2. Welcometo the show
A Bachelor’s degree in the general science of Psychology, should endow an individual with an
expanded understanding of human thinking and behaviors. Cultivated knowledge of research
methods, statistical analysis, psychological codes of ethics, and cultural diversity should now prepare
for a future in the helping professions and human service. In the slides which follow, many aspects of
psychological understanding will be explored, including:
1. Spirituality and its positive impact on mental health
2. The negative impacts of video gaming on pro-social behaviors
3. The importance of cultural competency in the professional environment
4. Approaching an ethical dilemma with critical thinking
5. An action plan for implementing personal professional goals and career plans
By the end of this presentation, an understanding should be given as to my psychological
knowledge, cultural competency abilities, critical thinking skills, and my professional values.
Enjoy the show!
3. Spiritualityandmentalhealth
astatisticalanalysisandresearchsummary
Life can be full of pop surprises which challenge even the most mentally resilient amongst us. All
individuals within the developmental life-span spectrum, can encounter circumstances beyond their control,
which can place their emotional and mental well-being into jeopardy. As spirituality continues to rise as a
topic of interest within the psychological disciplines, more researchable attention is being drawn to the
positivity which spirituality can hold on mental well-being. In the slides which follow, three research studies
will be examined:
1. Spirituality as a predictor of positive mental health and psychosocial acclimation, as it pertains to
adolescents struggling with alcoholic fathers.
2. A summarized review of research reports, examining the effects of religion and spirituality on
mental and physical health.
3. A literature search, examining the effects of religion and spirituality on incarcerated individuals.
A conclusion slide will be included, discussing suggestions for further research in this rising topic of
psychological interest. Considerations will be given to expanded research opportunities, as well as the
importance of recognizing spirituality as a third and vital component of human well being. Let’s get started!
4. Positive Impactsof spirituality on adolescents of alcoholic fathers
a statistical analysis
Psychosocial development during adolescence, lays forth personality and behavioral foundations that
persist throughout life. Though research is limited, studies have revealed a positive connection between
religion/spirituality and positive, psychosocial well-being in adolescents. Additional research exists,
supporting the negative impacts of parental alcoholism on emotional, behavioral, and psychosocial issues in
children. Despite this valid evidence, research has yet broached the effects of spirituality on adolescents
while struggling with alcoholic parents (John & Sharma, 2014). The following study explores this concept.
Studydetails
Hypothesis: Spirituality is a pre-existing positive predictor of mental health, on adolescents struggling with
alcoholic fathers.
Researchsample: Purposive sample of 60 adolescent boys and girls—ages 16-19 yrs.
1.Inclusion Criteria: actively belong to any religious faith, have an alcohol dependent father for a ten-year
minimum and actively engaged in treatment, proficiency in English, of middle class socioeconomic status, and
consensual to participation.
2. Exclusion Criteria:Fathers with co-occurring mental disorders or mothers who are also alcohol dependent (John &
Sharma, 2014).
ThreeStudyObjectives: (1) Assess mental health using the Mental Health Inventory (2) Assess spirituality using the
Spiritual Involvement and Belief Scale (3) Use a statistical software analysis to assess combined
spirituality and mental health (John & Sharma, 2014).
5. Summarizing andInterpreting the Statistical Data
Three StudyObjectiveOutcomes
1. Assessment of MentalHealth:the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) identified mental health status as average
amongst the sample.
2. Assessment of Spirituality:the Spiritual Involvement and Belief Scale identified spirituality as average.
Demographic variables were also assessed. Gender held no influence on spirituality. However, age and
education level showed a significant mean score difference--notably on the internal component--where
maturity of the older adolescent and college-attending subjects were concerned.
3. Combined assessment of spiritualityandmentalhealth: statistical software measured spirituality as a positive predictor
on various mental health variables. Significant results included decreased depression, increased
emotional/behavioral control, stronger emotional ties, and decreased psychological distress. No results
were revealed for anxiety and life satisfaction (John & Sharma, 2014).
StudyImplications
This study holds two implications. First, spirituality can serve as an intervention, by strengthening mental
health during times of crisis. Secondly, spirituality can aid adolescents as alcoholic parents begin their own
treatment and recovery process, which tends to lend minimal supportive focus on family members (John &
Sharma, 2014). Adolescents already face many age-related challenges psycho-socially. Spirituality can
continue to lend strength while families are working to achieve a healthy bond once again.
6. A Systematic StudyReview
of
Spirituality and Mental Health
In 2012, Harold G. Koenig provided a summarized review of 454 original and peer-reviewed research
reports, examining the effects of religion/spirituality on mental and physical health. Some researched aspects
included positive emotions (happiness, hope, optimism, self-esteem, etc.), suicidal tendencies, anxiety, social
problems, delinquency, and health behaviors. Each of these aspects were examined separately, and a
final analysis concluded that active religion and spirituality held the following positive life impacts:
1. Increased ability to adapt more easily to health challenges.
2. Adolescents tend towards better academics and school attendance.
3. Relationships with others tend to be more loving and compassionate.
4. The pitfalls of substance abuse are more likely to be avoided.
5. Hope and self-esteem are bolstered through religious and spiritual support,
decreasing anxiety and suicidal tendencies (Koenig,2012).
Spirituality lends a sense of control over one’s life circumstances, finding meaning amidst chaos, and
gaining the ability to maintain a positive world-view. Belief in a higher power can also render security in an
existing love that is responsive to personal needs, while lending answers as to the why’s and how’s which life
can lay forth. In short, religion and spirituality offer a positive mental outlook on negative life circumstances,
making life that much less stressful (Koenig, 2012).
