2 Specific objectives
To identify the common solid waste in the study area.
To assess the solid wastes disposal methods in Damboya town.
To assess the effects of solid wastes in the study area.
1.5 significance ofthe study
This study has potential contribution for those who have aspiration for the
development and beatification of the town there by avoiding solid wastes
accumulation. It also helps as a source of reference and intiation the studies
professional for the direct intervention of the problem.
The study may also give a clue for further investigation on related problem in
the study area .The studywould develop a sort of integrites to manage the effects
of the solid waste management in Damboya town kamabata tambaro zone SNNPR
Ethiopia.
Generally, it gaves first hand information for Damboya town health center and
governmental and non governmental organizations in managing solid wastes.
1.6. Delimitation of the study
During the study the following problems were limiting factors. Since the research of
the study is in service trainee. He faced shortage of time to find reference books,
documents and reading materials which supportthe study.
16. 6
The mostoutstanding limitation of the study are: financial limitation and electronic
materials.
1.7 Delimitation
This study was restrictly conducted on Damboya town on problems associated with
Assessment of solid waste management.
17. 7
2. Literature review
2.1 waste disposal
Solid matter is created by human or animal activities and which are disposed
because they are hazardous or useless are known as solid wastes. Disposal of
wastes is the problem of the world. This problem. Continues to with growth of
human population and development of industries (Leton, 2004)
2.2 types of solid wastes
Solid wastes typically many be classified as garbage (decomposable waste from
food), rubbish (non decomposable waste either combustible waste such as metal,
glass ceramics), ashe (residues of combustion of wood or fuels), large wastes
(demolitation and construction debris and trees ), swages(treatment solid materials
retain on swage treatment, screens, settled solid and biomass sludges), industrial
wastes (materials such as heaps and coal refuse piles ) and agricultural wastes
(farm animal manures and crop residues ) (Achankeng and Eric, 2003)
2.3 managementof solid wastes
Traditionally, waste management strategies includes reusing materials recovering
materials through recalling , incarnation and land fills, in recent years recycling
becomes the proffered choices of wastes disposal for many industries on the
commercial levels, government, regulation works to the advantage of big firms
and to the disadvantage small one (WMO, 1987)
2.4 effects of improper solid waste management
The healthy hazards posed by vermin, unsupervised scanvenging and the open
burning of waste leading to toxic release to both ground water and air. This
contributes to lasting damage of the environment and have a serious implication for
the healthy of local people and like stocks (Tgeths, 1995)
18. 8
Garbage collection service area in adequate in most residential areas ofdeveloping
countries of citizens and estimated 30-50% of solid wastes generated health
problems, the poorer house holds suffering more since it is poorer areas of the
sites that have services to collect garbage or service are very inadequate (salvato,
1992)
3. Methodology
3.1 description of the study area
This study will be conducted in Damboya town. The administrative town of
Damboya woreda which was located in SNNPR state about 182km away from west
of Hawassa (the capital city of SNNPR) and about 282km south of Addis Ababa.
19. 9
Within kambata tambaro zone the town was located east of durame, west of
Hangacha and north of shinshicho
Geographically, the are is located 60 49 north latitude, 370 5 east longitude with
annual average temperature of 200c and annual average rainfall 1212 mm (DTAO,
2008)
The area of the town was about 1622km2 and the total population of study are
were 6392 out ofthese 2501 are males and 3891 are females which is composed
of 906 total house holds (CSA,2007). Chefe river crosses to the west of the town
(DTMSO., 2008).
3.2 study population
The total population of the studyis 6398. Out of these 2501 are males and 3891 are
females which is composeof 906 total house holds (CSA, 2007)
The study population for this study was population of Damboya town.
3.3 sample size
Fromtotal households living in the town, 40 households are selected by using simple
random sampling methods
3.4 sampling techniques
The sampling techniques for this study will be simple random sampling method.
Generally, there were two kebeles in the town, within each kebele, there were two
villages. The house numbers of each house in the town will be written starting from
the first houseto the last house. 10 households will bepicked from each four villages
by simple random sampling methods.
20. 10
3.5 Data Collectionmethods
The data will be collected from both primary and secondary data source. Primary
data will be collected by using semi-structured questionnaires and face to face
interview from target population , secondarydata will be collected by reviewing the
documented materials in the study area.
