A web-based mapping of Mallorca’s N-NE water resources, pointing out that due to irregular chemical discharge by various economic activities and saline intrusion, participatory practises can help avoid water scarcity and ensure its water management sustainability.

1. Centre for Environmental and Marine Sciences (CEMS)
“Water quality study in Mallorca’s island North-Northeast
region: GIS analysis under a collaborative, crowd-sourced and
on-the-cloud environment”
Keywords
Mallorca, spatial analysis, water quality, GIS, saline intrusion, collaborative, crowdsourcing, citizen
science, coastal, environmental quality indicators
Abstract
Mallorca is an island situated in the Spanish Balearic Islands complex, with its natural features
frequented by many tourist during summer, when the island’s population can be drastically bigger
than its common during the rest of the year. Due to such impact, under current management it is
known the stress caused over the area’s natural resources, mostly on exploitable and available water.
Progressively a famous touristic destination, Mallorca has a large network of hotels and similar
accommodations as basic part of its economic drive along with its agriculture. It is, thus, sensitive the
sustainable management of its natural resources.
As part of a field practice discipline, during three consecutive days in 27th, 28th and 29th of June
2014 under a collaborative environment there were collected 156 water quality measurements in 52
spots from 3 main areas in Mallorca's island Northeast region: Torrent de Sant Jordi, S'Albufereta and
S'Albufereta's saltmarsh; Torrent de San Miguel, North Albuferas and S'Albufera Natural Park; and
Llac Menor, El Gran Llac and its canals.
After consecutive data treatment by digital worksheets analysis of pH, conductivity, oxidation
reduction potential, salinity and in-site aspects sensitive observation (i.e. vegetation and water body
visual and odour aspects), the Google My Maps "on-the-cloud" and collaborative platform has been
used to gather GPS and water quality data altogether to lead a spatial analysis.
It was observed that beside all sites being alkaline, as near they were to the sea the more their
conductivity and salinity increased, being these parameters directly correlated. Yet, most sites had
highly reductive waters, excepting whole S'Albuferetas region, Torrent San Miguel and one point in
North Albufera with oxidative, caused by sewage, mineral industrial or agricultural drainages/
discharges, or high aeration inputs.
This paper intent to bring some light on water management as well, holding a brief analysis over
Mallorca’s environmental management practices and giving some proposals towards a more
sustainable feedback of such monitoring, with citizen scientist collaboration, crowd-sourced
information uploading and social media sharing of all data and information generated.
Introduction (background to study)
As a major European tourist destination, with visiting population becoming 125 times bigger during
summer (Donta & Arrighi, 2003a apud Donta, 2008), the Balearic region is one of the richest in
Spain, with a GDP above national average (Garín-Muñoz & Montero-Martín, 2007). With its most
dense populated region located in Bay of Palma, in the island’s southern region, during July and
August - peak holiday months - it witnesses a combination of lowest rainfall records with highest
tourist influx and temperatures (Kent, et al., 2002;Hof & Schmitt, 2011). Is during the same season
that happens an overwhelming of most ecological resources around beaches and their systems, as sand
dunes, wetlands and groundwater basins, by pollution increase, soil erosion and general
environmental degradation (Pearson & Sullivan, 1995; McGlade, 2001 apud McGlade et al., 2008).
Regarding island’s water resources access, groundwater corresponds to 70%-75%, and 25% of its
surface waters are from dams. The island is able to consume around 80% of its exploitable

2. groundwater, as it can be seen from Figure 01, extracted from (Koundouri, 2008), which gives a
comparison panorama with other Mediterranean islands.
Figure 01 – Comparative chart of Mallorca water resources disposition and exploitability with other 4
Mediterranean islands (Koundouri, 2008)
Yet, beside tourism, another main local economy’s driver is agriculture, which provides subsistence in
small villages, with cereal and vegetable crops on lowlands and grazers (sheep and goats) located
nearby mountainous regions. Can be pointed part of agricultural rise consequences as degradation of
forest vegetation to garrigue and steppe by clearance, burning and grazing/or cultivation, though the
herbicides input on soils and waters is being recently researched (Segura, et al., 1992). Further, by the
same authors it is stated the potential future hazard from reused treated domestic wastewater – one of
the island’s main water supply - as drinkable aquifers and agriculture become slowly and
progressively contaminated by its pollutants reintroduction. Below, there is a map comprising annual
rainfall averages, costal spills occurrences and sea discharges along the North-Northeast region
(Figure 02).

