TitleABC123 Version X1Individual Case StudiesCJHS4

Title
ABC/123 Version X
1
Individual Case Studies
CJHS/400 Version 2
1
University of Phoenix MaterialIndividual Case StudiesCase
One: Violet
Violet is a 20-year-old woman with a history of difficult
relationships. She was in foster care from 12 to 18 years old.
She attended a career college and is employed as a dental
assistant. This is her first real job. She was referred to you after
a patient at her dental office had a stalking complaint. She
apparently began dating a young man (John) after meeting him
at the dentist’s office.
When she arrives for her appointment with you, she is dressed
provocatively in a low-cut blouse and tight pants. She has heavy
eye makeup on and seems to be very needy, becoming tearful
several times during the session.
At the start of the interview, she states that this thing would not
be a problem if those “idiots” in the office were not jealous. She
reports feeling like they were talking about her and feeling like
they were out to get her. When asked why they would want to
get her, she states that all girls are like that. She reports early
sexual abuse in her home by an uncle. She also reports conflict
with her mother. Apparently she had been in an incestuous
relationship and had gained favor from her uncle. She would
receive cash and get to go out to eat with her uncle, who was
abusing her. She stills denies any abuse and claims that he was
only 12 years older than she was at the time of the abuse. After

some reluctance, she admits that she was 12 and he was 24
when the abuse started.
When asked about depression, she stated that she has a hard
time knowing what she is feeling. She says that she needs to
have a man to feel safe and secure. She reports that she has
been in a number of relationships with men and several with
women. She usually becomes sexual early on in the relationship.
She has used self-harm in an attempt to regulate her emotions.
After some conversation, she stated that she met John at her
office while she was helping the dentist prepare for a filling.
She said that she always flirts with the customers and that John
asked her out on a date. She agreed and reports a short fling.
They met for dinner, and she ended up going to his apartment
where they had sex. She reports that they saw each other every
day for about 3 weeks, which often ended in sex. She states that
he said he needed more space and asked that they not see each
other any more. She then reported trying to get him back and
calling him up to 20 times a day. He asked for a restraining
order and phoned the dentist’s office asking for a referral to
another dentist—he no longer felt comfortable coming into that
office. Violet has had five other restraining orders in the past.
Case Two: Max
You are completing your graduate work at a local university by
participating in an internship at a private mental health clinic.
As a part of your internship, you were asked to cofacilitate a
group for men and women with relationship difficulties.
While cofacilitating the group, you meet Max, who was court
ordered to participate as a result of allegations of assault. After
a careful review, you find that he has six past charges of
assault. Max is an attractive man in his mid-thirties. He is
charming with both the males and female in the group. Although
it is clear that he does not feel he should be in the group, you
find that he adds dimension to it.
After some time, Max discloses that he has been involved in

multiple sexual relationships and says he “can get in any
woman’s pants.” He also brags that he is smarter than anyone in
the group, regardless of the fact that one person has a PhD in
physics. When you challenge him, he reminds the group that he
has been on television (in a commercial for a local car
dealership) and is just waiting for a contract from a major
television network. He says, “Anyone can go to college, but
how many of you have been on TV?”
He also states that he has a unique ability to be the center of
attention and that people are drawn to him. He has been a
successful salesman, but is not able to maintain a job for more
than about 1 to 2 years. He brags about his sexual conquests
almost nonstop. After several group sessions, he does
acknowledge some history of depression.
One day, you hear him discussing a “great investment
opportunity” with the other group members prior to the start of
the session. You ask him to stop his discussion and he agrees.
However, after concluding the session, he asks you if you would
like to invest in his Internet company. He says that he knows
you told him to stop because you were interested in joining him
at the beginning and watching it grow. After you tell him no
again, he cusses at you and leaves the group.
Case Three: Onur
You have been asked to evaluate a 25-year-old man named Onur
who is presented before the court following charges of
embezzlement. An evaluation is requested pending
investigation. He had been working at a savings and loan
company. During the past 2.5 years, a number of older adults in
nursing homes had unexplained transfers made to an off-shore
bank.
There are significant indications that Onur was directly
involved in the missing funds. There is, however, little physical
evidence to tie him to the crime. He has agreed to resign and

participate in therapy in lieu of charges.
After several sessions, he asks specific questions about
confidentiality and reminds you that you cannot report past
crimes. You agree, and he brags about his ability to move
money. While he is not specific, it is clear that he has no
remorse for stealing more than 3 million dollars.
According to collateral information and past records, Onur has
been involved in crime for many years. At the age of 15, he was
charged with theft. He also was reported as a runaway three
times. He is reported to have stolen items and cash from his
parents and grandparents. He was also charged with under-aged
drinking. He has a unique ability to be very convincing and
brags about being able to get away with anything.
Copyright © XXXX by University of Phoenix. All rights
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Copyright © 2016 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved.
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b . T a a C a N (c d d )
a a c d d a c a . F a , I
d a J a Ra a ( a a a ) a d
a c d b . I c
a d d a d a
d d c a d dbac a
a c a d a d :
R a d B b , U H D
T B , U C b a d

S ac H , W U
K b L d, A S a U
G Sc a , F b U
M c S a a, Cab C
Ga Wa d, U W c R Fa
A , I d c a d a d d a
d d dbac d :
E Ba , U T a C a a a
Ma a B , U Ma ac B
K Ca , G F U
L McFad C , U A aba a a
B a
Ka E a C a , Ma a a C
E ab D , Rad d U
Da a F d ba , N a S a U
M c a P. G ad , Sa L U
36
J H , N K c U
T a c Ja b , Ca a S a U , N d
Gab K a , Ca d a S c U
Y -J L , CUNY S O c N Y
K. F L , A S a U
Ma L c a , V a T c
Ida Ma a , A a S a U
J a M. McG , U N Ca a a A
J C. M , Ba S a U
Da c M , Wa S a U
Ma a M c, Na a L U
Ca M a ba , S I U Ca b da
P M a, N Ca a C a U

C J. D a P a, S a L a a
U
C a W a R , Ea K c U
Ga R c , G Ma U
T d J. S a , B S a U
T c S a , Ma a U
Ba ba a Ta , W N M c U
S H. X , Ca a S a U , L B ac
Ta a a Wa , U N Ca a a W
Ma a Wa a , S a M S a U
R b W , B ad U
A a a , I d a , Ka , c d
c a d a ab
dbac b , a c a ac c ,
a d , Add , d a a - a d
c . M a b a a a a
Add a a ca d ca a d c ac .
37
38
Abo he A ho
C aig A. Me le
a b a d ca 34 a , 24
d ca . H c a A c a P a d
D c EdD P a L ad a d I a a

A a S a U . H ac d c a c
c d a ca ac a c
d ca , c , a d b-
b dd d a d . H a ac
a a a c d , d c a ca
a a , a a a ca a a , a d d ca a
a d . H a 25 b , 9 d
b c a , 22 d a a c , c
a a , a d a c a d a c . H
a a d a 40 a c a a d
c a a a a . H c d c
- c d ca a a (a a )
c a -ba d ac a c a d b ad c
c a a . H a a c a d c
c d c a -ba d ac a c , da a-
d d ca a d c a , a a
c , a d c a ac a ac .
B ac a d a c a ,
a c b a d a c c a d a
c ac d ac a d ba . I ,
a a a d a . D . M ca b
ac d a c a . @ a .c c ,
a d , a d a a .
39

40
Pa One Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?
Chap e 1. In od c ion o Ac ion Re ea ch
Chap e 2. O e ie of he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
Pa I b d c a d d a ac
a c . I C a 1, a a ac a c (a d
a ), c a ad a
d ca a a c , a ac b c
d ac a c , a d a
a ca . Y a a d c
c d c ac a c . I C a 2, a
ab a ac a c c c a d
ca b c d c d a c a d a .
41
42
Chap e One In od c ion o Ac ion
Re ea ch
C a 1 O a
A b c d a a a d ca a a c a d

c a ac c .
O a d d ab Ed ca a R a c , c
b a c : T ad a Ed ca a R a c a d
Ac R a c .
43
T ad a Ed ca R a c a d Ac R a c b a c
a d b . T d c d a b :
Ed ca a R a c
T ad a Ed ca a R a c
S a c c d
Q a a ( d c ) a a (d d c )
d
N a a a c
d
M d- d a c d
Ac R a c
A c ac
Va d ac a c
I a c :
C c ac c
I d ca a ac c
C c c
T ac
P a
S c a c ad cac

A ca :
Id b
D a d
P c ac d ca
I - c a
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c
Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?
I d c Ed ca a R a c
O Ed ca a R a c
O Ac R a c
A B H Ac R a c
M d Ac R a c
C a ac c Ac R a c : W a I I a d W a
I I N
T Ac R a c
The Impo ance of Ac ion Re ea ch
C c T P ac c
I Ed ca a P ac c
C c Sc I
T ac E a d I c a E a
44
P a G
S c a J c Ad cac
Applica ion of Ac ion Re ea ch
Id P b
D a d T S
P c T ac Ed ca

I -S c P a G
Rigo in Ac ion Re ea ch
S mma
➤Q e ion and Ac i i ie
➤Ke Te m
➤S den S d Si e
Cond c ing Ac ion Re ea ch
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 3: C c a
U d a d M a d M
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Checkli
45
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1
Mo i a ion and Engagemen fo S den
Recei ing Special Se ice
46
Foc ing on S den S cce
T - ad ac a S P E a , a a PK 6
c , ad b a c a a a . K a,
K , a d J ad d a d c ab a d
cca d a c . Eac ac

d a ad a d a c d d d ca . T a a
c d d J d , c a c ac , a d Sa a , a c a c
a d , b d d c a c d
d a d ad d d a d d ca
a (IEP ). Eac - ad c a a S P
ad d IEP a d c d
c a c a c J d a d Sa a . D 30-
, ac d ad a c d d
a c a a d d a J d a d Sa a .
D , J d a d Sa a d d d a d
d a d c a , ad , a d/ c a . F
a a , d ad d d
add a c a d d , a c d
cc a a .
H , a ac ad, a a , d
c a cc d c c a c
c a . T b a a ac ad
c d a a d d d a a c a
c d d d d a d J d a d Sa a . A
ad c d c , d d d a a
c a a a a
c a d . T c d
c a c a , c c a d a ca
Sa a c a , d d
. T a d d ac cc

ac - ad c a . E K a, K , a d J
d d d a a , d, a a
a a d a a d a . O c d d a
a c a c , d ca
a d a c d a
. T d ad b a a
d d a a c a a , a d ac
b c a , a c
c d a c a a b
ac c a a .
A d a c a , a d ca d c a b
a a a a ac - ad d
47
c d c a c c ab a
c a . K a, K , a d J a ad d d ac a c
c a a ad a c a . D d c ,
d c d d a , c d d a a a c a d
d a a d a d c a
, c d ac a c c a
c a - d d d a a a ,
d d ac a d cc .
48