7. Spirituality
andthe incarcerated
Like adolescents coping with alcoholic fathers, incarcerated individuals also find themselves coping with
a stressful environment in which they cannot readily escape from. In 2011, Ariel Eytan performed a literature
search to examine the effects of religion and spirituality on incarcerated individuals. Twelve peer-reviewed
articles from 2010, contained primary data for spiritual impacts on mental health and behaviors of the
criminally detained. Religion and spirituality was shown to positively impact the following:
1. Improve coping ability while reducing depression and self-harming tendencies.
2. Decrease disciplinary sanctions, as arguing and violence diminished.
3. Increased ability to focus on coping.
4. Increased motivation and a positive self-image. (Eytan, 2011).
The incarcerated find themselves facing an array of emotional and psychosocial challenges. Some
prisoners may initially join religious groups as a hopeful way to garner early parole release. However, the
mental alleviation which spirituality provides for the incarcerated is evident (Eytan, 2011). Research is
consistently confirming the positive impacts which spirituality can hold on both mental health and behaviors
during critical times of life.
8. In conclusion: suggestions for future research
From the research studies which have been presented, it is clear that spirituality holds positive impact on
mental health and behaviors, though research remains limited. Because of this, I suggest that each of the
psychological disciplines seek out further opportunities for research from all human perspectives including
age, gender, sexual orientation, health conditions, socioeconomic status, and cultural/ethnicity. More
situational contexts should also be explored, such as geriatric settings, battered women’s and homeless
shelters, those suffering with PTSD, and so much more. The possibilities are nearly limitless!
In the future, the more research which is implemented, the more chance there will be that mental health
care will consider recognizing spirituality as a vital component to human well-being. The ability to better
cope with life at all stages, and through all circumstances, will become more clearly understood. Spirituality
may become an aspect of counseling services offered to all clients who are interested in its great benefits.
It took years for Health psychology to become an established discipline, and the undeniable connection
between the mind and body to be accepted. Perhaps more research will bring about the third undeniable
connection of spirituality as well. Just as everything else, this will take time, but it will be well worth the
effort.
9. Video GamingandPro-SocialBehaviors
Acriticalthinking approachto
solving asocialissue
In this modern day of technology which we live, many enticements are robbing us of our social skills.
They hinder responsibilities, and take time away from our interpersonal relationships. While social media and
television are well-known culprits, violent video-gaming is a rising psychological concern from a behavioral
and social perspective. In the slides which follow, violent video gaming will be critically examined from the
following three perspectives:
1. The main purpose for researching violent video gaming and pro-social behavior will be identified,
and the significance of this issue clarified.
2. Problems within the main research will be examined, and study conclusions discussed.
3. Research theoretical concepts will be broached, and the researcher's point of view examined for
both soundness and relevance.
Since societal issues are in need of continual problem solving, I will offer my own solution to addressing
violent video gaming as a social issue. This solution will be approached through a SMART action plan,
making the goal Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, and Time Bound. Let’s talk gaming!
10. Cansimulated violence
decreaseempathy?
Purposeof this Study
Video games are a rising concern for their negative impacts on behavior. While males are
identified as prominent users, females are now comprising 37% of this population. College students are
reportedly the largest consumers of video games, with upwards of 80% of popular games containing violent
content (Fraser, et al., 2012).
With this issue in mind, the authors' main purpose is to expand research through a theoretical lens of
desensitization and pro-social behavior. They hypothesize, that video game violence minimizes empathy via
desensitization. In turn, pro-social behavior decreases, markedly towards strangers (Fraser, et al.,2012).
Significance of the Issue
Modern video game violence is highly graphic in nature. Violence is realistically portrayed, with reward
points given for acts of violence. Games with teen-ratings encourage injurious actions, while 69% reward
acts of murder (Fraser, et al., 2012).
Though some researchers have denounced this concern as merely a moral crusade, research is showing
that violent video gaming decreases SAT scores, increases drug and alcohol use, increases sexual activity,
decreases relationship satisfaction, and lowers self-worth along with perception of social acceptance. Recent
studies have revealed an increase in violent behavior, with decreases in empathy and pro-social behaviors
(Fraser, et al., 2012).
11. Problems with
this Study
Before addressing the problems with this study, two arguments against it should be acknowledged. First, Some
video game violence research has revealed a decrease in aggression, with a significant decline in youth violence rates
ensuing since 1993. Secondly, peer and environmental influences far outweigh gaming influence, thus requiring more
empirical evidence to draw substantive conclusions. Since the gaming by-product of aggression still remains at odds with
empathy and pro-social behaviors, the authors deem it imperative to further research this topical concern (Fraser, et al.,
2012).
Three StudyLimitations
1.This study was limited to only college students. Young people who attend college, tend to come from higher socio-
economic statuses (SES), prohibiting application to youth of all economic statuses. However, two-thirds of American
youth do attend college within a year after high school, and those youth of lower SES tend towards a higher engagement
rate in media content. For this reason, it remains possible that this study's research could find generalized applicability.
2. This study consisted largely of female subjects, limiting gender generalization. Though gender analyses were conducted
separately, a more sound representation of males would have been valuable, since males engage in video gaming more
than females.
3. This study lacked emphasis on cultural/ethnic diversity--hindering representation of all young, emerging adults. This
diversity factor could weigh in to how media violence is initially perceived (Fraser, et al., 2012).
12. Drawing Conclusions
and
determining main concepts
Conclusions
This study set forth to measure the affects of video game violence on pro-social behavior, emphasizing
loss of empathy towards family, friends, and strangers. Results were insignificant pertaining to family and friends,
though moderate to strong results were shown in empathy loss towards strangers. Results measured higher for males,
and males consistently reported more time spent on gaming (Fraser, et al., 2012).
