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- 1. Top journals (all business disciplines combined) Academy of Management Journal Academy of Management Review Accounting Review ACM Transactions on Information Systems Administrative Science Quarterly Contemporary Accounting Research European Journal of Information Systems IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering Information Systems Information Systems Research International Journal of Research in Marketing Journal of Accounting and Economics Journal of Accounting Research Journal of the Association for Information Systems Journal of Consumer Research Journal of Finance Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Journal of Financial Economics Journal of Financial Intermediation Journal of International Business Studies Journal of Marketing Journal of Marketing Research Journal of Operations Management Journal of Strategic Information Systems Management Science Manufacturing and Service Operations Management Marketing Science MIS Quarterly Organization Science Production and Operations Management Review of Accounting Studies
- 2. Review of Financial Studies Strategic Management Journal VLDB Journal Very good journals (split per discipline): Accounting: Abacus Accounting and Business Research Accounting, Organizations and Society Auditing: A Journal of Practice and Theory European Accounting Review Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Finance Journal of the American Taxation Association Journal of Business Finance and Accounting Journal of Management Accounting Research Management Accounting Research Information Management: ACM Transactions on the Web CAiSE Proceedings Communications of the ACM Data and Knowledge Engineering Decision Support Systems ECIS Proceedings Electronic Markets IEEE Software IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering Information and Management Information and Software Technology Information Systems Journal International Journal of Electronic Commerce Journal of Group Decision and Negotiation Journal of Information Technology
- 3. Journal of MIS World Wide Web Journal Finance: Finance and Stochastics Financial Management Journal of Banking and Finance Journal of Computational Finance Journal of Corporate Finance Journal of Empirical Finance Journal of International Money and Finance Journal of Money, Credit and Banking Mathematical Finance Review of Finance Marketing: Industrial Marketing Management Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science Journal of Advertising Journal of Business Research Journal of Consumer Psychology Journal of Product Innovation Management Journal of Retailing Marketing Letters Psychology & Marketing Quantitative Marketing and Economics Organization: International Journal of Industrial Organization Journal of Management Journal of Management Studies Journal of Transport Economics and Policy Long Range Planning Management International Review Organization Studies Research Policy
- 4. Business Problem: Background Introduction to business problem In the present competitive world, the companies are focusing on luring the customers through introducing various lucrative offers and they also focus on following various standards and benchmarks so that can remain successful. But still, the customers are more conscious about their spending and they made their purchase towards products that are more apt for fulfilling their need and also the origin of the products as it has a psychological impact on the minds of the customers. The marketers nowadays focus more on attracting the young generations or the millennials those are more inclined towards purchasing the products based on their origin and category. Still the older people prefer those products that are made in the domestic country and also have lower prices as compared to the imported goods (Moreno et al., 2017). It makes the marketers focus on using the strategies that could help them to attract the people based on their
- 5. preferences that will help in attaining competitive advantage. In this research, we will focus on understanding the purchase intention of the consumers towards buying a commodity based on product of origin and the effect of product category on this relationship. Background It has been expanded to incorporate customer behavior in a wider context to illustrate how consumer's purchase intention behaves before making a purchase, and it now includes five phases of the problem-solving process that include problem detection, knowledge search, alternative assessment, purchase decision, and implications (Oke et al.,2016). In the present context, marketers are more focused on catering to the individual needs of the customers. This helps the marketers to derive more information about the needs and preferences of the customers and they can easily find out their views and thinking process like as purchase intention.