Q e ion o Think Abo :
W a a a b a d ca
ac ?
I a a ( ) a a b ?
C d ad a a c d b d add
b ?
F a a c d ac a c b a a
c d ca ?
I a a d a ac a c a b
a a a ca ac a c ?
R a c ab a . W a a c
d a d research? F a ,
d a c ab a c a
c a c a a , b , ac ,
a d ac . T c a c , c d
a a a a c ac ac a
a . T d a a c ( , a
a ab c a !) b a , a , a d B
b , c ca d a
d . O a d ca
a c a a d c a
b c a c d a . O a ,
a d, a c a a
a a c c .
F , a c a b c d c d a b
a c a d ca c d d a

c d c a c d . Ad d , c a c c
b c d c d b a , c a a
ab . H , a d a c b c d c d b
prac i ioners a d ca a d a no
a c d . T c c c d c d c
a c a a d a
a da a a c , b
d c a a . I ac -ba d
a c a ac ion research c c
b .
49
Wha I Ac ion Re ea ch?
O a d cad , ac a c a b ca
a ac , ad a , a d c a a d
c (M , 2011). Ed ca a a a a
b ac d a a a c d c a c a
a a ab a a d a b ab a a
a a d a d a a d d c a ca . B
a is ac a c ? W a d ? W a d
acc ?
Ac ion e ea ch d d a a a c c d c d
b ac , ad a , c , a d

ac a d a c
a a ab a c a
c a , ac , a d d a
(M , 2011). M a , ac a c c a ac d a
a c a d b ac . I a
a c ac c (J , 2008). Ac
a c a ac d c a
a , c a d , d , a d
a d b d a d a d
b ab a c . I c
c ca c a ac c a
a ac c d ac b
a . T , , c a d a d c
ac (Pa & B , 2002). T ba c c
c d c ac a c c :
1. Id a a a c
2. C c da a
3. A a a d da a
4. D a a ac (M , 2011)
Y a c ab c ac a c
a c a a d C a 2.
50
In od c ion o Ed ca ional Re ea ch

F c a ac a a , a a
, c d ca a a c a
a a ba c d a d a d c c
a d a c . R a c a
a b c a b a .
Q a c a a da , b
a a a . A a a a a
d a a , a a c a
d c a . Y d
a a a , b ac
a a , d a ad a a
c ? Ca a d c da ? D
a c ?
A a a a c
a ; , a a d
a a c a b . C d
c a : Y a a d , A ,
a c a a a a d ad . Y a ac a
c a a d a ab d a a
a A . S d a a a a
a d d , b a
A . I add , a a d b d
a a , b d a a
c a a d , a d d a
a a ab b c a A ad .

B d d a a ?
M a d C a (2011) a a c
c a a a c a d
c a c ab ; , c a
a b a b . T c
a c d ad , a , a d c .
T adi ion a c a b a d a .
I a a d a a ac
da , b a a . I add , a b
a b a d a db .
51
A ho i ,
a a b . H , d
a a ab a
c a a d c a a
a . I ac , ca a a a a a
d a a c , c
d a d c a b . F a ,
common en e a a a a ba
a . W a a a
ba c a , a
d dab a . I a a c c d
a c d c b a da d a

acc ac , c d c c a
d c c .
T a b a a c a
a a a d c d ab a . T
a b ca a ba d ad , a , a d
c a a b a d d .
T b a cc a b ca a a c c d
a a c a d b c a . I d
a b acc a a d a ,
b a a a b a d a d ab . T b
acc d b c c d. T cien ific
me hod a c c a d a a d
b . Y a ca c c d a
c c c c a a
b d c c c a c . W a
a c c d c a a a a
a c, -b - c d . I 1938,
A ca a d d ca J D d c b d
c c d a a c d b c
(M & C a , 2011). H d c d a a
:
1. C a a b .
2. S a a (a b a ).
3. C c , a a , a d a a d
, c a a .
4. F c c d d a a .

52
5. U c c c .
I d b ad a a a a c a d
a a c d ac . F
a , d a b c a a
a a . A a a c d c d c
c d ac a d c b d ab , d a
a c . C c , a a , a d
a (S 3) a a d a c . I
a d c a a a
a a .
H , , c c d a d a c b ad
d d ca ? T a a d a a b
. S , ed ca ional e ea ch a ca
c c d d ca a c , a,
a c a . Ed ca a a c ca
ca d a :
1. S c c ab c a c c .
2. C a c c b c a c c .
3. F a a c a d/ c c
a b .
4. Ca c d b c da a (a a a
a ) a c c d, a a d, a d d.

5. S a d d d a a da a a a .
6. D a c c a d a a c
a d/ . (M & C a , 2011)
N a b D c c
d a d d c d c d ca a a c . T
a c a c b . I ca ,
a b a ac c d a a
cc a a a d , d a a
c d.
J (2008) a d a , a c a c
a a a a c , b a a
d c b c c a d d c c . Sc c
c c d c d a
( ca c c d da a) d b . I
53
d , da a a c c d a d a a d d
d a b d:
c (da a) ⟶d ⟶b
A a c c T d I a a
Ma a c a d Sc c S d ( TIMSS). TIMSS d
A ca d ca a c d ab a d
da a a a c a d c c ac

d c a d a d c . S c
1995, TIMSS a d d d da a d a a c
a d c c ac a a a c .
TIMSS a da d d ac , ad d a d
c d d ca a , a a c c d
da a. T a a c , , a d d
a c a . W a a d c c
a da d a a d b c c a d a c
d .
I c a , d c c b d c d
a . O b a b a d da a
a b (J , 2008):
b ⟶d ⟶c
P d c c d a a a b c a
d c b d d a a a
d a a d a , d , d c a b
c . C a , a ac a c,
b c ; d c c d. T ,
c c , a d a c .
54
O e ie of Ed ca ional Re ea ch
T ad a a c d ca ca c d c d b
a c a a d

a d . T a a a c d
a c d a d d a b
a a a a d , , a
c a d a d (Sc c , 1997).
T a ac b d ac a a c ,
a a c . F , ad a a c
a a a a d d a
b c a . T a a ad a d ca a
a c a d a d d ca a ,
, a d c (Ga & A a a , 2000, . 24). I
ad a a c , d a c d c c
c d d c c a d a a da a d d
a a . T a a c d d
b b ad ca a a a ac a d
a a a ac ba d d a ab
b d a d a a c a
(McM a , 2004). G a a , a a a c
d c c a d a a ca
da a ( . ., c , a , a d ca ); a a
a c d c a c c a d a a
a a da a ( . ., b a , a c ,
a ).
Q a a a c d a d d c a ac
a a d a a c

. Ded c i e ea oning a
c c, a -d a (T c , 2002a). A
d c d F 1.1, a a a c b b
a ab a c .
T a c d b a d d c c
a c d b d. T c a d
da a a c c d d add
. F a , da a a a a d, a d c c ab
55
a d a a a c a ( )
a .
O a d, a a a c d ca a
d c a ac a . Ind c i e ea oning
ac d c c a d d d c
a . U a b - a ac ( F 1.2),
d c a b c c b a a d
c c d b ad a a a d (T c ,
2002a). O b c c b a (da a), a
a da a, a a
, a d a d a c c a d
. I a a , ca ,
a a a c a a da a d

. Ra , ca , a
b d a c d c a
a c a b d d. Y ad ab
d d c a d d c a , a a da a a a ,
C a 6.
Fig e 1.1 T P c D d c R a a A d
R a c
So rce: T c (2002a).
56
Fig e 1.2 T P c I d c R a a A d
R a c
So rce: T c (2002a).
B a a a d a a a ac c d c
d ca a a c a d d b a ca
a . T ca a a c d
a a ba c d b ab d
a d b d c c a . T d
b d b a a a c d b a a
d b a a a c . A d a d
b d a d b ab
cc c d c a ac a c d . T a
b ca ac a c , a ,

a a d a a
c a . I ac ca a d c a
ca a ca . M (2011) a
ac ca ac a c ( . 7), c c a
ca ba d c ca ac a c . T c
a c a b ; -d d c
ca ba d ac a c a b d
c b . I a d a ab
a d ca a a d
57
c c ac a c , a c c c d
J (2008), McM a (2004), a d M (2011).
R ca a a a a a c d c b
d a d d ca a a. T acc
, a c c c da a b a a iable ( ac a
a a c c a d c a ac c a a
c a c ab c a c d a
c c ) a d a a da a d
h po he e ( d c d c d ) a
e ea ch q e ion . F a , a a a a c d
c c da a a c d c
a a d ab ( ca a ab ) d

a : A d c a
d c a b a d ab c a K 8 a
ad - a c a ( . ., K 5, K
6)?
T e ea ch de ign d b a c
a a b d ca d . R a c
d a b a a . I
none pe imen al e ea ch, a c a d c c
a a ab d , b ca a a ad
cc d b ca b b c d. I
d , a a c , a ab ca b
c d a a d b a c . T
a a d c d c a d ab
b a a a a d , a
ad c a , b d c a , a d
b ab c ca b c d c d b
a c . T ac a a ab ca b c d
a d a a d c b
a a c a d a a c , c a
c d a c c a d a d . T
a a a c c a d ca
d c b a ab a b a ab .
E a a a c d c d
descrip i e, compara i e, correla ional, a d ca sal -compara i e
a c (McM a , 2004). Descrip i e d

a ab c a ( . .,
58
W a c a d ac a c -ba d
a c a ?). Compara i e d
c a ac ca b d d c d b c a
a c a d ( . ., I a ca
d c b a a d c da ac
a c -ba d a ?). Correla ional d
a d c a a b
a ab ( . ., W a a b a
ac c a d a c -ba d
a ?). F a , ca sal-compara i e d (a
d a ac d ) c a
b d d b a
cc d a b da a a a ab
c a a a a a c d d c ca a a
b a ab ( . ., D ac c d a
a d-a c c c a a
a c -ba d a a ac d d
c c a c ?). N c a ba d a
a c d d b a
a a a c d d a
c ca , c a ac

a c -ba d a .
I e pe imen al e ea ch, a c a c
a ab c d d d a a
c ( ca ) a c a b a . T a ab
c a c a c a a independen
a iable ; a a ab a a a a d b
a c , a a a c d c
b c c c c d . F a ,
c a a a a b a d,
d d a d c
e pe imen al o ea men g o p; a c d b
c a d a a con ol g o p a c d a da d
a c . T a a ab ( . .,
b a a ab d ab , a a
ac a ) d a dependen
a iable ( c a d d a ,
b , d d a ab ).
59
T a a d a a a c d ,
d c c b d c b . H , a
a a a c d . S a
ac a d d