According to the General Aggression Model, repetitive exposure to violent gaming can cognitively mold one’s
views of aggressive behavior. This can result in a decreased concern for societal violence. This study's results lends
support to this theory, showing that the emerging adulthood years may be particularly sensitive to media violence,
and more vulnerable to cognitive pro-social influences (Fraser, et al., 2012).
Main Concepts
The authors approached their research through a theoretical foundation of desensitization and pro-social behavior.
Repetitive exposure to video game violence can result in a desensitization of feelings towards real-life violence. This
habitual conditioning can create an altered condition which diminishes arousal to related stimuli in social surroundings.
Pro-social behavior, defined as voluntary behavior initiated for the benefit of others, matures over time. With
this, an identity should be established which focuses more on others than the self. Moral reasoning should increase,
and a reduction in aggression and risk-taking behavior should occur (Fraser, 2012).
13. ~ Point of view ~
The authors' point of view pertaining to video game violence, emphasized loss of empathy via
desensitization. Loss of empathy was hypothesized to occur the most towards strangers, where greater
empathy is needed to act in a pro-social manner (Fraser, 2012). This concern has been explored by other
researchers as well, with similar test results.
In 2012, Bastian, Jetten, and Radke set out to explore the effects of violent gaming on humanity
diminishment. Their studies revealed the following:
1. A dehumanization effect occurs when engaging in gaming with random acts of uncalled-for violence.
2. When two people are engaging as partners, a dehumanization effect is not present.
3. When another human player is the target of violence, they also experienced a dehumanizing effect
(Bastian, Jetten, & Radke, 2012).
These effects were tested against mood, negative self-evaluation, gender, and video game
quality/satisfaction. None of these were found to be contributors to the dehumanization experience. These
results echoed the above view points, that through this dehumanizing process, a loss of empathy and
sensitivity occurs, resulting in a consequential loss of humanity (Bastian, Jetten, & Radke, 2012).
14. Solving a SocietalIssue
and
Conclusion
Solving a SocietalIssue
Considering a SMART plan of action, I would ask college students who enjoy violent gaming, to submit a 30-day
gaming log along with age, race, and gender information. I would challenge them to replace at least two thirds of their
gaming time volunteering in the community for one semester. This time would be logged and confirmed by participating
volunteer agencies. Participating students would receive a 10% discount card for the college book and apparel store.
Afterwards, I would issue self-rated questionnaires, asking them to rate their experience, the likelihood of continuing in
community service, and if they feel their empathy towards strangers increased/decreased--and how much. If successful, this
program could be continued by other colleges.
Bill Drayton is a CEO, founder and chairman of Ashoke--a global association which promotes social entrepreneurship.
He believes that sophisticated empathy is a core skill behind making changes. When young people are in an environment
that promotes this empathy, they hold the capacity to harness this skill as well (Wagner, Cohen, & Docksai, 2008). My simple
plan utilizes this hands-on approach to initiating a change, while furthering research on this societal issue.
Conclusion
It has become clear that there is a link between violent video game desensitization, and loss of empathy. This can
impair pro-social behavior, especially towards strangers. Dehumanization may occur, hindering humanity at large, and
places young emerging adults at greatest risk for this negative conditioning process. While much research still needs to be
implemented, it is comforting to know that empathy is a skill which can be learned, when promoted in an empathy-sensitive
environment. With a SMART plan of action, changes can be made, which will only provide more loving care in our society's
future!
15. TakeGodto Work Day
Accommodating Religious Diversity in the Work Place
In a cultural competency article, "Take God to Work Day", ongoing concerns and debates are broached
pertaining to the Workplace Religious Freedom Act (WRFA ) of 2005. Over the past 30 years, work force
discrimination based on religion, has been consistently violated under federal law, confirming need for the
WRFA. Questions still arise as to what exactly qualifies as discrimination, and how this collision of views
can affect work environments. (Ford, 2005). In the slides which follow, five points will be addressed:
1. Why the need for the WRFA , from a cultural diversity perspective.
2. Where misunderstanding lies, and can diversity really be accommodated.
3. Resolving the accommodation issue from a culturally sensitive perspective.
4. The Competencies necessary for working in a culturally diverse environments.
5. My attitudes towards cultural diversity, and their impacts on my professional future.
The WRFA potentially opens a Pandora's Box of religious accommodations that could breech respectful
peace rather than establishing it. Given this, it becomes necessary to consider if we can find it harder to
function with WRFA, or suffer more without it. Let’s move forward into religious diversity!
16. Why theneed for WRFA,
from a Cultural Perspective
In 1964, congress initiated the Title VII section of the Civil Rights Act. Employers were now unable to
discriminate against applicants/employees based on religion, including expressions and actions affiliated with
religious beliefs. In 1972, Title VII was amended to include all religious observance, practices, and beliefs
unless these accommodations placed undue hardship on an employer (Morgan, 2005). Herein, a loophole was
found.
In 1977, Trans World Airlines v. Hardison brought to light that "undue hardship" was a loose term.
Hardison requested to participate in a Saturday Sabbath, and offered to assist in voluntary shift changes as
well as other positions within the company. However, seniority regulations and the union prevented further
negotiations. Hardison eventually was terminated. The Supreme Court upheld the decision based on Title
VII's hardship clause, where TWA would bear more than a de minimis cost--that hardship cost being $450.00
(Morgan, 2005).
Was this a hardship for a multi-million dollar company, or corporate greed and regulation red-tape?
Either way, related incidents over the years, continually bring attention to this ongoing issue. While defining
and protecting against religious discrimination is opening a Pandora's box that is hard to function with--to not
have it in our increasingly diverse society, is one we may unfairly suffer without.
17. Why theneed
for WRFA, Cont.