- 6. Consumers are concerned not only with the quality and price of a product but also with other factors such as the product's country of origin. Consumers of different countries differ in their purchase intention according to the origin of the manufactured goods. These differences vary according to economic, demographic, sociological, religious, and cultural characteristics. Research done in this perspective on Bangladeshi consumers shows that the country of origin does play a role when the consumers of this nation intend to buy any foreign product (Haque et al., 2015). Similarly, another report mentions that the consumers of Pakistan do hold different views on the products of different countries with regard to value, image, quality, and promotion. The same report also mentions that the value of the brand and the country of origin together decide the level of the intention of the consumers to buy the product (Diamantopoulos, Schlegelmilch & Palihawadana, 2011). Studies in this regard also show that the consumers consider the products made in developed countries to be of higher quality. In such a scenario,
- 7. they often prefer to get the brand even when they are not from the home country (Bhakar, Bhakar & Bhakar, 2013). However, this purchasing intention may change in different product categories (food, car, medical technology, etc.). The food market is blossoming day by day and the choice of the people is also changing. The changing preferences of the customers is widely understood by marketers and they have started focusing on cultivating organic food (Slabakova, 2020). At an average estimate, nearly US$6 billion of various fruits and vegetables (fresh and organic) are imported into the country to satisfy the needs of the customers (FAO, 2020). On the other hand, there is another scholarly report that mentions the study report that shows that there are many determinants of whether the customer would be buying the concerned fast food item which includes the identity of the product as locally made (Pérez- Villarreal, Martínez-Ruiz & Izquierdo-Yusta, 2019). Also, there is a well-established judgment in terms of customer's
- 8. purchase intention in some product categories; Such as German car, Japanese technology, French perfume, Belgian chocolate, Russian caviar, Colombian coffee. The changing customer intention towards purchasing the products that are categorized and the country of origin requires that the marketers must focus on understanding them to remain successful. Against this background, we set out to assess a variety of factors with different types of roles that are related to the increase or decrease of the purchase intention of the consumer. We will take a precise look at the influence of the origin from a specific product in the relation with purchase intention. Also, we will investigate the same relation with a variety of different types of products to see what the moderating effect on this relation will turn out to be, will the importance of the country of origin increase, decrease, or remain similar. C.-L. Hsu et al. (2016) notices the importance of the role that the origin of a product has in this
- 9. relation. They mention that the impact of country of origin has a noticeable effect on the consumers’ perceptions and purchase intentions because it does affect the relation attitude, the subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control have with purchase intentions towards a specific product. Orth and Firbasova (2003) give an explanation on the effect that the country of origin has on purchase intentions. They believe that a negative country perception could limit the success of a product in a specific environment where that negative image lives. For example, in the Netherlands it is often believed that a product originated from Germany will be of high quality because ‘’the Germans made it’’. The relation that we are bringing into the daylight could be in the high interests of marketers because it could perhaps give them a better understanding of the factors and relations that correlate with the country of origin that could have an influence on the evaluation made by consumers regarding a product. Strategies coming out of the marketing department could be
- 10. more effective or more perfect if the marketers take into account these types of relations. 2. Problem Statement and Research Questions Theoretical questions: • What different types of product categories are there? (conceptualization) • How does the origin of the product (home country or foreign country) affect the purchase intention of the customers? (relations) • How does the relationship between the origin of the product (home country or foreign country) and the purchase intention of the customers depend on the product categories (clothing, beauty and personal care and electronics)? (relation) Practical questions: • To what extent does the origin of the product (home country or foreign country) influence the purchase intention of the customers? (magnitude of relations) • To what extent does the relationship between the origin of the product (home country or foreign country) and the purchase intention of customers depend on different product categories (clothing, beauty and personal care and electronics)?
