This is research method used in most of the social sciences.

1. Research Methods in
Psychology:
Social/Psychological Problem:
Research Model:
I) Identifying a problem & Selecting a topic:
II) Defining the problem:
III) Reviewing the literature:
IV) Formulating the Hypothesis:
Hypothesis:
Statement to be tested.
Ch. 1

2. V) Choosing the research method(design):
VI) Collecting the data:
Data: Facts/figures in processed form.
Types:
Primary & Secondary
Qualities:
Validity & Reliability
VII) Analyzing the data
VIII) Sharing data(results)
(Presentation and Citation Method in APA style)
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3. Research Methods(Design):
Seven Methods or designs:
I) Surveys:
a) Questionnaires:
Types of Questions:
i) Neutral
ii) Biased
iii) Open ended
iv) Close ended
b) Interviews:
i) Direct
ii) Indirect
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4. Sampling Method:
Selecting a sample:
Universe
Population
Sample
Respondent
Types of Sample:
i)Random Sample
ii) Stratified random sample
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5. II) Participant Observation(Fieldwork):
III) Case Study:
IV) Secondary analysis:
V) Experiment: (Bobo doll)
VI) Analysis of Documents:
VII) Unobtrusive Measures:
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6. Academic
Writing
• A formal style of writing is used in
higher educational and research
institutions.
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Ch. 2

7. Common Types of
Academic Writing assignments are:
• Essay
• Research Paper
• Thesis
• Dissertation
• Research Proposal
• Literature Review
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8. Major Characteristics
of Academic Writing are:
• Formal
• Unbiased
• Clear
• Precise
• Focused
• Well-structured
• Well-sourced
• Correct
• Consistent 8

9. Steps of Academic Writing
Process:
1. Analyze the topic/question
2. Think (Brainstorm)
3. Research
4. Discover your thesis (Thesis Ststement)
5. Plan (Outline)
6. Write (Introduction, Body Paragraph,
Conclusion)
7. Revise and Proofread
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10. Basic Essay Format
1. Introduction
2. Body Paragraph:
Every good paragraph consists of:
Topic Sentence
Supportive Argument
Concluding Sentence
3. Conclusion
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11. PLAGIARISM
• It is using another person’s
words or ideas as your own
without giving credit to the
source.
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Ch. 3

12. Types of the Plagiarism
1. Complete Plagiarism: Researcher takes a
manuscript or study that someone else created, and
submits it under his/her name.
2. Source-based plagiarism: (Misleading
Citations)
 Researcher references a source that is incorrect or does not
exist.
 Researcher uses a secondary source of data or information
but cites it as primary source of information.
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13. Types of the Plagiarism
3. Direct Plagiarism:
Researcher copies the text of another author, word for
word, without the use of quotation marks or attribution.
4. Self or Auto Plagiarism:
Researcher reuses a significant portions of his previously
published work without attribution.
5. Paraphrasing Plagiarism:
Use of someone else’s writing with some minor changes in
the sentences and using it as one’s own.
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14. Types of the Plagiarism
6. Inaccurate Authorship:
 Researcher contributes to a manuscript but
does not get credit of it.
 Researcher gets credit without contributing
to it.
7. Mosaic Plagiarism:
When researcher inserts someone else’s
phrases or text within their own research.
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15. What is not Plagiarism
 A rule of thumb is if a fact can be found in 3 or more
sources, it is considered common knowledge.
 Giving an idea in your own words, and giving credit .
 Using a direct quote and giving credit.
 Stating a fact and giving credit.
 Paraphrasing or summarizing and giving credit.
 Using multiple paraphrasing techniques at the same
time.
 Use of credit sources ( No Wikipedia, Blogs etc.).
 Use of updated information on formatting style.
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16. Paraphrasing:
• When a person borrows someone
else’s ideas, but interpreted them in
his own words and cited the original
source.
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17. Formatting
• Definition: Formatting is a standardized
approach to creating an academic paper.
• Explanation: Formatting style includes
things like where paper’s title and author’s
name will go, the spacing between the lines
and how sources are cited in-text, among
other things.
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Ch. 4

18. Why Formatting is Important:
Most Popular Formatting Styles are:
1. APA
2. MLA
18

19. MLA Formatting Style
(Modern Language Association)
 No Title Page.
 In the upper left hand corner of the first page,
write a heading, in which you should list your
name, your instructor name, the course and
the date.
 Double space text.
 Times New Roman.
 Font: 12 pt
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20. MLA Formatting Style
(Modern Language Association)
 Create a header in upper right hand corner
that includes your name, followed by a space
with a page number. Number all pages
consecutively with Arabic Numerals.
 In-text citations(parenthetical references)
includes the author’s last name and a page
number(Smith 63).
 Page with sources used, named “Works cited”
should be placed at the end of the project.
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21. MLA Formatting Style
(Modern Language Association)
 Sources are arranged in Alphabetical order
by the author’s last name regardless of the
reference types.
 Example of properly organized source:
Taylor, Rumsey. ‘Fitzcardo’ Slant, 13 June
2003,
www.slantmagazine.com/review/fitzcardo/
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22. APA Formatting Style
 The Title Page should contain the title of the
paper, the author’s name, and the
institutional affiliation.
 A Professional Paper should also include the
author’s note.
 A student should include the course name,
instructor name, and assignment due date.
 Type your Title in upper and lower case
letters centered in upper half of the page.
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23. APA Formatting Style
 Begin the essay from the abstract on the new
page.(If abstract is required)
 No header for the student paper.
 Use capitalized title as header, flush right on
each page if it is a professional paper.
 In-text citations include author’s name, and
year of publication. (Smith,2020)
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24. APA Formatting Style
 Page with sources used, named “References”
should be placed at the end of the project.
 Sources are arranged in the Alphabetical
order by the author’s last name.
 Example of properly organized sources:
Brown, E. (2013). Comedy and the Feminine
middlebrow novel. Pickering & Chatto.
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