In today's United States, surveys are revealing that more than 90% of citizens have a belief in God or
form of a higher power, with immigrant religions lending to a rise in diversity. This is not foreseen to
diminish, but rather continues to find its way into employment environments, becoming a "last taboo in
corporate America" (Morgan, 2005, p. 73). For these reasons, the WRFA was initiated in 2005, adding
three new revisions to the religious discrimination framework:
1. Better defining who is covered by the WRFA
2. Better defining employer's obligations in reasonable accommodation provisions
3. Clarifying the boundaries of undue hardship exceptions
Examples of protected rights would be the ability to wear religious attire (such as head scarves, Kippahs,
cross necklaces, etc.), the ability to conduct prayer during designated break times, and allowing shift changes
for religious observations. Any accommodations could not unreasonably impair an employee's ability to
perform job functions beyond that of a minor and temporary effect. (Morgan, 2005). This certainly seems
reasonable, but is it enough?
18. Where Misunderstanding lies:
Can We Really Accommodate Everyone?
In 2013, Peter Balint questioned multicultural theory, and the state's ability to enforce respect through multicultural
policy. In Balint's views, this is neither a plausible nor necessary demand, as respectful behaviors and attitudes are the
responsibility of individuals themselves. He further asks, how much capacity do we hold to respect each other's differences,
and how much do we truly desire to do so? (Balint, 2013). Before questions concerning respect can be answered, a definition
must be formed. Balint offers three definitions of respect:
1. Appraisal respect asks us to consider a point of view, while rendering respect based on acceptance.
2. Recognition respect asks us to give respect to a recognized difference, despite our own personal
opinions.
3. Recognition with respect for differences, initiates respect for the concept of differences itself, thus
softening the inner judgment of personal opinions (Balint, 2013).
Here in lies a tail-chase. Respect in any form cannot be demanded, will be given only upon appraisal, and is subjective
to change. Therefore, a degree of tolerance must be implemented to meet respectful demands for differences. This ability lies
within the behaviors and attitudes of people themselves--not in the authoritative policies of governmental hands (Balint,
2013).
19. Resolving the Issue from a
Culturally Sensitive Perspective
While Peter Balint's proposal of respect and tolerance is commendable, this may not be solely conducive outside of a
Utopian society. People are inherently focused on the self, which can hamstring both respect and tolerance for others.
Additionally, trust would have to be placed in employers, in that they are capable of unbiased leadership and free of personal
self-interests. Given this, I propose the following culturally-sensitive solutions to help resolve this issue:
1. Continually encourage employee WRFA feedback via the human service department.
2. All employees should be informed of their rights pertaining to religious discrimination,
along with steps to handle conflicts if necessary.
3. Management should keep in touch with their employees regarding all aspects of discrimination,
building trust through positive communication.
Most importantly, I would require all employees to engage in a seminar, teaching Balint's aspects of respect and
toleration, as well as cultural competency. I would conduct this seminar in small, diverse groups of individuals. I would
approach WRFA protocol, and encourage all individuals to exercise respectful reasonableness in their demands, while
maintaining respect and toleration for one another. An open questions and answers forum would also be held to further
communication between people, and generate positive understanding of diversity within the professional environment.
20. The Competencies Necessary
for
Working in Culturally Diverse Environments
In 2005, Mitchell Rice approached cultural competency in public service and administration, through an
examination of competency definitions. Some of these are as follows:
1. The ability to productively respond to both challenges and opportunities, brought by the presence
of cultural diversity within a social system.
2. The development of professional skills, suitable for serving cultural diversity.
3. The development of behaviors, attitudes, and policies which assures the ability to function within a culturally
diverse environment.
4. Learning new behaviors applicable to culturally diverse circumstances.
5. Developing the ability to match messages and intervention strategies conducive with interacting,
communicating, and problem solving within culturally diverse settings.
6. Harnessing the ability to build on the strengths, perspectives, beliefs, and value systems of
culturally diverse others.
From this invaluable information, it becomes clear that cultural competency requires conscientious efforts in
reaching out to diverse others. We must respectfully build on diverse strengths and values, while continually cultivating
competency skills necessary for culturally diverse environments. Most importantly, this must be implemented with sincere
attitudes and behaviors, that are embracing and appreciative of all people within our culturally diverse world.
21. A Final Reflection: MyAttitudes Towards Cultural Diversity
and
Their Impacts on MyProfessional Future
My attitudes towards cultural diversity, is one of appreciation. I believe, and deeply revere, God's
masterpiece of creation itself. Just as He did not make trees all the same, He also did not make human
beings carbon copies of one another. He did this by choice, and I appreciate human beings for the
unique, individual works of art which they truly are.
I have come to appreciate and understand the fact, that people hold their own unique beliefs and
value systems. It would be arrogant of me to think that my own perspectives and world views are the
superior one. This would short-change my opportunities to learn from others and appreciate the world
at large, while disqualifying me from human service altogether.
In my professional future, I will be working with and serving richly diverse people. My attitude and
respect for this fact will either make or break this beautiful opportunity. I foresee my experiences being
enriching, and I hope that I am also enriching to others. No matter how diverse we are, we all need the
same fundamental things from one another:
LOVE ~ SUPPORT~ COMPASSION ~ ACCEPTANCE
22. Honor Who ToProtect
Resolving anEthical dilemma
Ethical dilemmas can come upon us when we least expect it. This is the case with Don Riles—an insurance claims
adjuster--who is asked by his supervisor, to conduct an appraisal while enjoying a day off with his daughter. Agreeing to the
request and taking his daughter along, Don discovers that the client is his daughter’s teacher, Miss Anderson. Proceeding
with a brief interview on her front lawn, Don learns that Miss Anderson is being treated for a relapsed condition of paranoia
and manic depression, resulting from the car accident.
