Construction; BOND STREET REDEVELOPMENT

Syed Mutayib RIZVI
UEL 1240894
RETAIL AND RESIDENTIAL RE-
DEVELOPMENT PLAN |
HANOVER SQUARE
EG 7003|ENGINEERING
MANAGEMENT AND PROJECT
ORGANISTAION

Table of Contents
................................................................................................................................................................1
1 Overview of the Environmental Issues Affecting the Construction and Operation of the Project
(SYED/1240894) ......................................................................................................................................5
1.1. Urban Environment Issues......................................................................................................6
1.1.1. Carbon dioxide emissions from construction (CLIMATE CHANGE):................................6
1.1.2. Road Traffic/Sustainable Delivery Process......................................................................6
1.1.3. Construction Waste ........................................................................................................9
1.1.4. The Process of Buying Materials...................................................................................10
2. Economic Evaluation and Likely Cost (SYED/1240894)....................................................................11
3. Method of Construction | Sustainability and Buildability (SYED/1240894) .....................................13
3.1 Sustainable Choice of Materials..................................................................................................16
3.2 Construction Method | Concrete Pumping ................................................................................17
3.3. Operation of Mobile Pumps on Site...........................................................................................17
3.4 Site Planning................................................................................................................................17
3.5 Ready-Mix Concrete | Specification ...........................................................................................18
3.6 Approach to Specification...........................................................................................................18
3.7 Accepting the Delivery................................................................................................................18
3.8 Benefits .......................................................................................................................................19
3.9 A Site Waste Management Plan .................................................................................................19
4. Critical activities and Resource Smoothing.......................................................................................21
(SYED/1240894) ....................................................................................................................................21
Description of Key Elements/Phases, Duration and Integration of Design activities.......................21
4.2 Resource Smoothing............................................................................................................23
4.3 Some vital points to remember for effective resource levelling:...............................................24
5. Procurement Method and Contractual Obligation: Justification (SYED/1240894)...........26
5.1 Procurement Criteria ............................................................................................................26
a. The Design Process ............................................................................................................27
b. Cost Led Procurement........................................................................................................27
c. Point of Responsibility .......................................................................................................28
6. References (SYED/1240894)...................................................................................................32
Marco Yow Chuan Eng 1153800...........................................................................................................33
7. Question 2(a) ................................................................................................................................33
Area Improvement................................................................................................................................34
8. Justification for the most appropriate alternative. (Marco)[Question 2(b)] ....................................35
8. Area Improvement........................................................................................................................36

Part 2 [Question 5]................................................................................................................................38
9. Explain the role of the Engineers in this engineering project. (Marco)........................................38
10. Advise the client on this project [Part 2 Question 9] (Marco)........................................................40
Methods for Resolving Conflicts and Disputes .................................................................................40
Resolving conflicts and disputes.......................................................................................................40
NEGOTIATION ...................................................................................................................................40
MEDIATION.......................................................................................................................................41
ARBITRATION ....................................................................................................................................42
LITIGATION........................................................................................................................................43
SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE METHOD ..........................................................................................44
B) Role of an engineer as an expert witness (Marco)...........................................................................44
12. Explain how Building Information Modelling (BIM) can be applied to this project [Part 2 Question
7(e)] (Marco).........................................................................................................................................45
Planning ............................................................................................................................................46
Preliminary design ............................................................................................................................47
Detailed design & engineering..........................................................................................................47
Construction and program management .........................................................................................47
Asset management, operations and maintenance...........................................................................48
13. 2 c) Risk assessment of the sensitivity of the project to failure .....................................................48
Question 7b...........................................................................................................................................52
14. Discuss any Health and Safety obligations and provide detailed method statements for the
construction of the major elements of the works (Evangios/1332237)...............................................52
15 Question 7d (EVANGELOS LIONTOS u1332237) ..............................................................................58
16 Question 8........................................................................................................................................62
Differences between Quality control and quality assurance (Evangios/1332237) ..............................62
Practical Measures:...........................................................................................................................63
17 Describe the current political and economic landscape that the Engineers for this project
currently face and the influence that they have on the success of the outcome. ...............................64
18 QUESTION 2(f): An indication of the Town Planning Issues which will affect the project and
suggest possible mitigation. (1246418)................................................................................................68
Personal Reflection Statements............................................................................................................71
(SYED/1240894) ....................................................................................................................................72
Marco Yow Chuan Eng 1153800...........................................................................................................76
EVANGELOS LIONTOS (1332237)..........................................................................................................80
Mohd. Husin (1246418) ........................................................................................................................83