b a U.S. ad a a d
( . ., a ) a ac a bac a d ( . .,
a ) a ac . S , a d a a c a
b a a d a ac a d a b
a bac a d a ac . T d d a ab
d c . T a
a ab a d a
c a bac a d a ac c ;
c c ad a a d a ac .
F a , acad c a c (d d a ab ) a
d a d a ( . ., a a
a ) b . T a c a a d
a a a ac d
c c c a ( . .,
c ); d , a a c
d d a ab .
Da a c c d a a a a a c d a
ca a d a a a a d a ca . A a
a c d d c a c , a a c , b .
De c ip i e a i ic a a c a , a ,
a d da a. S c c c c d c a c a
a , d a , d , a , a da d d a , c a ,
a d a da d d c . Infe en ial a i ic a c
a d a c a ca ca c
d c b d
c a b a ab . S a i ical ignificance

a d c ad a ca c d a
ab a c c c d a d a d
( . ., d c b
a b a ab ) a a
a d d d a a
d c a pop la ion c a
a d a .
60
W a a a a c d c a a a
b a ab , a a a c d a c
b ad , c a ac da a c c . Q a a
a c d a c b a d a
d , ac d a d , a d a a c .
T a c a a a a ab a
a a d ; a c a d a
a d a d (J , 2008). Q a a a c d
a a c a a d b a
(T c , 2002b). T , d a c d
b b ad a d - d d. T a a c
c c a d a da a a
c c d a . T a
a c a a a . T iang la ion
a c a c da a d ab
ca c c ac

acc b a (B da & B ,
2007; G , 2006). I a a a a
d c a a a a c (a
ri-) c da a; a a a
c da a a , a a a d b
pol ang la ion ( c pol - d d a a
a ). U a , ab a c
a b a d a a a a d a a
c d c d (G , 2006). F a , a
a a d , c c da a a d
b a , d a d b a , a d .
T a a c da a d a a
d d , a , a c a c
c b a , a d da a
. I d , d d a ac a a
a d ac d, d d ba a b a d
ac a b a ?
S a a a a c , a a a a a
a c d . T c d phenomenolog , e hnograph ,
gro nded heor , a d case s dies (McM a , 2004).
Phenomenological die a a c a
c d d a a a d a d a
( . ., W a c a ac c ac a d d

61
d b d a c a a b d ?).
E hnog aphic die a d c b c a ac
b ( . ., W a a d
ac a a a Ma S E a
Sc ?). G o nded heo a c d a d c
a a a a a c a ( . ., W a
a a d c c a ac c a
ac ?). F a , ca e die a -d d d d a
a , ac , , ( . ., W a a
c c a Wa M dd Sc ?).
Da a c c d d a a a a c d a b
d . R ca a a a da a a ca a a a d
c a b a , , a d
d c a d (McM a , 2004). R a a
da a a a a d b a a c a logico-
ind c i e anal i , a c a c a
a a d d da a (M & C a , 2011).
A a a a d a a a ac c d c
a c a d a , d b
c d d a c . S d b
a c da a. T d a d a
mi ed-me hod e ea ch de ign . T c b a
a a a d a a da a d d a b
d a d a a c b a da a

c d . I d , d ca a
a b a a a d a a da a.
C (2005) c d ac a c d b
a d- d d , c b
a a a d a a da a. T a d c b
d a c . T a a
d- d d ad a ( . ., b
d a d a d a a a c b ); a a
ac a c add ca - b
a c a d d a .
62
O e ie of Ac ion Re ea ch
F d cad , a b b b c a d
a c c . T b c,
d b a d a, a c c d c
ac a , c c , ad , , a d
(Sc c , 1997). B ad a c a
d c . A ac a c
d b c c , b a ac
U d S a a b d a d c d a
a d b c a . H , a b a d,
c b b a
a c a . T ac b ab a d

c ca a ac c a a d (b
c c a d d d a ) a b .
O , c ad a d
b d d ca a a c a a a a d
. H , a ac d d a
a a d acad c a c
(A d , 2002). T a d ac a ad a
d ca a a c a a d c ab ac
a c d c a d ac
a ca a a ( . ., a c a a ) a d
d ada a ( . ., c a c d
a ac a ; M & Pa , 2002). I
b a , b ca c d
ad a a c d , a a d c a d
ac c ac - a d, c a -ba d ac a c .
Sc c (1997) d ac a c a a a d a
a c a a a ac
a d ( . 28). I a
a d a d b ,
c a ac d ab d ca a c .
McM a (2004) d c b ac a c a b c d
a c c c a c b ,
ac c , a a d c a a ca . Ac
a c a c b c c ac c ca b

63
c a d a d b ac c . The main goal of ac ion research
is o address local-le el problems of prac ice i h he an icipa ion
of finding immedia e ans ers o q es ions or sol ions o hose
problems (M , 2018).
A , a c a a a b b
ac c . T a d c d ca a
a d ca a problems problems of prac ice. A a
, b a ab da d ca a .
H , b a d a d c
ab . F a , a a c a ac ,
b c a a b a c a
c : m s den s do no perform ell in ma h. B d ,
a b ac c . H , R c a d , a d
M a (2017) a d c b d a b ac c a :
T b ac c c d ca , b
a , c c a d (C , E ,
F a a , & T , 2009). W a a b
ac c : a comple and si eable, e s ill ac ionable,
problem hich e is s i hin a professional s sphere of ork.
S c b c c b ad c d ca a
, b a a a a d d a
d ca a c a d a ab ; , b
a a d b d ab ac (La , 1985).

( . 142)
A a a b ac c b
d a b
The s den s in m class do no perform ell in ma h. Wha
migh I be able o do differen l i h m ins r c ion ha co ld
facili a e impro emen in m s den s ma h skills and
performance?
I d , a b ac c b a d a
a d ca c a d b c c
64
a c a , d , a d c (M , 2018). T
a a d a problem, c c d a
cc a d c a d
a a b ac c , c c
b , a d a a c a c , a d c d c c
a b , add
, c c a ca d (M , 2018).
B ca ac a c a ab a
ac c (McL a , 1995), c a a a ac
a c c . Reflec ion ca b d d a ac
c ca a a d , d c d d d ,
a d a c a b . I d ac b
c , b c ac a c a c a
a a ac b a c ;

a a a d c a a a a b
c c d a a c a a d a a
a a ba a a d d c a (Pa &
B , 2002). Reflec i e eaching a c d
a d a
c d a d ca a , a c , a d
ac ca c , a a a c d
a (Pa & B , 2002). T c a ca
c c a d b ac c a
a ac c a c ac
a c .
Acc d , ac a c a a ab d
a d ac a d ac
(M , 2011). T ac a c , ac a c a d
b c c , a c a
c ac c . T c a a
d ca ac a c c a ac a
d a c c a , c ca ab ac a d
ac d , c a d/ c a d a
ac c , a d a (M , 2011). A a c a
ac d b a ac c a
a d c . Ac a c a c a
b c ca b acc d.

65
A B ief Hi o of Ac ion Re ea ch
T ac a c ca b ac d bac K L ,
c d d c ac ion research a d
1934. H a a c c d ac d a
c a d c a d a ac
(H d c , 2013). L b d a a c
c d c d c ca i hin c c a b
d a a a a a b ,
d c a , a d a ad a
a c c d acc :
T a c d d c a ac c ca b b
c a ac d a a c c a a a c a
. I a ac ion-research [ a add d],
a c a a a c c d a d c
a c a ac , a d a c ad c a
ac . R a c a d c b b
c . (L , 1946, . 35)
L d ac a c a a a c c ,
, a d ac a b a d a
a d add c a b
(H d c , 2013):
Ra a c a a a , , c d a a
ac c c d a c c a ,

ac , a d ac - d ab ac . (L ,
1946, . 38)
L c c c a d c a c ac
c a b a a d d c b ca a
a a a ac a c . A ca
c c b L d a a d d ca
d a c c d b c a
66
d c d c a c c a a c
(H d c , 2013).
67
Model of Ac ion Re ea ch
N a a d d ac a c
c . S d a , a
a c . S a a c c ca a ; d c a
a c ; a a d a a . Y ac
d b a c a b c. Eac
b a c ac c , d b
c c a d a a d da a. F a , ac
d , ac a , c a
ba a ac a c (M , 2011). I
d , a d ac a c a a - a c

a a a c a c c . S
a :
S (2007), ac a c ac a ,
d c b ac a c a a ,
a c a , , a d ac ( . 8).
D ac a , a c a b , c , a d
a ac . T ac ad
a .
K L (S , 2001) a d c a ac a c
a , c c d ac d , a , a ac ,
a a , a d a d a b a
c d ac .
Bac a (2001) ac a c a c
c c ca a ac a c . H d a d a
a a c a a a , a ac ,
b a d a a ac , a d c a d a
a c c a , ba d a
a d c c .
R (2007) b ac
a c d a a c a
ac c c : a , a ac , c c d c , a d
c .
W c d d ? P a , I d a
a , a I a a a a a
(a d c d b a d ).

68
G a a , ac a c c
c d a - a c d (M & C a , 2011),
c b a d d d a c a . F
b , a a a :
1. T a a
2. T ac a
3. T d a
4. T c a
W a a d a ad a a
d d ac a c a c , c c ca
c a ca d c d a a a
(J , 2008). P ac - a c a d ac
a c d a
a a d a d d .
D d a a ac a c c ,
a b a c a d d ac a c
b c c a , ac a d b ,
d a a , a d c , c a
a (M & C a , 2011). Y a
ab c c c d c ac a c
C a 2.

69
Cha ac e i ic of Ac ion Re ea ch: Wha I I
and Wha I I No
A ac a c ca b a a a a d c ,
d d b d ca a ac (M
& C a , 2011). T a a a c d
a c a ac a a a ac c d c
d ca a a c . I a d ca a a
d, da a d a d a ac a c
a d . T , c d a c
(J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M , 2011; Sc c ,
1997), a a d c b a ac a c :
Ac a c a c a d ca ,
a , b c a c a .
Ac a c a c d ca
ac c .
Ac a c a a d a a , c
d b ac ac .
Ac a c c ab a ; a , c d
d ca a a d d ca
a .
Ac a c a c a , c d ca a a
b d d d a c
c .
Ac a c ac ca a d a c a

ac , c a d c acc a c
d .
Ac a c d c ca c ab
ac .
Ac a c a a d, a c a ac
d a d a c .
Ac a c a c a
d a ab d ca .
Ac a c - d d.
Ac a c a c ca a a d ca a ac
.
70
Ac a c a c c ca c a , ac ,
d , a d c .
Ac a c a ca ac ac c .
O a a c a d ca d a d a ac
a c (J , 2008; M & C a , 2011; M ,
2011; Sc c , 1997):
Ac a c a a ac d
ab ac ; a c a d
c ab a .
Ac a c b ;
c ca a b , d

( ca ), a d c ca c
c .
Ac a c d b ;
a c d b a c a d ca , ,
d a d c a .
Ac a c a
d d a d ca a ; ,
d c , a d d c a d ca a
b .
Ac a c c c ; ac
a c a b a a
a a ba d b a a d da a
c c a d a a d a a d
d a d a .
Ac a c a ad; d ac a a a
d a c a a c a
c a d c d a . T ac a
a a a c a ac c , a d
a ac d a d c
b a , , a d c a a c , a
ac a .
Video Clip 1.1 V a c D . M d c
a c ac a c .