Don faces a dilemma, as he becomes concerned for his daughter’s well-being under the care of a woman being treated
for a mental condition. His wife is also a claims adjuster, and bound to the same codes of ethics and confidentiality that he is
(Institute for Global ethics, n.d.). Should Don honor to protect his daughter, or the confidentiality of Miss Anderson, his
business client? In the slides which follows, these topical aspects will be addressed:
1. Resolving the ethical dilemma, andjustifying course of action.
2. Proposing a course of action, andconsidering ramifications.
3. Considering possible alternatives.
A final conclusion will be offered, summarizing this dilemma, and the best way to both avoid and
problem-solve these situations in professional contexts. Let’s dive into ethics!
23. Resolving the Ethical dilemma
and
Justifying course of action
Before addressing resolution and justification, it should be considered what can lead to a compromising
of ethical decisions. Cognitive dissonance occurs when a situation transpires that places our beliefs,
attitudes, and behaviors at odds with one another. This state of psychological duress, becomes a motivation
to resolve the situation, to find relief from the internally stressful condition. This can lead to a state of ethical
dissonance, where considering behavioral misconduct collides with personal values, leading to concerns for
accountability and a marred reputation (Barkin, et al., 2012).
The Pot-Kettle Phenomenon is a tendency to harshly judge the actions of others, while glossing over
one’s own actions and choices (Barkin, et al., 2012). Don may justify breeching confidentiality, by blaming
his supervisor for placing him into this position to begin with. He may additionally overlook the fact that he
should not have conducted the interview once he identified who Miss Anderson was.
The National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors (NAIFA), lays forth their own code of
ethics, including maintaining client confidence and right to privacy, strict adherence to all professional
regulations, and conducting business in a manner honorable to the NAIFA (NAIFA, 2012). Given this, Don is
bound to place principles before personal concerns, in addressing this dilemma.
24. Proposing a Course of Action
and
Considering Ramifications
Ethical dilemmas within professional environments, often times involves a chain of people and poor
decisions, and does not necessarily indicate “bad people” or “bad management”. In business professions,
pressure can be present to perform duties against ethical guidelines for the sake of maintaining clientele base,
or meeting numerous deadlines. For this reason, codes of ethics must be strongly present and adhered to
within places of business, and by everyone involved. (Boatright, 2013).
There is rarely only one way to handle an ethical dilemma. Following, are two possible course of actions
that Don could choose , to handle his professional situation. Potential ramifications to each course of action,
will also be provided.
Course of action and ramification #1
It is possible that Don's manager by-passed ethics to get a claims appraisal job done efficiently, and had
not foreseen an ethical dilemma occurring. For this reason, it is paramount for Don to talk with his manager,
and inform him of the situation. Don should give his manager the benefit of the doubt, while clarifying the
desire to be removed from the appraisal. He should confirm code of ethics, as the reason behind his request.
25. Course of action
and
Ramifications, cont.
At this point, Don cannot address the personal aspect of this issue with his neighbor. To do so, would
breech code of ethics, and potentially damage his daughter's relationship with Miss Anderson. He will have
to adhere to confidentiality--particularly since no harm or concerns were present prior to this incident.
Unless Don's manager threatened his dismissal, it is less likely for other ramifications to occur if the
dilemma were handled in this manner.
Course of action and ramification #2
Since Don is now concerned about his daughter’s well-being, he may opt to breech confidentiality to
address his concerns. If he chooses to contact the school about Miss Anderson, he will destroy current
relations. Most importantly, he will violate the NAIFA code of ethics which includes, “To help maintain my
client’s confidence, and respect their right to privacy” (NAIFA, 2012).
Don additionally risks ramifications with his employer. Don chose to conduct the interview with Miss
Anderson, after identifying who she was. To breech a code of ethics at this point, would put his competency
and professionalism well into question, potentially resulting in termination and legal repercussions.
26. Considering Possible
Alternatives
Now that this ethical dilemma is in motion, alternatives become limited. Besides asking to
withdrawal from the appraisal, Don could seek advice from his supervisor and other experienced colleagues.
He could utilize trusted resources to research similar ethical situations, and problem solve alternative
solutions.
Since Don is bound to the NAIFA code of ethics, he cannot approach Miss Anderson, the school, or his
wife about his concerns. He could seek alternatives to placing his daughter in a different educational
environment. However, this may not be practical, possible, or even necessary. It would be wise to wait and
first see if future concerns arise.
The best thing to do, is learn from this mistake and apply prevention. Business techniques can be
utilized to safeguard against such dilemmas from occurring to begin with. For example, utilizing a client
resume prior to interviewing, can assure that an interview is friendly, and well prepared for (Forbes, 2015).
This would also alert an interviewer as to any red flags that could potentially threaten codes of ethics. In
Don’s case, a resume would have revealed Miss Anderson as the client. He could have then declined the
interview, while sabotaging an unethical situation.
27. Summary
and
Conclusion
In this ethical dilemma, we have seen many mistakes that were made. More information, such as a client
resume, could have prevented an unethical interview from occurring to begin with. Better decision making,
and consideration to codes of ethics, should have been implemented by both Don and his supervisor. When
Don did identify Miss Anderson, he should have stopped immediately, and requested to be removed from the
appraisal.
This ethical dilemma emphasizes the need for ethical guidelines, and why it is necessary to adhere to
them. Pressures from business should not persuade professionals to by-pass ethics, and risk a dilemma that
could be harmful to all involved. When an ethical dilemma does arise, it is paramount to avoid cognitive and
ethical dissonance, which can result in choosing actions to justify alleviating the psychological conflict of a
stressful situation.
In life, ethical dilemmas are inevitable—whether personally or professionally. With a commitment to
honesty and integrity, these situations can be handled for the greater good of everyone involved. Adhering to
professional codes of ethics, can help set vital parameters for us. However, it is up to us to utilize these, as
opposed to bypassing them for the sake of perceived convenience.