- 11. • Which managers producing the mentioned product categories (clothing, beauty and personal care and electronics) do or do not need to focus on private international shopping, depending on the purchase intention from customers and therefore on whether the product is from the home country or a foreign country? (implications) 3. Relevance 3.1. Academic Relevance The importance of having a worthy contribution to the already available knowledge is of high value. Therefore, we took a sharp look on the limitations of already executed research and modified our paper in such a way that it will contribute to filling these gaps with new knowledge. For example, C.-L. Hsu et al. (2016) values the importance of the influence the country of origin has on the consumers decision making. However, in their research they investigate their relation with firms that produce and sell mainly trusted goods. So, for our research C.-L. Hsu et al. (2016) highlight the added value of investigating firms that not only sell goods but services/experiences as well, the moderating effect of the types of product on the purchase intention could add to the available research knowledge. A second addition of our paper that would contribute extra knowledge comes from Petty et al. (1983). They suggest adding the moderating effect of the degree of consumers’ involvement
- 12. regarding the chosen product, with the involvement being the personal importance of the product, which is formed by attitude extremity, amount of prior knowledge, and more. This way we take into account the effect of personal factors of consumers on purchase intention and its antecedences. With these specific two additions our research will contribute valuable new knowledge to this topic and will therefore be academically relevant. 3.2. Managerial Relevance Our findings of this research will be of great interests for retailers with an online market, especially the retailers who are wondering if spreading to an international online market would benefit their business. The answer could differ substantially depending on the products they have in possession and distribute and the country their business is based in. We provide insights on whether or not the customer, on average, will or will not be interested in the product, depending on the combinations of products and whether the business is located in the customer’s country or not. By implementing our advice based on our findings of the research, business owners with an online market can focus their attention on what would be most beneficial to them: expending their products into the international market and potentially start marketing internationally, or keeping their products in the country the business is based in and focussing on the marketing in that
- 13. country. 4. Theoretical Framework 4.1. Conceptual Model In this part we will introduce our conceptual model existing out of an independent variable, dependent variable, and a pure moderator. Independent variable = The product’s country of origin Dependent variable = Purchase intention Quasi Moderator = The product category For our independent variable we have chosen the product’s country of origin. We are investigating the effect of the origin of a particular product on the consumers’ purchase intention. We will look if that effect varies if the product nationality changes. With the origin of the country, we mean what is the nationality of the firm that produces this specific product. Multinationals operate in several countries, but we will be looking at the mother country for
- 14. this variable. The levels we have stated for this variable are home or foreign country. Our dependent variable is purchase intention. Through our research we will focus on the increase or decrease of purchase intention in our established relation. We will centre our attention on the strength of consumers' intention to buy a specific service or product. Our moderator is the product’s category, this moderator is a pure one because it has no direct effect on purchase intention. With this moderator we will try to investigate the effect of the category of a product on the relation that country of origin has with purchase intention. Does a specific category have a positive effect on the relation, which causes for an increase in purchase intention. Is the strength for purchasing a product from a specific category noticeable more present than in other categories? The categories we will be conducting into our research will be the levels for this variable: clothing, beauty and personal care , and electronics. lothing
- 15. Beautyand personal care lectronics omestic oreign 4.2. Hypotheses Please formulate and justify hypotheses, taking into account the Research Proposal and Conceptual Framework content included in the 1 st appendix. 1-First, formulate a hypothesis for each relationship in the conceptual framework. 2-Second, provide a justification for only 2 hypotheses. We expect you to justify two hypotheses: one main effect hypothesis and one moderator hypothesis. 3- Your justification should be based on at least two academic references per hypothesis, combined with some logical reasoning from your side, followed by the formal hypothesis itself. Please select the references from the journals lis ted in the 2nd appendix.
- 16. Expacted result: The phrasing of the hypotheses is correct. and The justification for the hypotheses is convincing and clear, through the combination of the extant literature with one’s own argumentation (synthesis takes place). References Bhakar, S. S., Bhakar, S., & Bhakar, S. (2013). Relationship between country of origin, brand image and customer purchase intentions. Far East Journal of Psychology and Business, 10(2), 25-47. Diamantopoulos, A., Schlegelmilch, B., & Palihawadana, D. (2011). The relationship between country‐ of‐ origin image and brand image as drivers of purchase intentions: A test of alternative perspectives. International Marketing Review. 28, 508-524. Haque, A., Anwar, N., Yasmin, F., Sarwar, A., Ibrahim, Z., & Momen, A. (2015). Purchase intention of foreign products: A study on Bangladeshi consumer perspective. Sage Open, 5(2), 2158244015592680. Lembregts, C., & Pena‐ Marin, J. (2021). Numbers and Units Affect Goal Pursuit Organization and Motivation. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 31(1), 37-54.