3. Figure 02 - Annual rainfall averages, costal spills occurrences and sea discharges along Mallorca North-
Northeast region, 1:200000 scale (Balearic Islands Government, 2014, adapted)
Into the European water resources management scenario, the most successful used model until date is
the adoption of the European Union’s Water Framework Directive (Directive 2000/60/EC), which sets
every Union’s country to make efforts toward achieving good qualitative and quantitative status to
ground and surface waters until 2015 (European Commission, 2014). Putting Mallorca into context, in
2013 the Balearic Islands Government published a Hydrological Plan, taking the Directive into
account (Balearic Islands Government, Council of Agriculture, Environment and Territory – Water
Resources General Directory, 2013).
This plan, brought up some relevant information, revealing Port d’Alcudia as a high-modified coastal
water mass (i.e., in urban regions with docks), and that Alcudia and Port de Pollença extracted
together 2.32Hm3/year of groundwater in 2006, under a scenario of water lack of quality or
overexploitation. Still, it indicated recommended minimal water flow volumes towards sea in order to
avoid saline intrusion to groundwater, advising rates of 0.70Hm3/year and 2.00Hm3/year to Alcudia
and Port de Pollença, respectively. By the same reason, and to prevent a dry-up of wetland areas,
groundwater extraction decrease is proposed by (Candela, et al., 2009). Figure 03 below illustrates
more of North-Northeast water basins’ scenario of vulnerability. The vulnerability index is the ease a
pollutant can reach the aquifer by means without wells and anthropogenic direct interferences in the
basement level.

4. Figure 03 – Mallorca North-Northeast region aquifers’ vulnerability to natural pollution, 1:400000 scale
(Balearic Islands Government, 2014, adapted)
Methods
Site description/ area of study
The three main areas are following described by their main features and interrelations with
water management.
 Torrent de San Miguel, North Albuferas and S'Albufera Natural Park:
First Balearic natural park and comprising a Special Protection Area for migratory birds and defined
as an International Importance Wetland (Ramsar Convention, 2014), due to its ecological and
biological diversity. Noting from satellite images (Google Maps, 2014), it can be seen the agricultural
presence neighbouring the Park, which along the time resulted in a sediment deposition process and
creating a large flood plan. The present coastal dunes system together with Torrent de Sant Miguel
and other inland waters flowing towards the sea avoid saline intrusion. The waters encompassed by
the Park’s area are derived of Central and North areas of the island, from agricultural lands, lying on
Muro’s municipality highly vulnerable water basin (Figure 03). Permanent freshwater defines part of
its hydrological characteristics; though it involves saltmarshes as near it approaches the sea.
 Torrent de Sant Jordi, S'Albufereta and S'Albufereta's saltmarsh:
In S’Albufereta region, there is also the presence of coastal dunes, which by obstructing water (natural
or artificial) drainage form coastal wetlands show a salinity gradient going from saline/brackish water
and saltmarsh systems to freshwater marshes. Torrent de Sant Jordi is a defined wetland as well.
Again, as North Albuferas marshes and S’Albufera Natural Park marshes and sand dunes, such
systems can offer ecosystemic services useful for water resources management, against saline
intrusion and nutrients/pollution retention, for example (Haslett, 2000). Both two main areas
(S’Albufera Natural Park and S’Albufereta marshes) have the same issue of agricultural pressure,
though S’Albufereta might receive more influence as it has a smaller area than S’Albufera Natural
Park. In addition, this area of Alcudia water basin presents moderate vulnerability (as seen in Figure
03).
 Llac Menor, El Gran Llac and its canals:
Mid-urbanized and populated region located in Alcudia, with high-modified land and water use.
Receives direct influence from seawater concentrations and highly vulnerable to any other input,