71
T pe of Ac ion Re ea ch
T a a a ac c d c ac a c
par icipa or ac ion research a d prac ical ac ion research. T
pa icipa o ac ion e ea ch
a d d a a a a ,
c , a d a . I c d d a
a d a d b ab c a
c a , (F a , Wa , & H , 2012). W
a , ac a c a a b d
a comm ni -based inq ir , collabora i e ac ion research, o h
par icipa or ac ion research, emancipa or ac ion research,
cri ical ac ion research (C , 2005; F a a ., 2012;
Ga , M , & A a a , 2009).
I c a , p ac ical ac ion e ea ch c add a
c c b d a c a , c , a
c (F a a ., 2012). I c ab
- c d c ac a c , a d
ca a ac a c a ac a c (Ga a .,
2009). Ga a . (2009) d a
a ac ca ac a c :
I d d a d ca a d ca a ab
d a a ac a c a b
d a .
Ac a c a c d c a
d a d c a c

c ca c .
Ac a c a ca ab c a a
c , d a c d c a c , a d
d ac a ba d d .
F b , c a ac a c a a
d ca a ac c ac ca ac a c .
72
The Impo ance of Ac ion Re ea ch
A , a d a a ba c a b
a : W d I b c d a ac
a c c , c a a d a d a d
b ac d a a d ca a ad ? M a d
C a (2011) a d d a a a a a
:
[F ,] ac a c d a b ,
. S c d, ac a c ; ca
a a ad a d d
d a . T d, ac a c d d ca
b d a d, a d
, d ca a ac c . F , a a c ,
ac a c ca a b d
a a c a . F a ,

a d b a , ac a c d
d ca a a a a d a ac
d ca a a d b a d a
a d ca a ac c . ( . 339 340)
U a , a a a a
d a d: I b a
b a a , d d ac a c ? A a ,
M a d C a (2011) a :
F , a a a c a d a
d cad , ac a c a
c a d ad a c d c a c .
S c d, a a ca , ac a c
d c c d c a ad a a ac
a c . Ed ca a b
a c a b a c d c
a c . T d, ac a c d c
a c a a c
73
c ac a b a a c d
a d d c c d c . F a , b ca ac
b a da d a c a d c
c d c ac a c , ac a d d c
. ( . 340)
T ca ( a

a c) d c a b
c d c a d c d c ac a c c . T
a d c b ad b a a a
c ac a c ca b d cc d ca a
c c c ac c ,
d ca a ac c , c c a c
, a d ac , a a a
a a d a a c a c a c
ad cac .
74
Connec ing Theo o P ac ice
R a c d d a a
d b ac c d ca (J , 2008). T
b ac c a d ac d c
a c d . J (2008) d c b
d c a a c c
a c d , a c ac b a
d . F , a a b a a d b
a c , c d c a d a c
d ca a c , a d ac c c a ac . T
a a a a b d c b d a : R a c cc
, a ac c a ac c
(Pa & B , 2002). W a b c c
c a d c a c d a d

c a ac c a d d a (J , 2008).
J (2008) a a c ab
b a d . F , c ac a a c ( . ., a
c d c d b a d c a d
a c ) c a ac ca a d b d
a a a d c d a ac ca da - -da
c d . R a c a c a d c , c a
a ab da c a , a d a c d a d
da d a d c a a ab ac .
Ma ac a a d ca a a c d
c a a a d ac a
b , a , d ca a c ac ca a d
a d . S c d, J a -
a a a c ac c a a
c a c c ac c
ac b a a c a . O ,
a c d d a c a a acc
ac , c ac a
c , ac ca c a ac add
c a a da ba .
Video Clip 1.2 & 1.3 V c ac - a c
d c a c ac a c .
75

Ac a c ca b d a b c a a - a
a . O a d, d ca ca a c
d b ac c a d b d a d a
a c a . O a d, da a c c d
a d a a d b ac c ac c a ca
b d a d a c a d b ac c
(J , 2008). Pa a d B (2002) c a
- a a b a a ac d c
a a d b a d a c , b
a a d d c d ca a a d a c ( .
7).
76
Imp o emen of Ed ca ional P ac ice
A a d c d , a a c ac a c
c a ac c . W ac a
c a d c ca ac c ,
a c c a d a b a a a
ac a d, ac ca d c a (Pa &
B , 2002). T c a ac a c a
c a d c ab a a d a ca a ad
d ca a ac c (Pa & B , 2002).
T a b a a ab

a d a ac c a ac c . Ma ac b
a a a d a d a b
cc d a a b d .
I ca , , cc ac ( . .,
ca a ac ) a c a
a d a ca c ac a d c c
ac . T c a c ac
d a a ac a d a
c . I a b a , a ac , a
da a b ; ac c a
c a a . Eac a b a d d ,
d , a , , a , , a d
a . Eac d d c a
d c a a d , a
c a ac (Pa & B , 2002).
S a c c ac a c ca d
c a a d ac c d a
a a d d a .
77
Connec ion o School Imp o emen
T d c c c d
ac a c a a c a d d a
c a ac c . Ac a c ca a b a d a d
ac a d c a a a c

. O a acc a ac ac
a c a a c ab a . O b a
b c a c a b
d c , d a , c , a d c (M ,
2009). C ab a d d a d d ac a c
a c c a collabo a i e ac ion e ea ch ( CAR),
a d d d a ac a c (C a , L c , &
M , 2008, . 2) a d a c a a
ac , ad a , a d c, -
a d c . T c c ca ad a
a c d e er d ca a c ; c c a
c d ac a c (C a a ., 2008, . 2). B
c a d d ca (a ad
c ), c ad b c , b
a , a d d c d c
c a .
78
Teache Empo e men and In ellec al
Engagemen
A a a c ac a c a ad a c
eache empo e men . O d ca a c a
b c da a-d a . W ac c c
da a d a a d c ab

d a d c a c a a ac
a c d ac b c d. T ac
a ac b c a
, a , a d c a a ca
c a a b d
d (J , 2008).
T ac a a d c a d a a d a
c a c a ac c a d
b b a a . T a ac c
ad a d c
a da d -d , ad a -d ad . T
a a a d ab b d - a d d c -
ad a a d d; ad
d d a a c a . T a d
( . ., ac a , , a d ). T c
c c d c a , b
a c c c a d c
(J , 2008).
A a b c d, ac b c c
c a a d c a
c a a d c . T a a a d
d a c c d c
ac a c a a a ac a a ab
ac a d a c a a c
a a ab da ac a c a

c a d c . T ac a d c a
a a a a c a d
ac ad c .
79
P ofe ional G o h
J (2008) c a ac ad a ac - c a
a ac , a a a da ac a
a - ac d da , a d a d c b
a d , a a ac , c a a a
a a a c a a
ac . T ac a d d ,
c , ac c c a d
a c ac c . T a ac ca d
a d c a d ca ( . ., a
a d ) , , da d. E -
d a d d, c ac ca c a
d d (a d ac ca a , a
a ), d d a d a d d a
b a a acc a .
Ac a c a b a a a
ac b - a d a d
a d a d a d c c a a a
c a c d c a d a - (Pa

& B , 2002). F , ac a c a
a ac b ac a a c
a d , a d b d b
a a c c a c a d d b
ac b d d c (Sc c , 1997).
F d a , c
ac a c ca b d c a ac a
d , a a c a a ac
a . T a ac ac
a heir ac c a d d c a a d
heir d heir c a .
R ad d d a ac a c a a a
a d c ab a a d d a
b d ad a a a c I , d C a -
Ba d Ac R a c : R P c a C ab
a d M a P a D Ed ca (M ,
2013).
80
Social J ice Ad ocac
I d ca , a d a a d a d ca a
a d , a d b , c a
c a , d d ca , a d . E a a d a
d ca a a c a c d
a d b c b b c ca b . T

ab a , a ,
c a c a d a d , ,
a d a d . Ac a c ca a a
d c a ad cac c a c
d ca a c . W a d a ac ac
a c c d a c i ical ac ion e ea ch a
, c a , c b , a c d b
a ab a a a c a c a
c a d d ca a .
81
Applica ion of Ac ion Re ea ch
T a a a a ba c c ac
a c . F a d ca
d ca a b , d a d b
, c ac d ca , a d - c ac
a a d .
82
Iden if ing P oblem
Ac a c ca b a c a d b
c . I ac , a c a ,
d ca a a c a b a

c c d c a ac a c d . I a a ac
a c a d c a , b
c c a a c a b
d d (J , 2008). T ba c c b
d ca cc a a b d a d
c a a a c d bab b
d b (J , 2008). Id , d , a d
b c ca , d b ac
d a d a a d c
b ca a ac . Y a , c , a
: W a a a (J , 2008)? E a
c d :
W a d a a a b
a ?
W d Ada , B , a d Ca ac a
ad?
W a a c c a b d D b a
b ?
H ca I c a c ?
83
De eloping and Te ing Sol ion
Y ca a ac a c d b

a d d a d a c . O c
a c d a b ( . ., d a d a
a , a d d a ), ca b - a
a a b (J , 2008). F a ,
c a b (J , 2008) a c a
d ca a b a a a a
a b ; c a b ;
a d ; a d a a a a d , c
d c a , .
Ac a c ca a c a a ac
b b , c d a , a d
a d a ac b (J ,
2008). A ac ab ac b c b ab
b .
O c b a b d d, b
d d d d c
(J , 2008). E d a b d d ,
, . O , d a a a
, c d b d a d ad d. T
c . Ac a c a
a b a a d a a a , a
da a-d d c a . Fo ma i e e al a ion cc
d a a ; mma i e e al a ion cc
c a a . B

a a d c a a d
c a a d.
84
P e e ice Teache Ed ca ion
A a , ac a c a
d a . I ca a a , a c d c a
ac , a a a a a
d b ac . T c ac
d ba a d d a d c
ca c a d. W
d ba a d d a d , da d c -
a c a b a a c
ac c a d - c ac (J ,
2008). Ac a c ca add d d ba b
c ac c a a
d a c (J , 2008). T ca d
c a a a c a ,
a a b a d c d c . A
a , a a d d a a d
c c a d a d d ca a a c c
a d c d a c a a b
c ac . N ca a ac a c add
d ba , b ca d c a d

a ab d ca a a c ,
a .
M - c ac a cca c a
a c ac d ca . H , I a
c ad c : I a a d d a a
c ac d a , c d d a
a a d
ac a c c , d c ab a
. P c ac ac a c c ca c
b a d , b a c a
ac ( c d ), b a ac c . I
a d, b d d a a b
bab a a c, ac a c a ac . Ac
a c ca a a c c c
ac , - c ac , a d ac ca
. Sc a d ac c d a -
d c d a d ac ;
85
d a d ac d c a d ac acc
c b ac c . T ac a c , c
ac , - c ac , a d ac ca
a d d a . O

ca a , : B c d a - ca c
b a a a c -
ba d a a c
ac , d a a ad b (J , 2008).
86
In-Se ice P ofe ional G o h
A a b d c d, ac a c a c
a ac d a d a
b c a d . I ac ,
J (2008) b ac a c b a
c a d c a add a
d ac ( . 44). Ac a c a d ac
c c ac c , b c
c ac c , a d b c d a .
A ab - c c a ac
a a d a a d
a , a a d c
a .
87
Rigo in Ac ion Re ea ch
R a c , a d, a c c d a . Q a a c

a da d d ac c . T ba ab
a ad a ( . ., a ) a c
c c a d a d ab . Ac a c , b ca
a c a a , a d c a (S ,
2007). H ca , a ac a c
a b c d a . P a b
a , c ac a c c d c d b ac a d
acad c a a c , b . S (2007)
c b a a , c a
a c d, a ac a c a a a
a a d ca a a c c c . Acc a
c ca a dbac ,
d c a a ( . 191).
T d a a ac a c a , c ,
. H , c ca ac a c a
a c d. T c ac a a da d
a d c a d a c
d d d a d c . T a ac
a c ca b d a rigor. I a , igo
a , a d , acc ac , a d c d b ac a c a d
d . R ca a c a d alidi a d reliabili
a a d acc ac ,
da a, a d a c d a d acc rac , credibili , a d
dependabili a a d (M , 2001). (T
c c a d c d C a 5.)