Acts 24:16
“In viewof this, Ialso do mybestto maintain always a blamelessconscience both beforeGod
and beforemen”
28. Looking tothe Future
Goals, Values, and
Professional Philosophy
As we near the end of this slide show, it is time to look towards the future. There are many aspects to take into
consideration, when orchestrating one’s educational and professional path. More than just looking towards the monetary gain,
it is looking towards the inner self, and identifying who we are, and how we can channel this into best serving humanity at
large. In the final aspect of this presentation, the following will be addressed:
1. Work values and career skills inventory.
2. Professional philosophy, goals, and career plans.
3. Professional goals, career choices, and how these align with values and life interests.
4. Psychological principles, motivation, and attitudes in overcoming professional goal obstacles.
5. An action plan for implementing career goals.
By the end of this presentation, an over-view should be given, as to my solid sense of direction in my professional
future. My abilities to set goals and achieve them should be clear, as well as my ability to self-explore my own values, skills,
and interests. Most importantly, my professional philosophy will be presented, concerning serving humanity with loving care,
compassion, and dedication. Let’s now look towards the future!
29. Work values
and
career skills inventory
My topfive work values
1. Security: relatively assured of steady employment/income.
2. Help Others & Society: help other people or contribute to the betterment of a
larger community.
3. Responsibility: have the power to make decisions on my own, and implement them.
4. Ability Utilization: make full use of my abilities.
5. Impact: my work results in a sense of accomplishment.
My topfive career skills
1. Empathizing 3. Influencing others 5. Rapport Building
2. Encouraging 4. Motivation
30. Work Values
and
Career Skills Inventory, cont.
I approach work values and career skills from both a psychological and spiritual perspective.
Abraham Maslow (1908-1970), presented his pyramid of hierarchal needs, addressing human needs and
motivations. Self-actualization resides at the pyramid pinnacle, and is defined as the need for self-
fulfillment, and becoming all that one is capable of (Hunt, 2007).
My values and skills, addresses many aspects of the hierarchal pyramid. They take into consideration
physical-related needs through job security, as well as the psychological needs of accomplishment and
motivation. The self-actualization needs of fully utilizing my abilities for serving humanity at large, are
also identified.
I have discovered that there are many values which are important to me, and many skills that I possess.
However, these are the ones of highest importance. This inventory process is of vital importance for
everyone. By identifying what skills and values mean to each individual person, professional paths and goals
can be chosen which fulfill the innate need of self-actualization within each of us.
Galatians 5:13
“….only do not useyour freedomasan opportunity for theflesh,
But through love,serve
oneanother…”
31. Professional Philosophy, Goals,
and
Career Plans
Professional Goals and CareerPlans
I am moving forward into a Master's degree in mental health/social services, during
which time I will seek professional employment that aligns with my Bachelor's degree in Psychology. I will also continue
seeking volunteer opportunities within crisis intervention services. My future goal, is to have the education and hands-on
experience required for obtaining positions of leadership within the helping professions in the future. These qualifications
will additionally afford me a wide range of professional settings, any of which I will completely cherish being a part of.
My ProfessionalPhilosophy
I deeply believe in helping others to realize their unique, God-given potential. It is through the valleys that we most
come to cultivate this. I want to be there to help others through those valleys--and via my own living testimony--guide by
example as much as spoken word. I greatly appreciate human diversity, and believe that all human beings are equal in their
potential, as well as their need for loving support and acceptance.
All that I do, I do with my utmost best. It should hold nothing short of God's own approved stamp upon it. Most
importantly, I believe that integrity must be at the core of all functioning. Integrity, compassion, and a genuine love for others
must be held deeply within the heart to serve with Christ-like dedication. This is both my professional and life philosophy.
Acts 20:35
“…by working hard in this way,wemust help theweakand rememberthewords of theLord Jesus,
‘It is moreblessedto givethan to receive.’…”
32. Values, Life Interests
and
myProfessional Future
My values largely encompass compassionately caring for others, while instilling positivity and hope within them. I
additionally seek to build harmony amongst people. Through my desire for rapport building, I hope to build positive
teamwork in a group of individuals, so that together we can optimally serve others on a spiritual foundation of sincere
love and compassion.
When I consider my work values and future professional service, I look towards the APA code of
conduct and Biblical scripture. In the APA code of conduct, five basic principles are laid forth:
A. Beneficence and Nonmaleficience: work for the benefit of others, while minimizing harm.
B. Fidelity and Responsibility: be aware of responsibilities, and built trusting relationships.
C. Integrity: uphold honesty and truthfulness, with awareness of breeched consequences.
D. Justice: uphold fairness and equality when rendering services to all others.
E. Respect for People's Rights and Dignity: equally respect and protect the dignity, privacy,
confidentiality, and autonomy of all others--including within the community (APA, 2002).
I believe in treating others as I would like to be treated. This is a universal law, applicable to all people, and should be
the heart beat of both our interpersonal and professional lives. I will both serve and lead others based on nothing less.
Matthew7:12
“So in everything,do unto others what you would have themdo unto you,
forthis sums up theLawsand theProphets."
33. Overcoming Obstacles
and
Reaching Goals
I utilize two initial concepts when overcoming obstacles and reaching goals:
1. Faithful perseverance: we must be consistently pro-active in reaching our goals, while having faith that they will be
achieved in the end.
2. Detailed goal plans: breaking down our goals into small pieces--even daily goals--so that long-term goals do not
become lost in an overwhelming shuffle.
A third vital concept, is nurturing the physical and mental self. A recent study of nurses in health care units, have found
that implementing self-care significantly impacted nurse teamwork by decreasing stress, while increasing job satisfaction and
productivity. This resulted in an increased retention of nursing staff (Nelson & Richards, 2011).