List of Figures
Figure 1 Source: National Planning Framework (2012) ..........................................................7
Figure 4: Life Cycle Stages (EPA 1993) .................................................................................10
Figure 5 Three bottom lines of sustainability..........................................................................14
Figure 6 Critical Stages of Sustainable Design (Building for a sustainable future: an
engineer’s guide, ISE..................................................................................................................15
Figure 7 Project Planner showing the Critical Path of the Construction Phase.................22
Figure 8 Project Planner with Resource Smoothing Opportunity.........................................24
Figure 9: CLP Inception to Hand over: Process (Source: //www.gov.uk.............................30
Figure 10: Key areas of focus in detail from Inception to Selection.....................................31
Figure 11: Design stage in the procurement method (Source: //www.gov.uk)...................31

1 Overview of the Environmental Issues Affecting
the Construction and Operation of the Project
(SYED/1240894)
The impact of construction projects on the society and lives of common people is
huge. The construction industry contributes to around 10% of the UK economy and
is forecasted to provide around 185,000 jobs in the next 5 years. However, at the
same time its impact on the environment should not be neglected at all. The
industry is also a major cause of the issues posed to our environment which if not
addressed properly may have a very negative impact. Therefore, a considerable
focus should be paid on the environmental issues that a construction project may
have on. When environmental issues are mention, it does not only mean the effects
that are a threat to the environment while the construction phase. What it means is
the whole life assessment of the deliverables. In such cases, a life cycle
assessment of the materials may be carried out starting from procurement,
choosing sub-contractors carefully and the effects of the materials after they have
been used. An end of life use of the materials chosen and careful selection of the
construction methods should be thoroughly specified at the tender stage.
The proposed development at Hanover Square is of prime importance and can
have a tremendous impact on the environment as it is situated in the Heart of
London. A high number (155,000) of people daily commute to Bond Street because
of great connectivity from Jubilee as well as Central Line. Moreover, after the start
of the Cross-Rail in 2017, it is forecasted to have an even higher number (225,000)
of people commuting to and from Bond Street. However, if the environmental
issues are considered at an early phase of the construction of the proposed re-
development of this project it will be easy to devise an improvement scheme for
the project. This will be vital to the success of the project if the addressed issues
are dealt with in an orderly manner and achieved as TFL lays a very high
importance on sustainability.
In the following section, a look at the issues on Urban Environment will be taken:

Bond Street is a centre of commerce and cultural heritage, innovation, knowledge
and education. It symbolise stability, moral authority, political authority and a view
into the cultural diversity of the nation.
As part of the UK government’s Regional Spatial Strategies and the Sustainable
Communities Plan, massive urban growth is envisaged.
1.1. Urban Environment Issues
In this section, an overview of the environmental issues affecting the construction
and operation of the proposed development will be discussed. Before that, it is very
important to go through a brief history of UK’s cities and environmental issues that
may be a concern. UK government policies have been very strict towards the
environmental issues such as pollution. This shows in the control that it has taken
over heavy industries and has been replaced by the service sector and the light
manufacturing sector. Even after that evidence has been found that few areas of
urban air quality are deteriorating once again and its worst impact has been on the
human health. This further reinstates the importance of finding and using more
environmentally sustainable forms of construction.
Here are some of the environmental issues that might affect the construction and
operation of the project:
1.1.1. Carbon dioxide emissions from construction (CLIMATE CHANGE):
The emphasis of cutting down the UK’s emissions by 60% by 2050 is huge. The
government had actually planned a 30 year forecast in which it was forecast that
the emissions should go down by 20% from 1990 to 2020. However, recent
forecast show something very contrary to what was predicted. It showed that the
emissions would decline by only 9% by 2020. This makes the 2020 to 2050 forecast
look very difficult to achieve as it would have to fall five times in the next 30 year
period. After the Department of Trade and Industry Energy Review of the 9%
decrease in emissions, it seems that the target is not easily achievable.
1.1.2. Road Traffic/Sustainable Delivery Process leading to minimum disruption to the
already busy Bond Street area. Road traffic also causes problems of air quality and
noise.
 Local authority policy for traffic movement. Delivery will have to be between 23:00
to 7:00 as the road traffic noise is the lowest during this time as per National

Planning Policy Framework (2012), Department for Communities and Local
Government.
Figure 1 Source: National Planning Framework (2012)

 This is in light of the fact that large good vehicles such as used in construction
would cause higher emissions and more traffic noise. This would add up further to
the congestion and the noise.
 Timing of the delivery. Due to the lack of storage space at the site it is of utmost
importance to have prefabricated deliveries and also time the deliveries to
precision.
 This would ensure safe and secure delivery with accurate timing because of a lack
of storage place.
 Ensure safe removal of waste.
 Deliveries could be done at night or morning.
 Conduct a risk assessment of loading points.
 Contact operators registered with best practise scheme.
 Encourage sourcing items locally.
 Vehicle management system.
 vibration and pollution
 background noise
 localised adverse effects on the occupants of properties and the street environment
 Need to travel by protecting local services close to residential areas, easing traffic
congestion, ensuring accessibility and creating a pleasant environment.