Ma ac a c rigor a c b ad
, a c a c c ,
a c da a c c , da a a a , a d d (M ,
2001). R ac a c ca ba d c d
c c a a b a d a d
c a c a c a c
(S , 2007).
88
A d, d a c
d d a d c a ac a c .
C a -ba d ac a c ca b d a d a d
a a d c ( . ., ac , ad a , c ,
a , c b a d , a a a ), a d
ac a c d d
a c a c ab , c ca a d
c a d d a c a a d c (M ,
2001). F a , a c d d a
b ac a c b d a ,
c a c d a d d
a a a a a a c c c b ca a
a . I c a b ad d a b
c c d a ab , a a
d d b d c a d

.
H , ac a c d d ca -
d a a d, a a a d , I b a a
c a -ba d ac a c a ca a a
a d c . I a b a
a c a ac a c d a a a d a
(M , 2001); ac a c
c . T a c a d d a ,
c a ab , a d d c ab . T , a b
a ab c c a a , a d a c -
c c a d a c a a c a a d
a d a . W a a ca
ac c , a d c d b , b c a ,
d (a d d b a ab ). T a b a d,
b a c a d c
a d, a a c (S , 2007).
T a a c d
c ac - d ac a c d . T
a b ada d M (2001), M (2011), a d S
(2007):
Repe i ion of he c cle Ac a c , b a ,
c c ca . M ac a c b a c
89

a ac a c c c . I
d d ad a , c ca c d
a b c c , a c c
c d c a c c (M , 2001). I ,
ac b c c , a d a d a
c d b add d d .
Prolonged engagemen and persis en obser a ion I d
a a a c a
d a d c a ac a c c ,
b d d d d a d
c (S , 2007, . 58) a a
b b a d. H , d
. F a ,
b a a d b d b a a d
ca c d c d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T
d b d c a a c ac .
E perience i h he process I a ca a d
c d b d d c ac
a c ( ). I a ac a ( c
a ) c d c d d c c
a d , d d a ca c d
a d a a c d b a d c (M ,
2001). H , ac - a c a c ,
c a b a c d
ac a .
Pol ang la ion of da a R ca b a c d d

ac a c c c da a a d
a a c d d (M , 2011; S , 2007).
T ac a c c -c c
acc ac da a (M , 2011) a d c a a
c c d b a c a (S , 2007).
Acc ac da a a d c d b d d a d
a d.
Member checking Pa c a d b d d
a da a, a a , a d a
ac a c c (M ,
2011; S , 2007). T a c a c
b a a c a a a a c
a c c ad a a d acc a
b , c , a d c . I a
90
a d a a
a a ad d d.
Par icipan debriefing S a b c c ,
d b a a c a d
. H , ca , c
a d , ad ac a a a
d (M , 2011; S , 2007). T a add
a a c d d a

b d .
Di erse case anal sis T a a a c
a c c d b a c b a
c , a a d ,
a c d d a d (S , 2007).
Referen ial adeq ac A a c a ac a c
d d c a b d a a d b c
c a d c d
d . T a a
con e ali a ion. C ca b d a d
a d d b d d a a
a c a d a d (S , 2007).
N d a , ac a c a , a b
a a a d ad a
d ca a a c .
S a
Ed ca a a c a c c d
d ca a b .
W a a ab
d ca a b , a c c
d , c a ad , a , a d c
, a b b a d.
T c c d a a c, b c

c d d a .
T ad a a c c d c d b d d a
a a d a
d .
T b ad a c d a (1) a a a d
(2) a a .
Q a a a c d c c
ca da a a d a d d c a ac
91
a ; c d b a ( . .,
d c , c a a , ca a -c a a a c )
a d a d .
Q a a a c d c c
a a da a a d a d c a ac
a ; c d , a ,
d d , a d ca d .
M d- d a c d c b a a
a d a a da a.
Ac a c a a c c d c d b
d ca a a ab
a c a c a , ac , a d
d a .
Ac a c d b ac for ac ,
d a d c a .

T ac c a a a ac a c .
T ba c c ac a c c
a : a , ac , d , a d c .
M ac a c d a c c ca a d a .
Ac a c ca b d b d a b
a d ac c , d ca a ac c ,
ac , d a
ac , ad ca c a c ,
d d ca a b , d a d
, a d a d d ba
c ac .
92
Q e ion and Ac i i ie
1. L d c b a a ( . ., b , d
) c a c a a d
a a . D a a
b a a a ac a c d ?
2. D c b a a ad a d c a
a c d c a ac c . I ad b , d
a ad a d c ? I , a d d c
a b , a d d a a d c ?
3. T ab a c a d a a a d
c a . I a c a ( a . 30), d a

ad a a a d a b ad a a c a d ac
a c .
4. D a ad a a c ca b a d
d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ?
5. D a ac a c ca b a d
d ? I , ? I , d b a ca ?
93
Ke Te m
ac a c 5
a 7
ca d 13
c ab a ac a c 22
c 7
c 12
c ca ac a c 24
d d c a 9
d d a ab 12
d c a c 12
d ca a a c 8
a c d 13
a a 12
a a c 12
a a a 25
d d 13
11

d d a ab 12
d c a 9
a a c 12
c - d c a a 14
d- d a c d 14
a a c 11
a c a ac a c 19
ca d 13
a 13
ac ca ac a c 19
c 15
c ac 15
a c d 11
a c 11
26
c c d 7
a ca ca c 13
a a a 25
ac 22
94
ad 6
a a 13
a ab 11
Re ie P ac ice Imp o e

G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.
95
No e: F a add a ac a c ca d .
A ca d a , d c b ,
c a b , ac a c
d b d, a d a c a
add d ac c a .
96
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a
Ti le I P og am
97
Con ib ing o Wide p ead School
Imp o emen
S a a a , ad a c ad a a d
ac ad a S E a Sc b a c a
a ac a c a a a ac d a ac

c . A ad - ac , a a a
c a a a d ac a , a c a d a c
d a d c d c c a - a d c -ba d ac
a c . T ad a b d a d ad
a ac a c c d c d b d d a
b c ab a ac a c a c d, ,
acad c a c d .
A a T I ad ac a S E a Sc , Ka
c d c ac d a d a
c d . A a ac a
c , Ka b d a a a a d ac
a c c d a a ac c
c . S d c d d a a , d b ac
a c a c c a a c a d d
acad c a c .
98
Concep al Unde anding of Mi o i and
Meio i
99

Collabo a ing fo he Imp o emen of
Ed ca ional P ac ice
Sa a a d T b a b a a -c c .
Sa a ad b ac 3 a , a d T , 12 a . A
a d a c c d ca c c , a a
a c a -ba d ac a c ,
d c d d c ab a ac a c c d
c a . T b d a d c ,
d a , a d , c d d a a c
a b ac . F a c a d a
a d c a a , ac d c d d
a c c a a c c d . T
a a d c d b a a c .
Ac R a c C c 1
100
Ac ion Re ea ch a a Pa of Yo
P ofe ional P ac ice
Ma a a c b a ac
a c ca c c ac c .
G a d a ac a c c a c d
c b c .
D c c d a ac a c c a
d c b a a d

d .
F a a c a
a d, d c c d b c ab a ac
a c c .
L a c c d a ac a c
.
101
102
Chap e T o O e ie of he Ac ion
Re ea ch P oce
C a 2 O a
A b c d a a a a Ac R a c .
Ac R a c b a c c a ac c a
c .
C c ca , a , c
Ob d b ad d a a
N d da c
S a b d a a d, a a
N d da c a a d b :
Ac a c

Id a d c
Ga a
R a d a
D a a c a
I a a d c c da a
A a da a
103
D a ac a
S a a d c ca
R c a c c
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d
E a S d R c S c a S c
S age and S ep in Ac ion Re ea ch
The Planning S age
S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a
The Ac ing S age
S 5: I P a a d C c Da a
S 6: A a Da a
The De eloping S age
S 7: D a Ac P a
The Reflec ing S age
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c

A B ief E ample
S 1: Id a d L T c
S 2: Ga I a
S 3: R R a d L a
S 4: D a R a c P a
S 5: I P a a d C c Da a
S 6: A a Da a
S 7: D a Ac P a
S 8: S a a d C ca R
S 9: R c P c
S mma
➤Ke Te m
➤S den S d Si e
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I
R ad C a T I P a
U d a d M a d M
104
105

106
O lining he Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
O c a c a d d c , K a, K , a d
J a J d a d Sa a d c d d a d d add
da a c a a d
a - ad d c d c a c . T
d a , a c a
, b a c d d c d
, c d a b c a ,
c a b d b a a a c . T d d
a d c a c a a d c d a c
c a . Add a , a a
d , d b a
- ad d c d c a c .
T d ca a , c d a c
d c a a d ,
c d a ad b A . T a a a d a
a b A a d a da a
a c a . I a a , c d
a c d ( c a ) a d c
a a d c a .