3.6 methods of data Analysis
After data will be collected , the data will be analyzed by using simple descriptive
statistics like percentage and range , finally, the findings will be presented in the
form of tables and qualitative data will be discussed in a narrative way.
4. Result
4.1 socio-demographic characterofrespondents
Table 1: Socio- demographic characters of respondents
No Characters Numbers Percent(%)
1
House hold heads In sex
Male 8 80
Female 32 20
Total 100
2 Age of respondents
15-24 - -
25-50 18 45
51-64 12 30
21. 11
.64 10 25
Total 40 100
3 Education status
Illiterate 6 15
Can read & write 24 60
High educated 10 25
Total 40 100
4 Ethnicity
Kambata 37 92.5
Hadiya 2 5
Wolaita 1 2.5
Others - -
Total 40 100
5 Religion
Protestant 36 90
Orthodox 4 10
Muslim - -
Others - -
Total 40 100
As shown in table1, the socio demographic characters of respondents. Majority (80%) of
households were males . From those,(45%) of them were found in ages of 25-
50. Regarding to educational status, majority (60%) of respondents can read and
write. Majority (92.5%) of respondents are ethnically kambata and (90%) of the
respondents were protestant in their religion.
4.2 Common Types of Solid Wastes
22. 12
No Types of solid wastes Weight
in
ton/year
Percent
(%)
No of
respondent
for types
wastes
Percent
(%)
1 Rubbish (non-decomposa ble
wastes either combustible or
non-combustible)
15 24. 12 30.00
2 Garbage(decom posable waste
from food)
11 17.74 8 20.00
3 Ashes(residues of combustion of
wood or fuels )
10 16.13 6 15.00
4 Remains of dead animals 8 12.90 5 12.50
5 Agricultural wastes (farm
animal crop residues)
7 11.29 4 10.00
6 Industrial wastes (chemicals
paints and sands )
6 9.67 3 7.50
7 Demolitation and construction
debris and trees
5 8.06 2 5.00
Total 62 100 40 100
As shown in table2, the most common (24.19%) of waste was rubbish and the least one was
demolition and construction debris and trees (8,06%) most , (30%) of peoples respondents has
rubbish was the most common waste in the study area and only (5%) of peoples responded
demolition and construction debris was the common solid waste in the study area.
4.3 Methods of solid waste management
23. 13
Table :3 methods of solid waste management
No Waste
management
methods
Weight in
ton/year
Percent (%) No of
peoples
used
methods
Percent (%)
1 Incineration 27.50
2 Open 1 I 18.03 8 20.00
3 Sanitary land
fill
8 13.11 7 17.50
4 Collecting and
transporting
7 11.47 6 15.00
5 Composting 6 9.83 5 12.50
6 Open dump in
the yard
5 8.19 2 10.00
7 Other 4 1 2.50 6.58
Total 61 100 40 100
As shown in table 3, the most predominant methods of solid waste
management were incineration (29.5%) and open burning in the yard
(18.03%) . The least one is open dump in the yard (8.19%). Majority (27.50%)
of respondents used incineration management methods and only (10%) of
respondents used o
pen dump in the yard.
4.4 problems related with solid wastes
Table 4; impacts of solid wastes
24. 14
(Source: DHC, 2009) solid wastes had great impact on the environment. As shown in table 4,
majority of peoples (45%) are affected by disease due to water pollution and contamination of
food , and next, (30%) of peoples were affected by vector born disease.
Impacts due to solid wastes No of peoples affected
per/year
Percent %
1 Water pollution and food contamination
(peoples suffering from disease like
amoeba, giardiasis, typhoid, etc)
18 45
2 Increase of vectors (peoples affected by
disease malaria, yellow fever, etc)
14 35
3 Air pollution (peoples affected by common
cold)
8 20
4 Others - -
5 Total 40 100
25. 15
5, DISCUSSION
MAJORITY (30%) and (20%) of respondents responded that rubbish and garbage are the most
predominant solid wastes in the Damboya town respectively. Rubbish accounts (24.19%) of total
solid wastes and garbage was (17.74%) of total soil wastes. In the study area. This findings was in
agreement with previous research of Leton,(2004) who reported that about (80%) of total wastes
are rubbish in study conducted at Nigeria, Abuja.
Majority (27.50%) and (20%) of respondents in the study area practice incineration and open
brining in the yard respectively as a method of choice for managing solid wastes in the Damboya
town. WHO, (1987) similarly reported incineration probably accounts for more than (90%) of solid
wastes management in many countries of the world.