1.1.3. Construction Waste
As discussed before construction is one of the major causes of environmental
issues. This point is further stressed upon when the topic of construction waste is
touched. Construction waste such as asbestos, carbon emissions from steel,
embodied energy, etc. form a major cause of pollutants and the right treatment of
these waste products is vital to the success of the project. Therefore, the right
choice of materials has great impact on the outcome of the project. Recycle,
efficient use and re-use of the materials should be ensured to achieve the targets
at a t the outset. The minimization of wastes such as landfill and carbon emissions
can thus be reached.
The two main categories in which construction waste can be divided are:
a. Waste generated from design and specifications
Uneconomical design solutions are a reason of the waste contribution by design.
In terms of specification, it is those unsuitable specification of the materials for
construction that result in construction waste. These issues need to be addressed
at an early stage and the most effective way is to involve the structural engineers
at an early stage. Therefore, the design decisions have a huge impact on amount
of wastage involved and thus, on the success of the project in terms of
sustainability. For example dry-lining, flooring, ceilings, insulation, tiling, paving,
brickwork and block work.
It is in the best to design this waste out. The main purpose is to keep the main thing
the main thing. The main thing is to reduce waste and that can only be ensured if
the estimated waste can be controlled and reduced at the tender stage itself.
b. Waste generated as a result of construction activities
A very high emphasis needs to be laid on construction methods and construction
process. The wastage at the construction activities is difficult to estimate at tender
stage
The construction activities involved in these processes if planned at an early stage
by focusing on the way it is generated and then implemented and managed
through-out the construction process can have a huge impact on the reduction on
the waste generated.

1.1.4. The Process of Buying Materials
It is mainly the contractors and the sub-contractors that the client or client
representative should look up to in order to make a significant gain in the reduction
of waste as they are the ones responsible for buying materials for the proposed
development. The procurement of the materials and having quality assurance
determines the wastage in a big way. The adoption of a robust system should be
embraced in estimating the requirement of the materials. This should be done at
the start of the project and the result will definitely be shown on completion. By
understanding what the wastage rates are, the sub-contractor will then be able to
take action to reduce waste.
Figure 4: Life Cycle Stages (EPA 1993)

2. Economic Evaluation and Likely Cost
(SYED/1240894)
Economic evaluation of the engineering Infrastructure plays a huge role in the
success of the proposed re-development plan as the construction industry has a
bad reputation for the high level of corporate and personal insolvency (bankruptcy).
This is due to incompetence or lack of focus on marinating the cash flow. More
importantly even after generating high profits a company can still go insolvent
because of the shortage of cash at the required time to pay its dues. This means
that the company ceases to trade.
After reading the paragraph above, the importance of evaluating the finances of
the proposed development is evident and one has to thoroughly understand its
importance in order to be able to efficiently manage all aspects of the project. It is
only when the finances of the have been sorted and there is no financial concern
for the project that the remaining planning of design and construction can be carried
out. This is because the proposed project will now be immune to any failure
resulting from financial side.
The costs of a constructed facility to the owner include both the initial capital cost
and the subsequent operation and maintenance costs. Each of these major cost
categories consists of a number of cost components.
The capital cost for a construction project includes the expenses related to the
initial establishment of the facility:
 Planning and feasibility studies
 Architectural and engineering design
 Construction, including materials, equipment and labour
 Field supervision of construction
 Construction financing
 Insurance and taxes during construction
 Owner's general office overhead
 Equipment and furnishings not included in construction

 Inspection and testing
The operation and maintenance cost in subsequent years over the project life cycle
includes the following expenses:
 Operating staff
 Labour and material for maintenance and repairs
 Periodic renovations
 Insurance and taxes
 Financing costs
 Utilities
 Owner's other expenses
According to TFL, the number of passengers using per day is predicted to increase
from 155,000 to 225,000. The total construction cost of the re-development is
approximately 275 million.
Y
ea
r
Predicted flow of Commuters
(225,000/day)
Construction
cost(£)
Operating
cost(£)
1 225,000 275120000 6000000
2 235,000 275120000 6000000
Table 1 showing cost of construction and operating cost
Y
ea
r
Value of Retail, Commercial
and Residential apartments
to be sold
Construction
cost(£)
Operating
cost(£)
1 340,000000 275,120000 6000000
2 340,000000 275,120000 6000000
Table 2 showing the return on retail, commercial and residential apartments