107
D a d ca a ac a c
a a ab ?
W a add a (c d a d c ,
c , c.) ac a a a ?
W a ba a c ?
I C a 1, a c c d c ac a c
a b d c d a a - a c d . T a ,
a a a :
1. T planning a
2. T ac ing a
3. T de eloping a
4. T reflec ing a
H , c ca a a b a
specific c d c a ac a c d . T
c a d c a
c c ac a c . T b
d a d C a 3 9. T ( d
a ca b c a a add d
b ) a a :
1. Id a d c (C a 3)
2. Ga a (C a 3)
3. R a d a (C a 3)
4. D a a c a (C a 4)
5. I a a d c c da a (C a 5)

6. A a da a (C a 6)
7. D a ac a (C a 7)
8. S a a d c ca (C a 9)
9. R c c (C a 9)
U c a a - a c d
c c , bab d d c
( F 2.1). S a 1 ( planning age)
c d S 1, 2, 3, a d 4, c a a
108
ac d a c . S a 2
( ac ing age) c d S 5 a d 6,
ac a c a a d c c a d
a a da a. S 7 , c , a , a
S a 3 ( de eloping age). T
, c a , a , a d ac
( a a ac a ) a d d. F a , S a 4 (
eflec ing age) c d S 8 a d 9; ac
a c a d , c a a a
a , a d c c . I
a a a a F 2.1,
c c b add d,
C a 3 9.
I c ca a ac a ac a c , c a
a d c d F 2.1, a a c . T

F 2.1 a b
c ( . ., a a d a a
ac a ) a ac a c c . Ac
a c a ca b d a c c ca a (M
& C a , 2011). A ac a c a a c a b ,
d a a c a d d d . O d a , ac -
a c d a d a c , c c a d a a
da a d a d a a c c ,
a d a a d c
a . U a , c d
a a a a d
a d c d a d a a d,
d d a
a . A c a a a c a d
ac a c c c a ,
a a , a d , a a
(M & C a , 2011). Pa a d B (2002)
d c b c a b -d - b -
ad a d d a a ( . 8). T c ac
a c , c c ca a d a a , a d
F 2.2.
Fig e 2.1 I a T O a a a Sc
S -b -S P c Ac R a c
109

A c ac a c a d , a
a a a a d a d c c a , b a d
d a a .
T d a a ab d a Ac R a c . B ab , a
c a . Eac a ad
c c d b a b , :
P a S a
Ac S a
D S a
R c S a ad bac S a 1 a d d
a
B c a , c d a d
. Eac c b a d ad
a a b , - b - :
Id a d c, a a ,
a d a , D a a c a
110
C c da a, A a da a
D a ac a
S a a d c ca , c c
ad bac S 1 a d d a
Eac a c a d c
d a d c a a a d - a d d

a .
111
S age and S ep in Ac ion
Re ea ch
A b a a a d c c
a d a , J (2008) d a
a a a d c d c ac
a c c . T b ada d a a c a a c
b c. F , d
b a ca . W a a , ac -
a c a , a a d , a
a c (J , 2008). Ac a c ca a
a , a d a d . T
ac -c d c d ac a c
add d b c a d c
a a a d a ha ac (Pa &
B , 2002), c a a b c
a d.
Fig e 2.2 T P c Ac R a c
112
So rce: Ada d M a d C a (2011).

A c ac a c a d ,
c c c d a a , ac ad a a d b .
C c 1 a c c c c d a a a
d b :
S a 1 P a
S a 2 Ac
S a 3 D
S a 4 R c
S a 4 ad bac S a 1 C c 1 a ad
ab C c 2 b , a d d a .
113
C c 2 ab a c c c c d a a a
a a a d C c 1.
S a 4 C c 2 ad bac S a 1 a ad
a b , C c ca c ac
a c c .
114
The Planning S age
T a a ac a c c
a ac a a c a
ac a c d c . T c d c c

d d , a a d a a d a c a
a d c, a d d a a a ac a ac
a c d .
115
S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic
T a a c d d c d ac ha
d . S c a a d a c a c a
ac - a d ac a c , c a ca
c d a ab c a c , a a
, a a a a .
E a , a d c a d
a d (J , 2008). R b
a a a ac a c c a
b , c c ac c , c c a
a d (F a & Wa , 2003). T a
b d a d a d a a
c c.
Video Clip 2.1 V a c D . M d c c
c d c ac a c .
I add , d a a c ac a c ,
b a a ab (F a & Wa , 2003). W a d
c , a - ca , c a d a c c a
bab b a a c . Ac a c

d d d a d c d c d b c a ac d
a c d a ( c ),
da a c c a d a a d d a ( )
c d c a c , a d a b d a a . F
a , ac a c c a a a c
(F a & Wa , 2003).
S d a d a c ac
a c c a d c d C a 3.
116
S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion
A d a d c, a
a a a , a c a M (2011)
a econnai ance. I a a ca b a
a a ac , c ,
ad a c d c d a
c d a c b a d a
a d a . Y a ac a a
c c a d , a a a d d a
a a c.
M a , d c a a c a c
b a d a a b d a d a
a d c a c b (M , 2011). D
c a a c a : - c , d c , a d

a a . T a d c d d a C a 3.
117
S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
R a d a ca b d d a a c
a a ca d c c d
a . A c , c d a b ,
a c a , c b d d a b a ,
ac c a a , c d c d c , a d
d c c a (C , 2005; J , 2008).
T a a c a d a ,
b ca a
ac - a c a d d c ab
a c c a d a . T a d a ca
d b , d a a a a c
d , c a c
c c da a (Pa & B , 2002). A a , ac
d a ac a c c c
a d a c ac a c a ac c (J , 2008).
M c da c , c d c c c da a d
c , a d a d C a
3.

118
S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
I a ad a d ca a a c d , d a
a c d a d a c c da a a
e ea ch me hodolog . I d a ac a c
d a a d c a b ad d
ac a c c . O c a d d a d
c d a c b c, a a a
a c a d, b , d c c
(Pa & B , 2002). A C a
4, a research q es ion da a
a c b ; he ac a c
a c d c d . T a c
d a d . E a ac
a c d d b d d ac a d a a
a c . T a a a
a c a c a a
d c ab d .
I ca b d a a b b
a one a c . H , a c ,
a b a a a a add a a a b
b d a ( . ., a b a a a ) a
. T a d a
s bq es ions (M & C a , 2011). I ac -

a c a c c a
a d, a b b a a c , a a
a b , a a c . A research
h po hesis a c ca c d a a
d c , a c . A a
c a ad a a c c a
a a a c a d d ac
a c .
R a c a d d c a ab
a b c a a . R ca C a 1 a
a ariable a c a ac c a c a c ab
c a c d a c c . T , a
a ab c ac a c a ac c b a
c da a b c c d. F a , c ca a
119
a ab b b ab a d a ab . F a ,
b b a nders anding add a d
b ac ac b ca ac a d a d ac
a d cc a d b a . A d c ca
b a , ca d c a b
c d d a d . A a a a ab
b acc rac a add a d b ac ac .
S d c d b a add a d b ac

b c . T acc ac c d b a d b
c b b ac d a d
c c .
C a d d c ab c c a ac c b
a d b d a c d b d c c
da a; a a c a d c a d d
a c d . T ac a c d d c d
ca d da a a a d d, a a c a a
d d d , a d a acc d d a
(C , 2005). A d b d c b d
C a 1 b a a , a a , d
d a ca b d (a a a
d a d ca d ; F a & Wa , 2003).
S , c a a d , c a a d , ,
b a , , a a c d , a d
a a d ca d a
ca b c d. A , b a ac a c
a c; , da a c c b c d, a d
d c ab a a c d a d da a
c c b d d before d d
(J , 2008). R b , a , a da a b c c d
d a d c a c a a d
d .
A a d a a ac a c
d a c a e ea ch e hic .

R a c c d a a a c c d c
a c , c a a c a b .
C d a b a d a c a a ,
a d a a c a b a d d, a d
a c b d. A M (2011) a ,
120
ba ca d a a c
c ( . 29), c d d a a d
a c a . A a , a c c a c
, ca , a d a . P ac - a c d
a d c b a
c d c a c c , d c ,
a d a c a . I a a
c d a c d ac
a c c a ca a a c
a c a d b a a c e er . Y
a ab ca c d a C a 3, 4, 5,
a d 8.
d c c c d c ac a c .
D a a d a c a d , a c
d , c , a d d c a d d
a a c a a d c d C a 4.

121
The Ac ing S age
T ac a ac a c c
c ac a a c ac a ac . I c d d
a a c d a c a ,
c c da a c a
a b d, a d a a a da a.
122
S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing
Da a
T c c d c ac a c
d c c da a b c c d a d ac all
c c . I d , d c b ad ab
da a c c c a b d
d . F a a d Wa (2003) a da a
c c c . F , ac ca obser e a c a
d d ca a c . T a c a
c d d , ac , a , a d ad a .
W b a a ad b ac , a d d a
c d a c a b a b d. Field no e
a a ca d d c b d a a a d
a d.

S c d, ac ca c c da a d
d d a b a in e ie . W ,
ca a a -a d-a c a b
d d a . H , ca a b
c d c d , q e ionnai e e .
O , da a c c d b a ca ad c
add a da a c c d (F a
& Wa , 2003).
F a a d Wa d ca da a c c c
a a a d a a e i ing doc men o
eco d . A a c d a -
c , c da a a a ad b
c c d; b ac a c a
a a ad . E a da a a
a da c c d , ac , c
a , a , c a a , a c a , a d
d a d .
I d add a ca a d d b
F a a d Wa (2003). T ca c d
a a a , c a checkli , a ing cale , e ,
a d a a a a d c .
123
C c a d a ca a d c a b

ac , a c b c . I a ,
a b c d d c d . H , a a b
c ca d d c c da a a a a ac a c
d . T , a da d d ac -d d, a
a a a c , a a
da a a ca b d c ac a c
.
Ac a c a a da a, c c d
a d a c . A b F a
a d Wa (2003) a d J (2008) , a
c c a a ab a
d . T a a d, ac , enco rages ac -
a c pol ang la e da a. R ca C a 1 a
pol ang la ion c a a
c da a d ab a a d
acc ac . F a , b c a da a
, d c ab d a c ad d
c d b d b a a b a b d
a d d a d d a a -
c .
M c a , c d a a da a
c c a d c , d d C a 5.
B a a ( . ., b a , , a ) a d
a a ( . ., , c c , a ca , )

c a d.
124
S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a
A a da a cc a a d a a c
d . I radi ional q an i a i e a c d , a a ca
cc a a da a a b c c d. I radi ional
q ali a i e a c d , da a a a ca b d
da a c c , c a d c
c c da a, a d c d da a c c .
Ac a c c b a ac . J (2008)
, [A] c c da a, a a b
, ca , a a . T a a
c da a c c [a d a a ] b
a ( . 63). H c b a a
d a b a a a da a a a c a
b c c d.
D c ab c da a a a a ba d
a da a a a a a a .
M , a b a a a da a
a c a c ( ) b add d a d,
, a d b d . M a a da a a
a a a a d b a a d c c ,