5. meaning by anthropic sources (e.g., coastal spills or discharges), as can be seen on Figure 03 as
well.
Experimental design, field measurements and monitoring
During field collection in the tree days, 156 water quality samples have been collected in 52 spots in
the three descripted main sites in the island’s Northeast region. In integral day analyses, the group of
students where carried to each main site to collect 3 samples of every spot analysed in order to these
be well spread along the main watercourses and water bodies, maximizing the experimental design.
The field collections execution relied on the resources below:
 Transport vehicle
 Hanna HI9828 multi-parameter water quality meter
 Garmin GPS handheld receiver
 Field annotation materials
 Date and time inferred photo camera (smartphone camera)
Moreover, the approached parameters, in units and precision given by the multi-parameter monitor
(Hanna Instruments, n.d.), were:
 pH
 Conductivity (in mS/cm)
 Oxidation Reduction Potential (in mV)
 Salinity (given in Practical Salinity Unit, PSU)
 Sensitive aspects: related observations and picture examples describing the water body -
water level (dry, some or full); flow rate still (slow or fast); and presence of trash/turbidity
(being from none, some or heavy)
The used GPS’s precision is considered high varying from +-5m to +-10m, as well as the multi-
parameter meter’s. In this report, +-10m will be adopted to minimize the inference of positioning
errors from the handheld GPS (GARMIN, 2011). Still, about conductivity, it is relevant to know
every measurement has been appropriately put in temperature calibration (being that a thermal
equilibrium with the environment) to offer a more precise conductivity measurement (Hanna
Instruments, n.d.).
Data analysis
When treating environmental data with spatial features (GPS points and a map with a known
reference system), it is common to use such combination of information to form an oriented group of
geographical information, namely a Geographical Information System. Taking advantage of this
group of data, aided by a computational framework, spatial processes and relationships can be
inferred and managed to any sensitive decision involving geographical features (ESRI, n.d.). Further,
within this platform, geographical features can be related and analysed by other tools referred as
spatial analysts, treating such datasets with spatial statistical tools, such as spatial interpolators. The
most common spatial interpolators are IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting) and (OK) Ordinary
Kriging, both due to good computational cost and adequate predicted interpolation accuracy benefit
(Li & Heap, 2014). The spatial analysis of gathered data has been done by the online cloud-based
“Google Maps Engine”. After Microsoft Excel editing of data source-table in .csv format, it can be
uploaded to Engine’s GIS to become parameters/features, generating a specific dataset and
consequent parameter-separated maps. Currently, Google Maps Engine presents no spatial statistical
tools as IDW or OK, so no such analysis has been employed to the dataset in this work. Still, there are
available plug-ins that can connect to Google Maps Engine with this objective, as exposed in
(Newton, et al., 2012; Gandhi, 2014).
On each generated map, every parameter point indicated is the output result of the simple average of
three samples collected at every site. The online accessible maps could be selected to show:
 Sites names;
 Parameter shown;
 When present, details from “observations” field of Excel source table, containing comments
on sites’ sensitive aspects;

6.  Mean time each measurement has been taken.
The Engine’s interface presented an ease to be edited collaboratively, only requiring a Google profile
to every collaborator - though interested viewers are free from the need to create any profile (Google
Earth Outreach, 2014).
At the date of the maps generation (September 2014), the My Maps/Google Maps Engine used datum
were World Geodetic System 1984 (Google Earth Outreach, n.d.). The exposed maps’ scales are
counted in an “N” number of zooms, which corresponds to a varying “Y:Z” scale, according to an
ESRI office website statement (ESRI - ArcGIS Resources, 2009) and shown in every map, from
Figure 04 to Figure 23, in Attachment 01.
Results and analysis/ discussion
Below is an analysis of the results, by main sites and parameters, respectively. Attachment 01 show
the resultant graphs and maps by parameters and sites.
Results analysis by sites:
1. North Albuferas, Torrent de San Miguel (West), Parc Natural S’Albufera, Parc
Natural S’Albufera (main channel) and Outside Parc Natural S’Albufera:
In North Albufera, the water channel is surrounded by trees, which drop leaves that can interfere on
its chemical cycling and lowering its oxidoreductive potential and dissolved oxygen by organic
decomposition. Also, by agricultural presence on the area, can be supposed the hypothesis of water
contamination by fertilizers or pesticides, if these are under use in the area, which could also affect the
water body’s chemical cycling and quality (WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION , 1996).
2. S’Albufera, Torrent Sant Jordi, San Goard and Salt Marsh:
In Torrent Sant Jordi, the presence of a negative ORP on Site 1 may related to the large amount of
residential waste observed in the measured water spot. In addition, this site’s water body might
receive iron ions leaching from the observed orange-coloured rocks onsite. The expected resulting
high salinity in salt marsh spot is consequent of its proximity to the sea, and its salinity concentrations
mixing in Torrent Sant Jordi by intrusion process. Inferred from salinity indexes, Torrent Sant Jordi
and S’Albufereta presents brackish water, while the Salt Marsh is saline (Wikipedia/Louisiana State
University, 2014).
3. Llac Menor, Main Lake and Canals:
The highest urban-influenced area of the study, surrounded by buildings, with possibilities of sewer
discharge on water body. Nearly transparent waters in almost all canals, with transparent water in one
canal, counting with fish presence. From that presence, and according to salinity and conductivity
shown, these are all saline water body, giving the possibility of sea fish species to be present along the
area.
Results and analysis by parameters:
pH:
 In S'Albufera Natural park, due to its proximity to the sea and high pH values, its water can
be characterized by high influence of seawater. Yet, there is a tendency, according to visual
observations that, as higher the flow (assumed to be mostly from seawater intake), the higher
is the pH.
 The sites outside S’Albufera Natural Park are the most alkaline/basic of the study, though
they’re not the nearest to the sea, as the Canals are.
 In S'Albuferetas region, it was noted the same average alkalinity, only with a discrepancy in
one spot with a constant water flow from a nearby source, much probably a saltwater intake to
provide such high pH value. Further, from its very low ORP value, it is supposed to be
sourced from wastewater discharge or/and chemical-treated agricultural soil drainage.