The present value was determined by using the following formula
F/ (1+r) r =PV
Present value-PV
Discounted Rate-F
Number of period-R
Assuming a discount rate of 0.035
Flats Cost(£) Value of 1 Refurbished
Apartments (£)
1 2375000 2894686(after
completion)
2 4755000 5789372
5 11887500 14473430
8 19020000 23157488
10 23775000 28946860
Total 61,812,500(26 flats only) 75,261,836(26 flats only)
Table 3 showing cost and return on 26 flats predicted to be sold by next year
3. Method of Construction | Sustainability and
Buildability (SYED/1240894)
“A development that meets the needs of the present generation and at the same
time does not compromise the ability of the future generations to meet their own
needs” (World Commission of Environment and Development). This definition of
‘‘It is clear that we cannot meet our declared environmental targets without
dramatically reducing the environmental impact of buildings and infrastructure
construction; we have to change the way we design and build.’’ – HM Government.

Strategy for sustainable construction, UK, June 2008 [ISE, Building for a
Sustainable Future: an engineer’s guide]
Involvement of Structural Engineers at an early stage to ensure sustainability
Structural engineers should meet socio-economic sustainable objectives during
the proposed development by:
 Preferring local contractors and suppliers so as to create jobs within the
community, and retain funds expended within the community.
 Considerate Constructors Scheme registered construction sites.
 Choosing materials and construction methods known in the local supply chain.
Figure 5 Three bottom lines of sustainability

Figure 6 Critical Stages of Sustainable Design (Building for a sustainable future:
an engineer’s guide, ISE

3.1 Sustainable Choice of Materials
Lightweight concrete
The production of Lightweight concrete depends on the use of a variety of
lightweight aggregate and fly ash. The source of origin for the lightweight aggregate
are the natural raw materials such as clay, slate or shale and the fly ash is obtained
from the industrial by-products. The use of light weight concrete ensures cost
savings in foundations and reinforcements (as a result of reduction in dead load).
The savings are mainly due to the reduction in transportation and handling cost of
the pre-caste units on site and a reduction in formwork and propping.
No-fines concrete
The eliminated material from the normal concrete mix makes up the no-fines
concrete and is mainly used in verges. A thin layer of cement paste gives the
concrete its strength and surrounds and holds together the single sized coarse
aggregates. The lower density, cost (as a result of lower cement content), thermal
conductivity, drying shrinkage, no segregation and water capillary movement are
some of the benefits of the no-fines concrete. As compared to conventional
concrete, no-fines concrete gives better insulating capabilities.
Self-compacting concrete
The SCC (Self Compacting Concrete) has an increased rate of flow with the use
of super plasticisers and stabilisers. The primary reason for the use of SCC is
because of the fact that it does not require vibration. Without any segregation of
the coarse aggregate, SCC is able to achieve compaction into every part of the
mould or formwork by means of its weight. This benefit makes SCC an ideal
material for use in the City of Westminster taking into consideration the noise
control (which won’t be needed) restrictions.
SCC has seen an increased use in the UK, after originally being developed in
Japan. The reason for this is that it offers fast construction, increased rate of flow
and high workability.

3.2 Construction Method | Concrete Pumping
If the delivery takes too long it slows down the process and more costly it becomes.
The ingredients become segregated due delay in time, the construction should be
weaker than what was required.
Safety Issues to be addressed
 Employ trained operatives.
 Ensure PPE (Personal Protective Equipment)
 Being aware of the flexible hose movement and whiplash
 A sufficiently enough number of operatives for spreading and compacting the
concrete at the rate pumped
3.3. Operation of Mobile Pumps on Site
Pumps can be static or mobile. The modern mobile pumping will be used on the
site as it has a very high capacity which allows it to reach most parts of the building.
On sites in crowded city areas it has seen that modern mobile pumping is more
efficient than the traditional methods [Concrete on Site, The Concrete Society].
The modern pumps are very versatile as they can be easily coupled to reach
beyond their limits (coupled to fixed pipelines) and allow the tower crane to work
elsewhere on site and thus, save time.
The typical vertical length that a pump can move concrete to is at least 50m.
However, it will be made possible when using fixed pipelines.
Time Saving by the Use of Pump
More than 50𝑚3
of concrete can be delivered in an hour time by the most modest
sized pumps. When compared to the crane with let us say 1𝑚3
skip (5 minute turn
around cycle) can deliver only 12𝑚3
in an hour. In the market, there are pumps
available with an even higher pumping capacity of as much as 200𝑚3
per hour.
3.4 Site Planning
When planning, there are two factors that need to be taken special care of. These
are the right selection of the pump (depending on the site requirements) and the
proper organisation and delegation of responsibility between the concrete
supplier, contractor and hirer.