ac a c a a da a a a d
a . Q a a da a a b a a d
d c a c a a c . I ca ,
d c a c c ; , a a c a
b d c a c a a
a b a ab (C , 2005).
A , a c d ad c : T
b c d a a a da a,
c a a c d , a , a d
c a b d a c
d . T a a ac a c da a ca c
c a d d a d a , a a c
d (F a & Wa , 2003). I add , a
d a o a a a da a; a
ac , ad a , da a a a
125
(C , 2005). I a ab a a ca c b
a a a d a a d C a 6.
126
The De eloping S age
T d a ac a c c

c a a
a a , da a c c , a d da a a a a . T
a a ac b ac c a d
c c ac a c a c d.
127
S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan
O c da a a b a a d a d a a
d, ac a c c
d a ac a . T a a a a
ac a c d ac a ac a c .
T a c d a ac a a
c c a d a b a ac a b
(C , 2005). T ac a a a d
a ac a c
c . A ac a d, c
c a b d, a a d, a d d,
a c c ca a ac a c .
T ac a a b d a d d a ac
c a , c ab a a a ac , a
c d a d c d ba . I a , a
b c a a a a d c ac
a ; , c a d a d d
b a c . T b

d c d a ab a ; ac a c d
c c a
.
F a ab a a ac a a d
a a a a C a 7.
128
The Reflec ing S age
T c a ac a c c a
d a a c
a c d. I add , a c
ac a c c a c ca a .
129
S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he
Re l
A a a a a c d a
d ca a c a a . Ac
a c d b d . S b ca a
d a c d a b a
ca a d a a a d a a
b d a a b a d. T
a a d ca a c a a

ac c a a d c d ,
a .
T a ca a a a . F
a , J (2008) a a a c a
a d c a ac a c
c a . R ca b a d a d c
a a a , a a a b
a a a a c d d ac ac
- c (J , 2008). E a d d a d a
a c a a b a a a a .
P a c ca c d a
ca a b ad c b a d , c a ,
ad a , d , a d a .
O a a , ac a c d
ca a b d a d a d ca a a d c ,
ca a . R ca b a
d a a c c ac
c , a a , a , a a
(J , 2008). Acad c a a a d
c a d a a a ca
b ad a d c . J a a c a c c
d ca a , a , dd , c
a c a b c a a a , a a c , c c ,
c a d , a a a a a a

a c a ac a c . T , ,
d a a c a a
d a d .
130
D a d a a d c ca
ac a c , b a a d , a d d
C a 8 a d 9.
131
S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce
Ac a c a ab c ca a a
ac c . I d c ca a
ac c , a a a c c a
ac c . R c , a a ac a c ,
a b d a d ac c c . I a c c a a
ac - a c a a b d , d
c , a d a d c ab b
a c ( c , a d,
c ac a c c c ).
H , a c a d a
c c ; c ac a c a d c ca a
ac c c d ring c ac . W a
ac a a a , c

a a d a a d b
d , a a a ac , a d
a c a a a a d c
. T a a d ring c .
S a , ac - a c d a c
ac c hro gho ac a c c . R c
ac c ac -
a c c c .
T a ac a d c a d,
a a , re isions c
a . B d , ac - a c a
c d d c ad a a c ; ca
ada c d a a a . I a ,
c a a a b a d
ac a c c c .
R c a c c d c ac a c
d c d C a 9.
132
A B ief E ample
N a a a a c c a ac
a ac a c d , c d a
a ac a c d . O a b
d a c a a c c a d d a ,

, a b d a d a c
d c U.S. c . T c a
a a b a a ad a a c
c a b A ca R a d d
c . T d a c a , ac
c c a a ac ,
b a a b a a bac a d
a ac ac ( . ., b c
a d c d bac d d a A ca
R ). T c a a ac
a a c a ac a c c , a d
a .
133
S ep 1: Iden if ing and Limi ing he Topic
T ac a c cca
d d c add
a a a d a a a c a a ac .
T d a b d
a c c b a d ca
. T d a c a a a a bac a d
a ac ( . ., b c ca
c d b a a ) a a
ac a ab a
c c . T ac d c d c a a

d c a c a a ac a
d ab a c c .
134
S ep 2: Ga he ing Info ma ion
T ac d c d a c a d ac
a a ac b c a a b d . T
a a ac ab a
a d a c c b ca
a cc d d cad a a . T a
a c ab bac a d a ac ac
c . Add a , ac d , d d ,
c a da , c d h b a
ca d
c . I d , ca c d a d c
a a a d a . T a
c d b d a. A
, a a c d a d d c d
a bac a d a ac c b a .
135
S ep 3: Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
T ac d c d c c a a a

ba d a c , add a ad a ad b a d
a cd a ac ab
c bac a d a ac ac ca ,
c ca ; ac a
d c ; a d, , d d a d
a b c d. T d c d a ,
d a c a d a d b d
a c d c a d ac c ac
ac a a a .
136
S ep 4: De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
I b d a a d d c
ac c a d d c a a d
c , ac d d c
c d d ( . ., bac a d
a ac c c ), a a d
c ad c d c ( . ., a ac a a
c a a d a ac ). T ac d c d
a c ab : Is here a difference in
ins r c ional effec i eness be een a back ard approach and a
for ard approach o eaching U.S. his or ? F , ba d
a d a a d a ,
ac a d c d : S den s ho

are e posed o he back ard approach ill e perience higher
academic achie emen , as e idenced b heir abili ies o make
connec ions be een his orical e en s, han hose e posed o he
more radi ional for ard approach.
S c a c a d , ac
d c d a d c U.S.
c c a . Eac ac ac c U.S.
ac ac , c b a
a d a ac a d c c a bac a d
a ac . Ac da a, a a ac -d d
a da a, b c c d a d d
U.S. c acad c a .
137
S ep 5: Implemen ing he Plan and Collec ing
Da a
T c a , ac d
a c -ba d a , c a
c d ab c c ca . I add ,
d a a U.S. ac , a
c c c ca a a
ca .
138

S ep 6: Anal ing he Da a
I d a d c a ,
ac b da a a a . T a ca c a
c ad a a da d d
ac ( . ., bac a d
a d a d ). T d a c
d a bac a d c a
a ac a ca a d a
ad a a . I d , a
a c d.
I add , c a ad a
c a -ba d a c a
a da d d ac . A a , a c
d.
139
S ep 7: De eloping an Ac ion Plan
W d a d, ac d c d a ac
c a a d d c c c c d a ab a
U.S. c c d ca a
a a c bac a d c a a ac .
T a a b a c d
c a ac b acad c a .
S a d c a d d a ca

a c a a ac ac U.S. .
140
S ep 8: Sha ing and Comm nica ing he
Re l
T c a a d c c c d a a d
ac a c d . T
d a c a a ac a a a
c b a d a d c ac a a a
c d d a b c a . T
ac d a d a a c a a
b b a d . A ac a d b a d
a a d a a
c b a a c a d c c c a
a a d b ac c .
141
S ep 9: Reflec ing on he P oce
O , ac d d b a d
d c d a ad c a b b c a
a . T c d a , c d :
H d d c ?
A a da a c c d

a a d a a c ?
W add a da a a c d d a
b c d d da a c c ?
T a d a
a bac a d a ac ac U.S.
.
S a
T c c ca a d a ac a c c c
a : a , ac , d , a d c .
T planning s age c :
Id a d c
Ga a
R a d a
D a a c a
T ac ing s age c :
I a a d c c da a
A a da a
T de eloping s age c d a ac a .
T reflec ing s age c :
S a a d c ca
R c c
142
1. W c ac a c c d

b d b d c ca ? E a a .
2. C d c ac a c a d
c a , d d b a b c d c ac
a c d d a a ? D a
ad a a a d a d ad a a d a .
3. D c a a b b c ca
ac a c d a d ca a
a d c .
4. S a d c a ac a
d d a a a a c . U - a
c d ac a c a d c a , b
d c b s s ema icall a b .
5. A a a d c a ac a
d d a a a a c , a c c ac
a c d c d c c -
c a d c a .
143
Ke Te m
ac a 36
c c 42
d a 36
d c c d 42
d 41

41
a a 36
a a 42
a 42
a ca 42
c a a c 39
c a 36
a c c 41
a c d 40
42
42
G d a d . Acc
d d a c a , ac c ,
F a ca d , a d a edge. agep b.com/me le 6e.
144
145
Imp o ing Reading Comp ehen ion in a

Ti le I P og am
146
A Ka a d c ac a c
c d a , a a d c a c
ad c a c d a add
a . S a d a a c d c
d , ba d a c a ad a d ab
c a :
R c c d a c: a A
E a c a a c a d a d a c : d-A
d-S b
D d : a S b
I ( c d d) a d c c da a: d-S b
a Oc b
A a da a: a Oc b d-N b
D a c c /d ac a / : d-
N b d-D c b
147

Meio i
148
Sa a a d T ad c c d c d d a a d
d c c a d a d a b ca
c a , a d a d c b a
a a d a . K a d d d
c a d c d ( . ., c
b , , a c c ), Sa a a d T a d a
d a c a d a c c c
a d a a a ac a d a a c.
T , d c d d a d a a
c , a c a a c , a d d d
c d c ac a c c a ac d c d
.
Ac R a c C c 2
149
The Ac ion Re ea ch P oce
Id c c c a c d
d c a a c .
Ob a a b d a c a c a d

c.
L a a ad a a a d a a
da a c c c .
Id a a d c ca a
ac a c .
150
151
Pa T o Ho Do I Begin M Ac ion
Re ea ch S d ?
Chap e 3. Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch and Re ie ing
Rela ed Li e a e
Chap e 4. De eloping a Re ea ch Plan
Pa II b d c a ac
a c c . I C a 3, a a d
a d a a c c a a a
a a a d c a d c d c a
a d a . I C a 4, a ab
a c a d , ba c a a a d
a a a c d , a d ca c d a . F a ,
ac ca a d a d d.

152
153
Chap e Th ee Planning fo Ac ion
Re ea ch and Re ie ing Rela ed
Li e a e
C a 3 O a
A b c d a a a a ac a c a d
d.
P a Ac R a c b a c a a a
d b .
1. Id a c
2. Ga a a
154
3. R a d a
A a a b a c a a d b :
1. Id a c
P a c d a
P a
I a c
T
D c

M a c
R a c c
2. L a c
F c , a , , , a d
3. Ga a a
R c a a c
S - c
D c
E a a
4. R a d a
E a a a a c , b , a d c
a d a ac a c c
P a d d d c c a
a a c
P a c
J a a c
M a
Pa d a c c
S c da c
R a c
S a a a
Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 1: M a a d E a
S d R c S c a S c
Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch
P a C d a
L a T c

Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion
Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
S c R a d L a
S a c ERIC Da aba O
S a c G Sc a
W a L a R
S mma
155
➤Ke Te m
➤S den S d Si e
➤Ac ion Re ea ch Ca e S d 2: I R ad
C a T I P a
U d a d M a d M
➤W i ing Up Ac ion Re ea ch
156

157
Planning fo Ac ion Re ea ch
R ca a K a, K , a d J - ad ac d
c J d a d Sa a a c a c a d
c a d c d c a c
IEP . H , a d ad c b a
ac a a a c a c a c
b ca d d a d d d a b
ac - ad c a . T a a c a
c ad a a , a b ca
d a d a . O , a a
ad b c c a c c a c d a
b ca a c d b c . W d
a d c a c c a , a d
a a c . D d c - ad
a , J d a d Sa a d c d a a b a
a c d- a d d- ad d , a . A c
d a c a a d ac a a -
ad , K a, K , a d J ca a a a a
d a c c ca ad
.
T d ca a d d c a a
a a a a a d a d . T

d a a c acad c a a d c a d ca
ac b ca a d , b a ca
c a c a c a
a d, a c a , c a c c . T ad a
c a d ac c a d a
a ca , b ac ,
c a c .
K a, K , a d J d c d a b , c d
c d c a add a , d a a a ,
b c , b a d , ba , ca , a d b a . I add ,
ca a c a 30- c a c
a d a d c a
a ac . T , d c d d c a b a b a
c a c , a 15 c a ac . T a
d c d d c a a c , a d
d d c c a c c d b a .
T d ca a a ac a c a , a
d ; d d a
c c da a a d c ad ad a
158
d c . T a d a c d d a a d
a , c a , a d c a a d
( a ) a d a c a c a c .

