What is Java Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object-oriented and secure programming language. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems' Java platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]). The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 10. With the advancement of Java and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various types of platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications. The new J2 versions were renamed as Java SE, Java EE, and Java ME respectively. Java is guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere. Features of Java Object Oriented − In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is based on the Object model. Platform Independent − Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into platform independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted by the Virtual Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on. Simple − Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP Java, it would be easy to master. Secure − With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems. Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption. Architecture-neutral − Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which makes the compiled code executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime system. Portable − Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the specification makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in ANSI C with a clean portability boundary, which is a POSIX subset. Robust − Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by emphasizing mainly on compile time error checking and runtime checking. Multithreaded − With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs that can perform many tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct interactive applications that can run smoothly. Interpreted − Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not stored anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an incremental and light-weight process. High Performance − With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance. Distributed − Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet. Dynamic − Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt to an evolving environment. Java programs can carry extensive amount of run-time information that can be used to verify and resolve accesses to objects on run-time. Basic concepts of OOPs are: Object Class Inheritance Polymorphism Abstraction Encapsulati

1. Java Basic
What is Java
Java is a programming language and a platform. Java is a high level, robust, object-oriented
and secure programming language. It was originally developed by Sun Microsystems which was
initiated by James Gosling and released in 1995 as core component of Sun Microsystems' Java
platform (Java 1.0 [J2SE]).
The latest release of the Java Standard Edition is Java SE 10. With the advancement of Java
and its widespread popularity, multiple configurations were built to suit various types of
platforms. For example: J2EE for Enterprise Applications, J2ME for Mobile Applications.
The new J2 versions were renamed as Java SE, Java EE, and Java ME respectively. Java is
guaranteed to be Write Once, Run Anywhere.
Features of Java
Object Oriented − In Java, everything is an Object. Java can be easily extended since it is
based on the Object model.
Platform Independent − Unlike many other programming languages including C and C++, when
Java is compiled, it is not compiled into platform specific machine, rather into platform
independent byte code. This byte code is distributed over the web and interpreted by the Virtual
Machine (JVM) on whichever platform it is being run on.
Simple − Java is designed to be easy to learn. If you understand the basic concept of OOP
Java, it would be easy to master.
Secure − With Java's secure feature it enables to develop virus-free, tamper-free systems.
Authentication techniques are based on public-key encryption.
Architecture-neutral − Java compiler generates an architecture-neutral object file format, which
makes the compiled code executable on many processors, with the presence of Java runtime
system.

2. Portable − Being architecture-neutral and having no implementation dependent aspects of the
specification makes Java portable. Compiler in Java is written in ANSI C with a clean portability
boundary, which is a POSIX subset.
Robust − Java makes an effort to eliminate error prone situations by emphasizing mainly on
compile time error checking and runtime checking.
Multithreaded − With Java's multithreaded feature it is possible to write programs that can
perform many tasks simultaneously. This design feature allows the developers to construct
interactive applications that can run smoothly.
Interpreted − Java byte code is translated on the fly to native machine instructions and is not
stored anywhere. The development process is more rapid and analytical since the linking is an
incremental and light-weight process.
High Performance − With the use of Just-In-Time compilers, Java enables high performance.
Distributed − Java is designed for the distributed environment of the internet.
Dynamic − Java is considered to be more dynamic than C or C++ since it is designed to adapt
to an evolving environment. Java programs can carry extensive amount of run-time information
that can be used to verify and resolve accesses to objects on run-time.
History of Java
The history of Java is very interesting. Java was originally designed for interactive television, but
it was too advanced technology for the digital cable television industry at the time. The history of
Java starts with the Green Team. Java team members (also known as Green Team), initiated
this project to develop a language for digital devices such as set-top boxes, televisions, etc.
However, it was suited for internet programming. Later, Java technology was incorporated by
Netscape.
The principles for creating Java programming were "Simple, Robust, Portable,
Platform-independent, Secured, High Performance, Multithreaded, Architecture Neutral,
Object-Oriented, Interpreted, and Dynamic". Java was developed by James Gosling, who is
known as the father of Java, in 1995. James Gosling and his team members started the project
in the early '90s.

3. 1) James Gosling, Mike Sheridan, and Patrick Naughton initiated the Java language project in
June 1991. The small team of sun engineers called Green Team.
2) Initially designed for small, embedded systems in electronic appliances like set-top boxes.
3) Firstly, it was called "Greentalk" by James Gosling, and the file extension was .gt.
4) After that, it was called Oak and was developed as a part of the Green project.
Components
JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
It is an abstract machine. It is a specification that provides a run-time environment in which the
bytecode can be executed. It follows three notations:
Specification: It is a document that describes the implementation of the JVM. It is provided by
Sun and other companies.
Implementation: It is a program that meets the requirements of JVM specification. Runtime
Instance: An instance of JVM is created whenever you write a command on the command
prompt and run the class.
JRE (Java Runtime Environment) JRE refers to a runtime environment in which bytecode can
be executed. It implements the JVM and provides all the class libraries and other support files
that JVM uses at runtime. So JRE is a software package that contains what is required to run a
program. Basically, it’s an implementation of the JVM which physically exists.
JDK(Java Development Kit) It is the tool necessary to:- Compile Document Package Java
programs. The JDK completely includes JRE which contains tools for programmers. The

4. Development Kit is provided free of charge. Along with JRE, it includes an interpreter/loader, a
compiler (javac), an archiver (jar), a documentation generator and other tools needed in Java
development. In short, it contains JRE + development tools.
Why Use Java?
Java works on different platforms (Windows, Mac, Linux, Raspberry Pi, etc.)
It is one of the most popular programming language in the world
It is easy to learn and simple to use
It is open-source and free
It is secure, fast and powerful
It has a huge community support (tens of millions of developers)
Java is an object oriented language which gives a clear structure to programs and allows code
to be reused, lowering development costs
As Java is close to C++ and C#, it makes it easy for programmers to switch to Java or vice
versa
Types of Java Applications
There are mainly 4 types of applications that can be created using Java programming:
1)Standalone Application
Standalone applications are also known as desktop applications or window-based applications.
These are traditional software that we need to install on every machine. Examples of standalone
application are Media player, antivirus, etc. AWT and Swing are used in Java for creating
standalone applications.
2)Web Application
An application that runs on the server side and creates a dynamic page is called a web
application. Currently, Servlet, JSP, Struts, Spring, Hibernate, JSF, etc. technologies are used
for creating web applications in Java.

5. 3)Enterprise Application
An application that is distributed in nature, such as banking applications, etc. is called enterprise
application. It has advantages of the high-level security, load balancing, and clustering. In Java,
EJB is used for creating enterprise applications.
4) Mobile Application
An application which is created for mobile devices is called a mobile application. Currently,
Android and Java ME are used for creating mobile applications.
What is Object-oriented?
Object-oriented programming (OOPs) is a methodology that simplifies software development
and maintenance by providing some rules. Java is an object-oriented programming language.
Everything in Java is an object. Object-oriented means we organize our software as a
combination of different types of objects that incorporates both data and behavior.
Basic concepts of OOPs are:
Object
Class
Inheritance
Polymorphism
Abstraction
Encapsulation
What is JDK
Describe the key steps in which a Java class is loaded by the JVM?
What are runtime data areas?
How is a java program executed by JVM?

6. Explain how Java programs are executed by the JVM?
What is the Java bytecodes?
What is the difference between JVM, JRE and JDK?
How is Java programming language machine and platform independent?