3. INTRODUCTION
Deals with the study of skull in different aspects
Diagnosis
Classification of malocclusion
Diagnosis of the orthodontic problem
Treatment planning for such
problems
Evaluating the changes brought by
treatment
Predicting the treatment outcome or
prognosis of the results
Detecting the morphology of the
orthodontic problem
Detecting the extent or degree of the
orthodontic problem
Research
Research on growth
patterns of craniofacial
complex
Growth
Studying growth of
jaws or soft tissues
4. Other uses
Pathology detection:
Cervical spine anomalies
Degenerative changes in the vertebrae
Goal
Evaluate relationships both horizontally and vertically of 5
major functional components of the face:
Cranium and cranial base
Skeletal maxilla
Skeletal mandible
Maxillary dentition and alveolar process
Mandibular dentition and alveolar process
6. BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR
CEPHALOGRAMS
X-ray source- It is a high vacuum tube comprising of
three basic components: cathode, anode and the
electrical power supply
A specialized machine called as “cephalostat”
A patient
Variable
distance -
12 to 15
cm
7. CEPHALOMETRIC
LANDMARKS
Series of points defined as locations on:
Physical structure- at junction of bones
Extreme points- most anterior or inferior points, affected
by patient’s head position
Constructed points- formed by intersection of 2 planes
10. HORIZONTAL REFERENCE
PLANE
Frankfort Horizontal Plane has two difficulties:
Landmark location is difficult
Natural head position is different than FH plane
14. Angle SNA Angle SNB
Angle ANB Actual Mandibular Corpus Length
Go
Gn
15. Facial Angle Wits
Describe severity of jaw disharmony
Wits uses “Functional Occlusal Plane”
Point A ahead- Millimetric measurement is positive and patient is diagnosed as Class II
Point B ahead- Millimetric measurement is negative and patient is diagnosed as Class III
Influenced by teeth horizontally and vertically
Horizontally by pts. A and B
Vertically by occlusal plane
Harvold and Wits Analysis
S
N
Pog
A
B
FOP
17. SN- MANDIBULAR PLANE SN- PALATAL PLANE
MAXILLOMANDIBULAR PLANE ANGLE Y-AXIS
SUM OF POSTERIOR
ANGLES
OCCLUSAL PLANE
Go
Me
Upper
OP
Go
Me
Lower
OP
Gn
Go
Me
ANSPNS
Gn
Go
Ar
S
N
S
N
S
N
S
N
ANSPNS
ANSPNS
FOP
18. RATIO OF POSTERIOR FACE HEIGHT
TO ANTERIOR FACE HEIGHT
RATIO OF LOWER ANTERIOR FACE
HEIGHT TO TOTAL ANTERIOR FACE
HEIGHT
21. Holdaway Analysis LI-APog
Measures chin prominence in
relation to lower incisor. More
prominent the chin, the more
prominent the lower incisor can
be
A
Pog
B
N
24. CEPHALOMETRIC
ANALYSIS
STEINER
Emphasized individual
relationships into a pattern
Gives specific guides for use of
cephalometric measurements in
treatment planning
Overcomes magnitude of
discrepancy in ANB angle through
dental correction
Analysis
SNA- angle
SNB- angle
ANB- angle
I – NA- angle and distance
I – NB- angle and distance
Holdaway analysis- Ratio of I –
NB: NB- Pog
SN- MP
25.
26. CEPHALOMETRIC
ANALYSIS
SASSOUNI ANALYSIS
Emphasises vertical and horizontal relationships and the
interaction between vertical and horizontal proportions
The planes converge toward a single point in well proportioned
faces
27. Skeletal Open Bite
Planes intersect
close to face
Diverge quickly
anteriorly
Long face anteriorly
and short posteriorly
Skeletal Deep Bite
Planes are nearly
parallel
Diverge only slowly
as they pass
anteriorly
Short face overall
28. Harvold and Wits Analysis
Describe severity of jaw disharmony
Wits uses “Functional Occlusal Plane”
Point A ahead- Millimetric measurement is positive and
patient is diagnosed as Class II
Point B ahead- Millimetric measurement is negative and
patient is diagnosed as Class III
Influenced by teeth horizontally and
vertically
Horizontally by pts. A and B
Vertically by occlusal plane
29. McNAMARA ANALYSIS
More precise
measurement of tooth
and jaw relations
Reference planes are:
Frankfort Horizontal
Basion- Nasion plane
Analysis
AP position of Mx and Md in
relation to Nasion
Perpendicular
Harvold approach for jaw
length measurement
Ricketts approach for lower
incisor protrusion (LI- APog)
Upper incisor protrusion
measured from
perpendicular from pt. A
CEPHALOMETRIC
ANALYSIS
Ba
N
FH Plane
30. Strengths of McNamara:
More accurate in diagnosing the sagittal position of the
jaws
Normal range of measurements are most accurate
CEPHALOMETRIC
ANALYSIS