159
T a d ac a c a d b
d ca ad a add a b ?
I d d a a b a c d
a ?
D a a b a d a
b d ac a c c ?
D d a da a b c c d a a
b , a a ?
T c c a a a c d a c a d
c d a a d a a c
a d a a d a a c a d c. I
c a , a a c d a c
a c , c d a d a a
a a d a a c a c. I add ,
a ac a c a d a d a . T
ac c d d a a c c
a d a , d a a c c , a d
a a . S c a c a d a d a
c a a ac
a c .

160
Iden if ing a Topic fo Re ea ch
Id c b a d a ac a c d
b . I a a .
N a c a a c d a c a
a c c b a d a c a
(H bba d & P , 2003). I a c c b ad
a , a c a b c d a
b a a da a c c , c da a, a d
. I c a , a b b c c
da a a a a d. T a
c a a c c d c d d a a
c a .
T a c c d add a a c c a b ,
c a a acad c b a c a
a a (R a & Ta , 1996). J (2008) d
161
a a c a a c a ac
a c d a . T b a a :
1. Tr ing a ne eaching me hod. T ac c d
a ac d c ; ac a c a

a c a c
ac d .
2. Iden if ing a problem. F ac c
a b a a a
d, b cc a d d a c a
c d ; a a d a d ca a a ca
d ca b d a d b a d b
ca a d ca a .
3. E amining an area of in eres . T ac a a ,
a d, a c , c ab a c a c
d ca a d; ac a c ca b d
c d c c a a a .
M a d C a (2011) a a d d b d
a ca c c d ac a c d .
T a a :
C a T c ca c d
a a c ca a d c c a
c a a d c b d a d
ac d a .
I c a a a T c c d a a
b a d d a a c d
a d c , c ac d a a
a d c c c , a d d

c a a .
C a a a T c c d b ac a d
d a ac d b a
a a , d c d d ac
d a , a d d a
c ac ab ac a d .
I c a d T c c d c a
ac d d a , ac a ac
a ca a d a a
a , a d d d c dbac
d acad c a c .
162
T a a a d ca T c
c d a c a d d a d a d
a c , ac a a -
a d a , a d a d d a a
a .
G ad a d a a Y c a
ad a d a a d c a
d a , , ac , a d a d . O
a c a c d c a
a c a a d ad a a
a d .
C c T c (a) a c
a a d ac a d d a c c (b)

a c a ac
c c .
T ca a a c a a
ac a c a . T a d add a
a c c a d c a a ca
c c , c a d ca , c , c ca c ,
a c , a , c a c , d a a ,
a d d d ca . B a d a b ad d
d ca , a c ac a c
c .
Video Clip 3.1 V a c D . M d c d
a c d .
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S den S d Si e.
I a b a a a c c .
E a a d d a a ac
a c d , c ca c d , a , a d ac
a a a a d a ca
a a a d a a c a d . T a
c d a a d d c a d a a
163
a d a a a d

d d .
Ma c ac a c a d a
c. O a 5 W P c . T 5 W
P c , a d d b T a M C a , a
c ca -a d- c a . T a
c d ca a b . A
a a , c d ac a
d d . T a
a a F 3.1. (N a a b b d a
ca a a a a .)
164
P elimina Con ide a ion
O c a d c d d a a c a a a a
d a , a d d a a a
a a a ac ca c d a (M & C a , 2011).
C d a c a ab a a
a c c (Sc a bac , 2003).
F personal in eres c. P a c
a a c a c . O
a d, a a c a a a c c . I
ca , c c ,
d d c d a . I add , a b
d a c a c a

a c, a d a c c
. I a d a a a d
a -d d a c a a d d .
S c d c impor ance c. T
ac a c d d a
d c d a a a po en ial a a
d c a c d ca . I b a
a c c a d c ,
a . Y a d c
a b d c a a d ad a .
Fig e 3.1 Sa 5 W P c , U T a P d d
A d C
165
A d a a a 5 P c a a d
d a d d b .
T d a a ab d a 5 W P c P b Id ca ,
a d a c a b . Eac
a ad a c d a ,
d :
W a c c b a b d? - S d d
.

W d /d a ? - T d d a a
.
W d /d a ? - T a a
b a a d a d d d .
W d /d a ? - T d a
; ac d.
W d /d a ? - T d d a d
.
166
W d /d a ? - I a a a a
a d a d a .
A b d a a a d d b ,
c : S 5 W P c b
a d d ca a b .
T d c ( c a a a ad b
a c c ) a d a c a amo n of
ime a d . C a
d a a a ab . T a a
ac a c c a a a
a ac d . A b a , a b
b c a c ca a a a
.

F diffic l a c a a d
c. F a a a a d ca
a , a c a c a
c a b a c . T a ,
a c c b ac ca . I a a d a
a c d a a c . I
d a a d a a c
b d d d a ca ab . I ad ab
c c d c , bab d a
c a c a d a b c d c d a d
a c a a d.
F a mone ar cos s a c a d a
c. I c a d d a c a
d , a a , a , a d ,
a d a d c , a a , a d a
a c. T a a d c c
a a c .
F a , ac a c d b c a research e hics.
G a a , ca a d a b a c d c
a c a a c a ( . ., d , ac )
a a d, c d ca , a , a d c ca
a . A a c d d a a b
a d a acc ab d d ca a a c .

167
Limi ing a Topic
O c a c a b c d a d a a d a a
c d a ab , a b d d b
ca b c a c d. T d ac a
c a b ad, a , c (M & C a ,
2011). T c a a c a a a
c d a a d a ab a c
a a a d ca c c.
F c c a a c b
a d c . U ac a c d a a
c c a d c a c , c ab a d a
a d a a a ab (Sc a bac , 2003). I add ,
c a d b d d a c a a d
a b . Sc a bac (2003) a a
c, ac b d a a
d a .
P d d Tab 3.1 a a a b ad a c
c a d d, c d c a .
A c a b a d a d c a d Tab
3.1, c c b a c c a c
d c a d c. R a c
a d a d c d d a
c a .

168
Table 3.1
169
Ga he ing P elimina Info ma ion
A d C a 2, a d a d a c
a a c c, a a
a . A a a , I a
ac , ad a , c c
d c , d a c d
a c c. U d b d , a c a d
a d a a d a
ac a c . T a a d add a a
a c ab c a d a a b a a
researchable c a ad c d d. Y
a a a d a dbac d a . I
add , a c d ac
a a c c a d , ac a a
a d ca a a , a d a
c d a c.
F a , d a a a d a d a
acc b c I .

A c d d a a d
a , c ca a a o n b ,
d , a d c a d a ac a c
c. T c , c M (2011) ca reconnaissance,
a c b a d a a b
d a d a a d c a c b .
R c a a c a : - c , d c , a d
a a . W a a a ac
a c , M (2011) a b b c
d a d :
T d ca a a ac c a ac c
Y d ca a a
Wa c a a d ca , a ,
c b a c c
T ca c c a d ac a
c a d ca b a a
T ca c d b ab ac
a d a
170
T ac , , d c c a
b . H , d d
c b d d a ab a b a
a d ca a ac a c .
T c a a c d c b a c a
b a b a a c a

. I d acc , c ho,
ha , here, hen, a d ho b . T ca
d c a c , a c a
a a c ac a c . O , a
a c a d c c a a c ,
a ac a c d a a a c a c a d
d a d. T , a a c c a a d
a a :
W a d c a a c a a b
a a b ?
W c d ( . ., c ) a a c d b
b ?
H a a , c c , c a ?
H a a , c c , a a d/
c d?
H d a a a , c c ,
c a d?
W a a a c a d c
c c ?
W d c a a a a ?
A a c a a c a d d c
b a d a h b cc . A
ab a a ? I , ba d b
a a , ca d a d ac
a c d . R ca a a h po hesis a a ab

d a d , ad b d b . Y a
a a ac a c c ca a a
d d c . Y d b d b
c ab b a d ac a d a a d
ca c ac a d a c .
F , d b d d b c a d ca c
171
c a a a c c d a
c a .
172
Re ie ing he Rela ed Li e a e
T a ac a c c , a d a
a , a d a .
Acc d J (2008, . 75), a li e a e e ie a
a a a a c , ERIC d c , b , a d
c a d ac a c c . B
a d a , ca d a c, a c , a d
a a d a a c d a a
a c (R a & Ta , 1996). Y a a d
a c a a ca , a c ,
, d da a c c , a d da a a a

c (J , 2008). A a ca a a
d a c d b a ca ca d c a
d a a c b
a d d.
T a ca a ab a c c b
ac a c c a d a a a d, d , a d
d c d (J , 2008). T a
. A a a a d
d c a c d a a c
c a d c . I a a a , a
c d c a a d a ca a
d (M , 2011). I a b d d a c
c b ca a a a
a a , c b a
c ca a . F a ,
c d c a a ca a a
a a a d , a
d ab a d ca . N a a
d a a ac a c c ,
a a c ab ac (J , 2008). F 3.2
d c a c a a d a ca
a a c a ac a c d .
B b a c a a d c,
d b a a a . F , a d
a a b , a c , a d c c a

173
c ac . J b ca a b
b d d a d. W d a a c ,
a , a c d c a d c
a a b a c d (Sc a bac , 2003). W -
a c d a c a d a c a ba d
c c a da a; d a d
a empi ical e ea ch. E ca d a b ,
b a ba d a d d a a a
a d c .
A c d a c a c ca
b c . Y d b d ac a c
c a a a d c a
c c . O , ac - a c a a d
a a a a c a d . I
a d a b a a a a a
a c - c a a d c,
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TitleABC123 Version X1Individual Case StudiesCJHS4

TitleABC123 Version X1Individual Case StudiesCJHS4

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