3.5 Ready-Mix Concrete | Specification
The ready mix concrete was chosen for pumping keeping in mind the limited time
constrains and the crowded location of the site. This would also help to keep the
noise to the minimum as the concrete mixing would be taking place ex-situ. The
person (or company) that places the order should be responsible for the
specification and guidance should be taken from BS 8500-1.
3.6 Approach to Specification
According to the BS 8500-1 five types are recognised:
a. Designated
b. Designed
c. Prescribed
d. Standardised Prescribed
e. Proprietary
Without out going into details of each one of them, the justification of the chosen
specification approach should be laid out for clarity.
The approach that has been taken for the specification of the ready mix concrete
is Design Approach. As per the requirements of the proposed development, a
variable need of the concrete mix would arrive depending on the exposure
environment, design life, strength, consistency, etc.
The Design Approach would be beneficial as it would allow more control from the
client’s side over the required strength class, cement content ratio, and any other
requirements when ordering the concrete from the purchaser. A list of all the
relevant information must be provided to the producer in order to allow them to
design the concrete accordingly. The BS 8500-1 would be consulted for the
specification as per the requirements of the proposed development.
3.7 Accepting the Delivery
The load that arrives at the site should be checked for the correct one. Many times
several section of the site may be expecting the delivery at the same time. At
regular intervals identity testing should be carried out.

Table 4: Showing the selection criteria as per the requirements
3.8 Benefits
 The construction process is speeded up by having concrete mixed off-site (ready
mixed-concrete)
 Ready mixed concrete would ensure better workability and build-ability as working
conditions are better.
 This would also keep in check the quality and requirements as the mix would be
prepared in normal conditions.
 The process being fast enough to pour in the concrete would ensure minimum
disruption to the site.
 Thus, reducing cost and ensuring the work is completed in time.
3.9 A Site Waste Management Plan should be implemented to take care of any
legislation resulting from a relevant waste. The reduction re-use and recovery of
construction waste should be maximised by including a good practise guidance.
The least preferred option should be the disposal to landfill.

 Logistic strategy aimed at minimising waste. A centralised site materials database
shall be used to achieve minimum waste and by providing information on the
project requirement for materials. Thus, damage to materials can be reduced with
an in time delivery as this would minimise the stored time of the materials. The
cumulative over-ordering of the materials can be restricted by co-ordinating and
planning the materials ordering process.
 In case of materials, where “just in time” deliveries cannot be possible, alternatives
such as the secure storage facilities should be provided so that the materials
remain safe from any sort of damage which would ultimately result in waste.
 A site waste manager should be appointed to monitor the waste management plan
and ensure the reduction process are kept in check.

4. Critical activities and Resource Smoothing
(SYED/1240894)
Description of Key Elements/Phases, Duration and Integration of Design activities

Figure 7 Project Planner showing the Critical Path of the Construction Phase

4.1. The construction phase of re-development of the project
The Microsoft Project Planner above was used to create a critical activity
sequence. This describes the construction phases of the planned re-development
at Hanover Square.
The design process should always keep ahead of the construction so as to ensure
that nothing is built before designing. This stage is very important as it would
determine the increase of waste consequently.
The lead times are considered early in the planning of the project and the
placement of the orders is done simultaneously with the construction process of
the abutments.
The precast section would be fabricated off-site after considering and finalising the
design. This would help save enormous time.
4.2 Resource Smoothing
Resource Smoothing sometimes called as ‘Resource Levelling’ is the process of
gradually maintain the flow (need) of workforce. It is often seen that bricklayers and
joiners have over allocation problems for the contractor. Resource smoothing is
very important for the efficient use of resources.
For example, the labour configuration may fluctuate in such a way that six joiners
are required on a given day and 2 the next day, none the day after. The efficient
use of the available resources is ensured when the increase in the resource
demand is gradual towards the start of the project and reaches the peak and then
starts getting slower towards the end of the construction.
As seen in the project planner critical activity chart (see figure 8), towards the week
20, 37 and 47 there seems to be an overlap of multiple activities which might result
in peak demand of the work force. Where ever possible it should be made sure that
critical activities would not be affected by any change in work force. As far as
floating activities are concerned, they can be extended or delayed as they won’t
have an effect on the construction process (or may stop the construction to proceed
to the next stage). Therefore, ensuring the sequence of work flow.

Figure 8 Project Planner with Resource Smoothing Opportunity
4.3 Some vital points to remember for effective resource levelling:
 Supervision by the General Foreman and Site Manager at regular intervals of the
process.
 This should be planned at an early stage when reviewing the programme plan and
resource smoothing should be ensured in times of peak demand during the
construction process.
 In usual circumstances the project completion date wouldn’t be extended and thus,
the contractor would have to level the peak demand over the available float (not
critical path) to ensure that the problem is overcome.