7.  Based on (Balearic Islands Government, 2013), the pH values for surface water drinkability
are from 6.5 to 9.5, with 6.5 – 8.5 under simple physical treatment and disinfection (Class
A1), and 5.5 – 9 with intensive physical and chemical treatment, and disinfection (Class A3).
Still, for fish livestock the indicated values are from 6 to 9. Since the lower limits are lower
than the most alkaline samples’ averages, all the sites would be potable except Outside Parc
Natural S’Albufera and Llac Menor. In comparison with A1 class, Torrent Sant Miguel,
Torrent Sant Jordi, S’Albufereta and S’Albufereta saltmarsh are under acceptance.
 Overall, no result below 7.37 and above 10.1 has been observed in any site.
Conductivity and salinity:
 Comparing all the three major areas, there is a spatial tendency of water bodies with the
highest conductivity/salinity values to be present nearer the sea, with few exceptions. Some
sites in S’Albuferas Natural Park region and in S’Albufera are far from the sea and still
brackish/conductive. This behaviour can be explained by the occurring saline water intrusion
intro S’Albufera basin region, once geological and vegetation features define this region as a
characteristic Albufera, analogue to others present in Spain - e.g., Parque natural de la
Albufera, in Valencian region, by Segura et al (1992).
 One of San Goard sampling points is close to sea but with low conductivity. Possible
explanations are sand dunes protection of the spot’s surface, presence of harder and less
porous ground basin, low salinity/Torrent derived groundwater intake, or all of these
hypothesis combined.
 In the three main sites, S'Albuferetas, El Gran Llac and S'Albuferas Natural Park, the
variation of conductivity and salinity are related, as it were expected to be (Miller, et al.,
1988; Lewis & Perkin, 1981), following the same occurring gradients for conductivity.
ORP:
 Based on (vanLoon & Stephen, 2011), all the sampled waters can be considered unstable
from the point of ORP/pH potential. Except from Torrent de San Miguel, S’Albufera, and one
point from North Albuferas, all sites are highly reductive environments, which can
characterize them as limited oxygen environments. From the same author, it is stated ORP is
influenced by different chemical species in water, as metallic ions or nutrients as Nitrogen
and Phosphorus, what might explain why some sites had positive ORP, due to discharges
recent to the measurements.
As the WFD suggested River Basement Management Plan for each Member State doesn’t specify
which assessment process has to be taken to qualify a water mass as chemically good, and
furthermore suggests it can be done by using the remaining parameters in case of detection limits of
some substances being over the established limits (European Commission, 2009), because there is a
lack of limits for ORP and Salinity measurements in the consulted literature, these indicators have
been used as auxiliary and won’t be taken into account to classify the sites’ quality. Therefore, from
all the results above described, considering only pH indexes from (Balearic Islands Government,
2013), the considered “good” water bodies are Torrent Sant Jordi, Torrent de San Miguel (West),
S’Albufereta saltmarsh and S’Albufereta.
Conclusions and final considerations
Noting from the environments assessed in this study, it can be seen that the islands water management
works under the stress of two determined forces, namely: saltwater intake (to inland waters), and
anthropic pressure (via agriculture or tourism). In this context, to the sustainable balance of resources,
not excluding the role of other stakeholders, it is important the role of local citizens in the process of
water management, from extraction/reuse to taxing and consumption, going through monitoring and
cyclic assessment. Under this context, citizen science can be a very useful tool.
As Cooper et al (2007) state, citizen science can defy the “tyranny of small decisions”, recruiting a
matrix of management hands “by involving citizen participants directly in monitoring and active (…)