- 17. Moreno, F. M., Lafuente, J. G., Carreón, F. Á., & Moreno, S. M. (2017). The characterization of the millennials and their buying behavior. International Journal of Marketing Studies, 9(5), 135-144. Pérez-Villarreal, H. H., Martínez-Ruiz, M. P., & Izquierdo- Yusta, A. (2019). Testing model of purchase intention for fast food in mexico: How do consumers react to food values, positive anticipated emotions, attitude toward the brand, and attitude toward eating hamburgers?. Foods, 8(9), 369. Oke, A. O., Kamolshotiros, P., Popoola, O. Y., Ajagbe, A. M., & Olujobi, J. O. (2016). Consumer behavior towards decision making and loyalty to particular brands. International Review of Management and Marketing, 6, 43-52. Slabakova, B. (2020). Organic Food Statistics About the 2020 Market (Infographic). Retrieved 5 April 2021, from https://healthcareers.co/organic-food-statistics/ Stendahl, E., Schriber, S., & Tippmann, E. (2021). Control changes in multinational corporations: Adjusting control approaches in practice. Journal of International Business Studies, 52(3), 409-431. Weingarten, E., & Goodman, J. K. (2021). Re-examining the Experiential Advantage in Consumption:
- 18. A Meta-Analysis and Review. Journal of Consumer Research, 47(6), 855-877. Please formulate and justify hypotheses, taking into account the Research Proposal and Conceptual Framework content included in the 1 st appendix. 1-First, formulate a hypothesis for each relationship in the conceptual framework. 2-Second, provide a justification for only 2 hypotheses. We expect you to justify two hypotheses: one main effect hypothesis and one moderator hypothesis. 3- Your justification should be based on at least two academic references per hypothesis, combined with some logical reasoning from your side, followed by the formal hypothesis itself. Please select the references from the journals listed in the 2nd appendix. Expacted result: The phrasing of the hypotheses is correct. and The justification for the hypotheses is convincing and clear, through the combination of the extant literature with
- 19. one’s own argumentation (synthesis takes place). Please examine the hypotheses formulated by taking the Conceptual Framework into consideration in the example below and the justifications prepared for two of these hypotheses. Note that you must refer to at least two articles that support the explanation in Justification. And remember that you have to choose these articles from the journal list in appendix 2 !!! EXAMPLE for HYPOTHESES and JUSTIFICATION + using references Example Conceptual Framework Hypotheses Main effects H1: The actual delay is positively related to the perceived delay. H2: The perceived delay is negatively related to customers’
- 20. satisfaction with CAP. Justification for H2 - The relationship between perceived delay and customer satisfaction As the perceived delay increases, customers’ affective reactions to the wait become more negative (Folkes, Koletsky, and Graham, 1987; Katz, Larson, and Larson, 1991; Hul, Dube, and Chebat, 1998) and waits become less acceptable (Chebat, Chebat, and Filiatrault, 1993; Antonides, Verhoef, and van Aalst, 2002). Thus, consumer satisfaction with the company decreases. We therefore hypothesize H2. Mediating effect H3: The relationship between the actual delay and customers’ satisfaction with CAP is mediated by the perceived delay. Moderating effects H4: The relationship between the actual delay and the perceived delay depends on whether customers are offered a meal. H5: The relationship between the actual delay and the perceived delay depends on whether customers are offered access to a lounge.
- 21. Justification for H4-H5: The moderating role of time-filling strategies Occupying customers during a delay will cause them to lose track of the passage of time (Zakay, 1989). When time is perceived to be filled, a delay may be perceived as shorter (Antonides, Verhoef, and van Aalst, 2002; Taylor, 1994). However, prior research into the effect of time filling activities has not conclusively established this effect. Pruyn and Smidts (1998), for example, found that customers who watched television during a wait for a clinic appointment had increased perceived wait time over customers who did nothing during the wait. Since time-filling strategies have been found to increase as well as decrease the relationship between the actual delay and the perceived delay, we offer the two-sided hypotheses. H6: The positive relationship between the actual delay and the perceived delay is weaker for customers that were offered an apology compared to customers that were not offered an apology. H7: The positive relationship between the actual delay and the perceived delay is stronger for customers that are offered information updates on the delay compared to customers that are not offered information updates on the delay.