 However, it should be ensured that the contractor has the control over the labour
as they might find work else-where and not come back.
Labour
 10 Joiners
 40 labourers
 3 crane operators
 2 Concrete Pump operators

5.Procurement Method and Contractual
Obligation: Justification (SYED/1240894)
5.1 Procurement Criteria
Procurement method forms one of the most important stages of the project and is
vital to the success of the prjoect.
The NEDO report “Thinking about Building” (NEDO 1985) suggested 8
procurement factors to be considered by the client at the assesment stage of a
procurement method. Theprimary and most important factors to be considered are:
 Time- Project timing from start (inception) and finish (completion or handover).
 Quality- Required Standards of the Client’s specified design and workmanship.
 Cost- Keeping in mind the market price at bidding and final account stage.
 The other 5 factors are:
 Complexity- in terms of design, services and layout.
 Controllable variation- any variations that may result due to client being unsure
of his requirements. It may prove difficult to assess and agree the variation in costs.
 Degree of Competetion- creating competetion at the construction and design
stages of the project depending on client’s requiremnt.
 Client responsibilty- wether the client wants to be involved in the decision making
process or not.
 Risk in Project- risk in terms of commercial, ocupational, design and construction.
After establishing the client’s brief and assesing the feasibilty of the project,
obtaining the required project finance and establishing a realistic time frame a
detailed overview of the procurement assesment criteria can be outlined.
Turner(1997) and Seeley (1997) and both Morledge et al. (2006) Masterman
(2002) have discussed many different strategies for a variety of clients and
circumstances. For examle, a clent may need the work to be finished within a tim
e frame or a specified date which means that the client might want the project to
be completed:
 as quickly as possiple.

 by a specific date that must be achieved.
 with no time slippage once it commences.
So in such cases the the choice of procurement route will be diferent as compared
to other circumstances where, other criteria such as price criteria, quality, etc. are
taken into strict consideration as per client requirement.
Since the initial criteria for the procurement strategies has been established, we
are now in a position to further understand the crucial considerations of the
procurement of the design services.
a. The Design Process
Given the complexity of the design processes for construction processes and
involves numerous different professional disciplines it goes through several stages
and iterations before completion.
Bearing in mind the requirements of the client for the project in hand and the degree
of risk the client is most comfortable with (based on the criteria that was established
in the previous section of this chapter), he can consider whether to involve the
contractor. These design considerations based on the client’s requirements have
a huge impact on the procurement route selected. The client requirements can
change if he is not sure of his requirements. Therefore, the design variations should
be taken in to consideration at an early stage and the strategy should ensure that
the variations are controllable.
b. Cost Led Procurement
The CLP works perfect when the project is very much repeatable, and this benefits
when dealing with the supply chain team as it harbours competition which in turn
cause further cost reduction. This usually happens because of their experience

from the similar previous projects. Thus, a continuous improvement process is
started
The CLP works perfect when the project is very much repeatable, and this benefits
when dealing with the supply chain team as it harbours competition which in turn
cause further cost reduction. This usually happens because of their experience
from the similar previous projects. Thus, a continuous improvement process is
started.
A standard contract should be used with the possibility of limited amendments and
a team should be selected in accordance with the current and relevant
procurement rules.
One of the greatest benefits of the CLP is that it is easy for the Environment Agency
to look over the upfront processes. This enable them to move forward very quickly.
Constructing Excellence report on Rye Harbour Trial Project, 2014.
c. Point of Responsibility
“The project went from business case to completion in fourteen months. Cost
savings of 6% were achieved on the out-turn cost, worth £600,000.
Constructing Excellence report on Rye Harbour Trial Project, 2014”
 Saving Time in the Procurement Process
No need to arrive at lump sum cost for the project makes it easy to achieve the
shorter procurement process.
 Time saving during Delivery
Early involvement of the contractor with improved risk management makes the
project better understood and managed as it helps give certainity in the delivery of
the programe.
 Supplier selection

With a better understanding of the organisational collaboration and wllingness to
testing Tier 1 and Tier 2 selection should be done. This would get all the parties to
focus on the improved value and cost, which would develop trust and oportunism
be removed.
Among all three methods of procurement this is an important and more essential
charachteristic. Tier 1 and Tier 2 supplier selection should be carried out with
testing of willingness and understanding of collaboration of the organistaion.
Emphasis should be laid especially on cost. This would get all the parties focusing
on cost and improved value, developing trust and removing opportunism on cost.
 Overcoming political reluctance
As the single stage testing has been tested in the past, and has had enough
chances but failed to demonstrate. All the three methods of procurement have
shown better values to reduc the costs against the set targets. These details have
been shown in the Trial projects case study conducted in New Prison North Wales.
The CLP has its basis on an reimbursable open book cost as claimed by the anti-
lobby. Therefore, open to abuse is not supported.