When self-care is neglected, compassion fatigue can occur, resulting in physical/emotional exhaustion, as well as loss of
compassion. Some additional symptoms include apathy, hopelessness, anxiety, cynical/critical attitude, insomnia, memory
issues, fatigue, loss of resiliency to illness, and much more (Nelson & Richards, 2011).
There are many self-care tips to combat this, such as: seek help before becoming overwhelmed, delegate work load,
exercise & nutrition, journal, start day with prayer/positive affirmation, set boundaries, eliminate excess appointments,
avoid negative people/self-talk, and so much more (Nelson & Richards, 2011). With self-care, we can care better for others,
and more assuredly reach goals while clearing tougher obstacles.
Hebrews11:1
“Now faith is thesubstance of things hoped for,and theevidence ofthings not seen.”
34. MyAction Plan
for
Implementing CareerGoals
Utilizing a SMART goals plan of action, this is my immediate educational and career goals for September-December of 2015:
I. September: complete Bachelor's in Psychology Program
II. October: final preparation for Master's Program/Acquire professional certifications
A. Finalize registration with next educational institution/address CPR and Mental Health First Aid certifications
B. Request/purchase copy of final Bachelor's studies transcript
C. Order books for first semester of schooling
III. November-December: begin first semester of school/Prepare for professional employment
A. Begin first semester of Master's program E. Acquire interview and small professional wardrobe
B. Finalize cover letter, resume, portfolio F. Register with select professional employment services
C. Obtain necessary reference letters G. Conduct mock interviews with family
D. Set traveling radius for professional members/obtain feedback
employment/Research O*net Career Services
IV. Seek professionally-related volunteer opportunities (consider emergency rape crisis support/crisis hotline)
Philippians 4:13
“Ican do all things through Christ, who strengthensme.”
35. Final Thoughts
Many topics and concepts were touched base with, during this brief presentation. Let’s recap:
1. Research is showing the positive effects of spirituality on mental health and psychosocial well-being. Many research
opportunities exist for the future. It is hopeful, that spirituality will come to be recognized as the third vital component to
human well-being.
2. Research is revealing the negative impacts of violent gaming on pro-social behaviors, including dehumanization and
loss of empathy towards strangers through desensitization. However, empathy is a skill which can be taught through
SMART action plans, and can especially be valuable for the vulnerable young-adult sector of our society.
3. The WRFA was implemented in 2005, to clarify religious freedoms in the workplace. While the WRFA is needed to
assure equality and fairness, people are also responsible for generating respect for one another through culturally
competent behaviors and attitudes. No matter how diverse we are, we all need love, support, compassion, and acceptance.
4. Ethical dilemmas annunciate the vital need to adhere to ethical code of ethics. The need to avoid cognitive and ethical
dissonance is also emphasized, as well as not by-passing ethics for the sake of appeasing the pressures of business.
Lastly, I touched based on my future career and educational goals, professional philosophy, and how I plan to overcome
obstacles in the future. I hope you have enjoyed this presentation, and have learned a little more about my skills, knowledge,
integrity, and compassionate love for serving diverse others in need. Thank you for taking the time to join me!
36. References
American Psychological Association (2002). APA Ethics Code, 2002. Retrieved from:
http://www2.fapse.ulg.ac.be/documents/code2002.pdf
Barkan, R., Ayal, S., Gino, F., & Ariely, D. (2012). The pot calling the kettle black: Distancing response to ethical dissonance.
Journal Of Experimental Psychology: General, 141(4), 757-773. doi:10.1037/a0027588
Bastian, B., Jetten, J., Radke, H. (2012). Cyber-dehumanization: violent video game play diminishes our humanity. Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology, 48(2), 486-491. doi: 10.1016/j.jesp.2011.10.009
Balint, P. (2013). Against Respecting Each Others' Differences. Journal Of Applied Philosophy, 30(3), 254-267.
doi:10.1111/japp.12016
Boatright, J. R. (2013). Confronting ethical dilemmas in the workplace. Financial Analysts Journal, 69(5), 6-9. Retrieved from:
http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/1439081331?accountid=27965
Eytan, A. (2011). Religion and mental health during incarceration: A systematic literature review. Psychiatric Quarterly,
82(4), 287-95. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11126-011- 9170-6
Forbes. (2015). 9 Tips for Conducting an Interview. www.forbes.com Retrieved 25 August 2015.
Ford, R. (2005). Take God to Work Day. Slate Magazine, p. 1 of 1. Retrieved from:
http://www.lexisnexis.com.library.capella.edu/hottopics/lnacademic/?verb=sr&csi=222770&sr=BYLINE%28Richard+Th
ompson+Ford%29+AND+HLEAD%28Take+God+to+Work+Day%29+AND+DATE+IS+June+13+2005
Fraser, A. M., Padilla-walker, L., Coyne, S. M., Nelson, L. J., & Stockdale, L. A. (2012). Associations between violent video
gaming, empathic concern, and prosocial behavior toward strangers, friends, and family members. Journal of Youth and
Adolescence, 41(5), 636-49. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-012-9742-2
Hunt, M. (2007). The Story of Psychology. New York, NY: Random House, Inc.