The health hazards posed by vermin and the open burning of wastes leads to toxic release for both
ground water and air. The present study findings shows that majority (45%) of respondents in the
study area were suffering from food and water born disease like amoeba, guardian, typhoid and
cholera, similar research conducted by salvato, (1992) shows, that(30-50%) of peoples per year
are affected by food and water born disease in new York. Therefore, this should be reduced by
using hygiene education which largely related to hand washing in particular and applying proper
waste disposal way in general in Damboya town.
26. 16
6 Conclusion and Recommendations
Conclusions
In Damboya town soil wastes are dumped along road sides and open areas. The
most (24,19%) of disposed wastes was rubbish and majority (30%) of
respondents responded that this types of waste was the most common in the study
area. To reduce accumulation of this wastes solid waste disposal and
management ways are applied in the study area. Among these managem ent
methods, (29%) of wastes are managed by incineration and majority of
(27,50%) respondents use this method. Open dumping of wastes along road sides
and open areas lead to toxic releases to both ground water and air. These
contribute to lasting damage of the environment and have serious impacts for the
health of local people and live stocks. As the study findings shows that (45%)
of the respondents are suffering from water borne diseases such as amoeba,
giardia, thphoid and (20%) of respondents were affected by common cold due
to contamination of air . Therefore, this should be reduced by using hygiene
education and applying propel waste disposal methods in the study area.
6.1 Recommendations
Based on the findings of the study, the following recommendations were drawn.
1. Solid waste disposal mechanism should be modernized
27. 17
2. Educating the people on the efficient solid waste management.
3. Engagement of a program aimed at improving the behavior and practice
of the people in this respect.
4. Well municipal solid waste disposal service should be establishes
provide proper solid waste management.
5. Leaders shall adapt and reinforce rules, regulations and guidelines that
govern solid waste management of the town.
6. Public acceptance and participation of society
References
George, T and Samuel, A.(1993). Evaluation of solid waste management, 4th
edition. Mc graw hill bookcorporation new York.
Kebede Farsi, (1993). Solid waste disposalproblem in Jimma town, south western
Ethiopia.
Leton T,(2004). Land fill operation in the Nigeria, 4-73N, 2p71-77
Mom, (1978). Study of waste management in the urban center of Ethiopia, Addis
Ababa.
Salvato, (1992). Environmental engineering and sanitation New York, 4th edition
Teghs, T,(1995). Transitional government of Ethiopia health sector strategy in
addis ababa.
Tewdros T,Arjan R, and Fistum H, (2008). House hold waste disposalin mekelle
city. Northern Ethiopia 28(10)
WHO, (1984). Who expert committee on environmental sanitation V-32 No.77
WHO,(1987). Solid waste management metal publication.
28. 18
Appendix
Questionnaires
The following questioner format was used to collect the data from target
population
Use/ “for close ended questions.
Part-I; socio demographic characters of respondents in the study area.
Age of respondents; 15-24 51-64
25-50 I >64
.Marital status; married I divorced
Single widowed I
3. Educational status; Illiterate high educated I I can read
&write
4. Ethnicity; Kambata Wolaita Hadiya others I
5. Religion:- protestant Muslim
Orthodox others I
6. House hold heads in sex:- male female
Part II; conceptual questions on solid waste disposal
I. Which type of solid wastes are the most common in the study area?
29. 19
o Rubbish (non- decomposable wastes either combustible or non-
combustible).
o Garbage (decomposable wastes from food ).
o Ashes (residues of combustions of wood or fuels ).
o Remains of dead animals
o Agricultural wastes ( farm animal manure and crop residues ).
o Industrial wastes (chemicals, paints and sands)
o Demolition and construction debris and trees
Which methods of solid waste management are mostly applied?
■ Open burning in the yard
• Incineration
■ sanitary land fill
■ Collecting and transportitation■ Composting
■ reusing (recovering martial's)
■ Open dump in the yard.
3. Could you list the problems related with solid wastes?
4. Explain solid waste management.
5. What problems are related with improper solid waste management?
■ Air pollution
■ Water pollution
■ increasing of vectors
■ Others.
6. What challenges are there in your locality for poor solid waste disposal
and management?
■ Lack of awareness.
■ Lack of well established municipal solid waste service
VW e
■ Poor rules, regulations and guidelines that govern solid water
management of