Figure 9: CLP Inception to Hand over: Process (Source: //www.gov.uk

Figure 10: Key areas of focus in detail from Inception to Selection.
Figure 11: Design stage in the procurement method (Source: //www.gov.uk)

6.References (SYED/1240894)
1. Twenty-sixth Report ROYAL COMMISSION ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
(2007), The Urban Environment.
2. Project Report 75 CIRIA (1999). Environmental Issues in construction:
sustainability indicators for the civil engineering industry.
3. Brian Cook and Peter Williams (2009). Construction Planning, Programming and
Control. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom: A John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication. 394-400, 104-119.
4. Brian Cook and Peter Williams (2009). Construction Planning, Programming and
Control. 3rd ed. Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, United Kingdom: A John
Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication. 13-20, 23-44
5. CBDG (2014). Construction Concrete Construction methods -Precast. 7th ed.
Riverside House 4 Meadows Business Park Station Approach Blackwater
Camberley Surrey GU17 9AB: A John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., Publication.
6. Concrete Bridge Development Group (2000). The aesthetics of concrete bridges.
Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG 45 6YS: Concrete Group Development Group. 8-10.
7. FABER MAUNSEUL (2005). AN INTRODUCTION TO CONCRETE BRIDGES.
Crowthorne, Berkshire, RG 45 6YS: The Concrete Bridge Development Group. 34-
56
8. Concrete Bridge Development Group (2005). Fast Construction of Concrete.
Blackwater Camberley Surrey CU17 9AB. 28-30

Marco Yow Chuan Eng 1153800
7.Question 2(a)
Bond Street is in the heart of London’s West End, the busiest shopping district in
the UK. More than 155,000 passengers use the Tube station daily. When the
Crossrail arrives in 2018, passenger numbers are anticipated to grow to over
225,000 daily. Two brand new ticket halls are to be built at Hanover Square in the
east and Davies Street in the west. Step-free access will be provided to the 260m
station platform 26m beneath the south side of Oxford Street. In addition, a step-
free passenger link tunnel will connect the Crossrail platform to the existing London
underground station. New escalators to the Jubilee line and additional interchange
passage way will be installed as well. New station entrance will be built on the noth
side of Oxford Street on Marylebone Lane.
However, there are several possible alternatives way for the redevelopment of the
infrastructure which can be applied to:
• Tube upgrade
• Area improvement
Tube Upgrade Plan
Communication congestion flow in the central can be distributed by adding more
buses and routes to decrease the capacity of people using the station. Bus routes
should be based mainly in central London around Bond Street station and Oxford
Street as both are the busiest place in London. However, the improvement of road
such as widening of the roads construction of junctions and roundabouts should
be taken into consideration.
Besides that, extension of all the underground lines can be constructed which
allows connection between Bond Street and all other underground line. This can
significantly distribute the flow of people entering and exiting the station. Thus,
number of accident can be decreased.

New cross railway could be introduced which allow people to travel into the heart
of London. This will be a major improvement as it will help the people who live
outside of London but will have to travel into London for work purpose.
On the central line, there should be increase in number of trains and tube railway
due to the increase in capacity. It is normally congested with the capacity of people
commuting every day during peak hours and normal hours. It is necessary to
increase the trains and railway to reduce the flow of people in the station.
A new tube route can be constructed to run in circle of the central including new
system of train. The new system would be having a carriage at the station at all
time and only departs when it reaches its limit capacity. After departure of the
carriage, the next empty carriage should arrive immediately which allows few
minutes for people to fill up the carriage. This system will avoid delay on the line
and accident as well.
Area Improvement
As for the area improvement around the station, apart from the approved
developments above station which include mix of retail and office spaces there are
several alternatives way to be taken into consideration.
There are many building around the proposed area which could allow basement
construction. Basement of each building could be turned into spaces for
commercial, retail or even residential purposes. This method requires the approval
from the building owner.
Refurbish of building the area by increasing the height/floor of the building. This
will provide more space in the building without having to search for land.
Demolition of housing area and turn it into retails or hotels for economy purposes.
However this method will cost more because of the complicated procedures
involved.
The west one mall at the station is very small and contains only a few retail shops
which does not fully utilize of the space given in the mall. The mall could be
refurbish into a leisure mall with better attractive shops varies from low to high end
fashion or even technology retails.