8. land management”. They point out that “public can be involved in virtually every step”, facilitating
the processes of data collection and organization, results feedback and management
recommendations.
This model, already in use, can be combined with crowd-sourced oriented mobile/smart apps and
social medias to serve as decision-taking tool for drinking/swimming waters and environmental
monitoring. In the same horizontal tasking and on-the-go data generation environment, GIS can be a
result, in a way to inform more parameters different from the exposed in this study – i.e., turbidity,
temperature, tides, or algae and jellyfish presence. Finally, this workset can be a handy tool to help
Balearic Islands Government to reach its environmental management goals.
Specifically about the used Engine, some few improvements might be done as user interface relation,
i.e., in the case of advising on numeric inputs with comma or point, which can alter the whole dataset
output. Still, a positive aspect is the platform possibility to offer the map link to be edited by anyone,
as far as the creator user manages the shareable access to the map link and map edition to public
access. In this study, the generated map can be accessed through
https://drive.google.com/open?id=17yES9tiKEpgw3RrAe0R-rRaYzNI.
It is also relevant the study of mathematical modelling as a water quality planning, stewardship and
monitoring tool, as exposed by (Bottino, 2008 apud De Miranda et al., 2011; Obrador et al., 2008)
with Qual2K, for example. From the same author, such models might be able to predict how
environment would react to different nutrient inputs, aiding future decisions and mitigative actions.
For that, it has still be added that topographical, flow rate, water quality and climatological previous
records have to be considered as background inputs. Still in these models, other nutrients may offer a
broader panorama on water bodies’ characterization, as Nitrates, Phosphates, and ions (e.g., Al, Fe,
and Cl). At last, this research has the potential to be expanded to other island’s areas to compare the
mid-urbanized region of Alcudia (analysed in this study) with others, for example the less but also
touristic area of Serra de Tramuntana and its coast, or the highly urbanized Palma region.
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Attachments
Attachment A1: Graphs for indicators’ analysis
pH results:
Figure 04 – pH graph for each Site
Figure 05 – pH average by Site

12. Figure 06 – map of pH indications for Torrent de Sant Miguel, North Albuferas and S’Albuferas Natural Park
(12 zooms, scale of 1to144447.644200)
Figure 07 - map of pH indications for Llac Menor, El Gran Llac and Canals (13 zooms, scale
1to72223.822090)

13. Figure 08 – map of pH indications for Torrent de Sant Jordi, S’Albufereta and S’Albufereta saltmarsh (13
zooms, scale 1to72223.822090)
Conductivity results:
Figure 09 – Conductivity graph for each Site

14. Figure 10 – Conductivity average by Site
Figure 11 – map of Conductivity for Torrent de Sant Miguel, North Albuferas and S’Albuferas Natural Park (12
zooms, scale of 1to144447.644200)

15. Figure 12 – map of Conductivity for Llac Menor, El Gran Llac and Canals (13 zooms, scale 1to72223.822090)
Figure 13 – map of Conductivity for Torrent de Sant Jordi, S’Albufereta and S’Albufereta saltmarsh (12 zooms,
scale 1:144447.644200)
ORP results:

16. Figure 14 – ORP graph for each Site
Figure 15 – ORP average by Site

17. Figure 16 – map of ORP for Torrent de Sant Miguel, North Albuferas and S’Albuferas Natural Park (12 zooms,
scale 1:144447.644200)
Figure 17 – map of ORP for Llac Menor, El Gran Llac and Canals (13 zooms, scale 1:72223.822090)

18. Figure 18 – map of ORP for Torrent de Sant Jordi, S’Albufereta and S’Albufereta saltmarsh (12 zooms, scale
1:144447.644200)
Salinity results:
Figure 19 – Salinity graph for each Site

19. Figure 20 – Salinity average by Site
Figure 21 – map of Salinity for Torrent de Sant Miguel, North Albuferas and S’Albuferas Natural Park (12
zooms, scale 1:144447.644200)

20. Figure 22 – map of Salinity for Llac Menor, El Gran Llac and Canals (13 zooms, scale 1:72223.822090)
Figure 23 – map of Salinity for Torrent de Sant Jordi, S’Albufereta and S’Albufereta saltmarsh (12 zooms, scale
1:144447.644200)