37. References, cont.
Institute for Global Ethics: Promoting Ethical Action in a Global Context. (n.d.). Institute for Global Ethics: Promoting Ethical
Action in a Global Context. Retrieved January 5, 2011, from: http://www.globalethics.org/
John, L., & Sharma, D. (2014). Spirituality as a predictor of positive mental health among adolescents with alcoholic
addicted fathers. Indian Journal of Positive Psychology, 5(2), 98-108. Retrieved from:
http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/1614029755?accountid=27965
Koenig, H. G. (2012). Religion, spirituality, and health: The research and clinical implications. ISRN Psychiatry,
doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/278730
Mental Health First Aid, USA (2013). Evidence base. Mental Health First Aid, USA. Retrieved from:
http://www.mentalhealthfirstaid.org/cs/about/community-impact/
Morgan, J. F. (2005). IN DEFENSE OF THE WORKPLACE RELIGIOUS FREEDOM ACT: PROTECTING THE UNPROTECTED
WITHOUT SANCTIFYING THE WORKPLACE. Labor Law Journal, 56(1), 68-81. Retrieved from:
http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/195061313?accountid=27965
NAIFA (2012). Code of Ethics. National Association of Insurance and Financial Advisors. Retrieved from:
http://www.naifa.org/about-naifa/code-of-ethics
Nelson, J., Richards, K. (2011). Overcoming obstacles to create the optimal healing environment. Nurse Leader, Vol. 9 (2). pp.
37-39, 57. doi: 10.1016/j.mnl.2011.01.002
Rice, M. F. (2007). Promoting Cultural Competency in Public Administration and Public Service Delivery: Utilizing Self-
assessment Tools and Performance Measures. Journal Of Public Affairs Education, 13(1), 41-57.
Wagner, C. G., Cohen, A. M., & Docksai, R. (2008). Seeing the future through new eyes. The Futurist, 42(6), 54-60. Retrieved
from http://search.proquest.com.library.capella.edu/docview/218610142?accountid=27965
Editor's Notes
Children of alcoholics are a high-risk group for ADHD, depression, Anxiety Disorder, enuresis, and tics. School achievement and cognitive functioning is also decreased, emphasizing the need for prevention and intervention for this vulnerable age group (John & Sharma, 2014).
Though spirituality did not show differences between genders in this study (possibly due to like spirituality amongst the respondents), prior studies have shown defined differences, with females indicating higher levels of spirituality than their male counterparts (John & Sharma, 2014).
In 1796, William Tuke--a Quaker--initiated a novel treatment for the mentally ill called “moral treatment”, in response to mental hospital abuse. Later, Sigmund Freud encouraged separation of religion and psychiatry, after exposure to the heretical side of religion by French neurologist Jean Charcot (Koenig, 2012).
2. Since there are overlapping definitions between spirituality and religion, as both encompass a form of devotion and surrender to a “higher power”, religion and spirituality (R/S) is used interchangeably in this study (Koenig, 2012).
In a study sample of 12 imprisoned battered women, R/S was shown to positively aide in personal reconstruction, coming to terms with victimization, addressing perpetration of violence, and coping with an incarcerated circumstance (Eytan, 2011).
Recent research indicates 90% of American children and adolescents, as owning video gaming systems. More than 60% engage in gaming for a minimum of 30 minutes a day. Gender reflects a moderate disparity, with boys averaging an hour per day, and girls 15 minutes per day (Fraser, et al., 2012).
Non-violent video gaming was used as a control variable in this study. Because of the negative relationship between this control variable and low empathic concern in males, there is an indication that non-violent/pro-social gaming may actually increase empathy, cooperation, and helping behaviors (Fraser, et al., 2012).
Self Perception Theory proposes an inference of internal attributes during observation of one’s own behaviors. Simulated violence allows one to perceive themselves as less human, and so those with violent tendencies can become even more dehumanized in their behavioral brutality (Bastian, Jetten, & Radke, 2012).
Canadian teacher Mary Gordon, taught bullying responsibility to her students, by holding them accountable for their actions. Students who did not help others during a game, were asked to leave the game. This successful approach is now being utilized in the corporate world by emphasizing and rewarding cooperation, over competition (Wagner, Cohen, & Docksai, 2008).
One of the key troubling components within the Title VII, is the Supreme Court’s interpretation of the accommodation of “de minimis” cost and undue hardship. Under this, an employer may reject an employee’s accommodation request, if it is determined that cost will exceed anything deemed as inconvenient (Morgan, 2005).
The EEOC (Equal Employment Opportunity Commission), reported a doubling in religious discrimination and harassment complaints between 1993-2002. Subsequent monetary restitution increased from $1.4 million in 1992, to an overwhelming $14.1 million in 2001 (Morgan, 2005).
In 2008, a private school in Queensland rejected a 12 year-old boy of Sikh religion for refusing to cut his hair, or remove his turban. This decision was upheld despite the school’s “Mission Statement” promoting cultural and intellectual understanding. This case annunciates the fact that respect for differences is not enough, but rather tolerance must also be present where respect for differences lacks (Balint, 2013).
Cultural competency learning requires a three-step process of learning, re-learning, and un-learning about culturally diverse others. This process helps shatter stereotypes and biases, while promoting positive understanding of diverse characteristics (Rice, 2005).
A study of 14 test subjects was conducted, to test ethical dissonance and the Pot-Kettle Phenomenon. When asked to recall a past unethical behavior, test subjects experienced an unpleasant sense of threat to themselves. Ethical dissonance resulted in lowered judgment of their own actions. However, unethical awareness caused a transference of harsh judgment to be placed on the questionable unethical behaviors of others (Barkin, et al., 2012).
In a second study of 152 undergraduates, ethical dissonance was shown to prompt subjects to present themselves as overly honest. When confronted with an ethical dilemma which triggered ethical dissonance, subjects tended to reject the dilemma, claim imperviousness to unethical temptation, and emit exaggerated righteous advice to others (Barkin, et al., 2012).
John Boatright (2013) emphasizes the importance of incentive systems for encouraging company values. While implementing codes of ethics are integral guidelines for employee expectations, incentive programs sustain expectation performance, by rewarding ethical behaviors.
Mental Health First Aid for youth and adults is acknowledged in SAMHS’A NREEP (National Registry of Evidence-based Programs and Practices), as a viable and certifiable intervention technique (Mental Health First Aid, USA, 2013).