The park area nearby could be transform into a park/mall hybrid place with a mall
situated in the centre of the park. The mall should be some sort of food court mall
which could be the main attraction. This could draw all the restaurants nearby to
join the food court which could be the largest food court in London hence
eliminating the restaurants in the area and provide the space for other purposes
such as retail, offices and residential.
The land in the area mostly are owned by private sectors or government and are
for essential purpose which is quite impossible to demolish or develop more.
Therefore, the buildings in the area can be connected by a bridge on the first floor
or second floor. The bridge can be designed to be a fully functioning mall floor with
retail shops and offices. This can provide more space without use of land and it is
very convenient during bad weather.
8. Justification for the most appropriate alternative.
(Marco)[Question 2(b)]
a. Tube upgrade plan
b. Area Improvement
Tube Upgrade Plan
From the all possible alternatives given in part 2(a.), the most appropriate
alternative would be the extension of all of the underground lines which allows
connection to Bond Street combining with extra trains and tube railway.
This alternative is the best as it does not requires big construction which it only
improving the existing line. Therefore, the result could be more promising. If new
alternatives which need big construction and changing of tube lines or routes is to
be introduced, it is hard to predict the outcome. Deep research and survey have to
be done including the comment from the public should be observed as part of the
project planning phase.
This method will be very efficient in distributing the flow of people into several more
tube lines from entering and exiting Bond Street Station. With more alternative tube
line, the Bond Street station with 3 main entrance and 225,000 passengers will
most likely be less congested. It will provides easier access to Bond Street station

because there will not be interchange between other tube lines when all the tube
lines are connected to Bond Street Station.
This method is best in term of cost as well as there will be no need of excavation
or reconstruction of massive project like tunnel. The cost will only be the
construction of adding of new lanes for trains and commuting train and extension
of lane of all the underground tube line.
This method is also believe to be the highest possibility of completion because of
it less complexity. There will be high risk of constructing a big project as research
and planning should be done in wide area and risk should be access upon planning
phase. As for this method, only extension and adding of trains and lanes will be
involved. Therefore, it should be involving less risk in term of completion and
outcome feasibility.
8. Area Improvement
As for the area improvement, the best alternative should be the construction of
basement spaces of building into retail shops, offices or residential combining with
bridge connection in between buildings.
This is probably the best alternative which does not involve buying of lands or
difficulty in obtaining approvals from the authorities or related parties. As the land
in the central of London is very limited and high in cost as well, it will be very difficult
to obtain a land or search for a land space around Bond Street area for
redevelopment. Therefore this method is to provide artificial lands in above the land

which also serves as connection from one building to another. This will also
increase the economy in the area as public will have to pass through all the building
if they were to cross the bridge.
The bridge connection will also offers retail shops or offices opportunity in Bond
Street in an unexpectedly innovative way. This also serves as a shelter during bad
weather for the people. However this method can be a high risk alternative as it is
rarely be done in the UK and approval might be needed from the authorities.
The cost of the construction would be fairly less compared to demolishing building
or park into shopping mall or offices. Demolition process involves noise and air
pollution and also due to health and risk assessment it is very hazardous to the
public people as it will happen in the busiest area in London.

Part 2 [Question 5]
9.Explain the role of the Engineers in this
engineering project. (Marco)
Engineers are very important and play an important role in this engineering project.
Engineers in this project are to come out with fundamental idea of less space and
more efficiency. This is a very crucial factor in development of infrastructure. With
the extra residential, offices and retail shops engineers should do the planning of
the pipe system in the area of development. Initial site investigation should be done
such as the surveying procedure of measuring and mapping of the map surface.
Engineers should also plan and develop extensions of towns and cities around the
area due to increase in capacity. Suitable building structure, material and method
of construction should also be planned to suit the deficiency or existing factors.
Communication system and roads should be taken into consideration due to the
development of the area. With the increase of commuting tube station, it will be
more likely less vehicles on the road or maybe at least at certain area. This has to
be researched and decided and new route for vehicles should be devised. During
the construction period, the land water and air pollution should be monitored and
steps shall be taken to control them. Fast growing industrial puts heavy
responsibilities on civil engineers to preserve and protect the environment.
How engineers contribute to the procurement of large infrastructure project
Engineers is very keen in changing the world and improving the lifestyle of people
with their professional ethics. They seek to achieve beneficial outcome in this world
and also in tern of economy. The authority policy is delivered by any means that
mostly in need of engineering solution which need to be improved and tested as
part of the policy development process. There will be scientific advice and
engineering advice that should be recognize. Engineering advice is very different
to the scientific advice where policy must be ensured to be delivered appropriately
at all stages of development and delivery through the correct combination of civil
service expertise and also beyond the engineering expertise.

a. The value of the engineering perspective
In every public policy, there will need of an engineering perspective which make
the best outset of the policy making process. It can enhance the phase in decision
making and planning by helping ensure the feasibility and practicality of the policy
and that the full range of technology options have been considered. It is very
complex in term of engineering perspective which requires balanced and expert
assessment of alternatives.
It will be including the essence in term of economy social and environmental issues
and should not be ignored. The understanding of the risk and uncertainty in project
delivery is very important from for the engineers in charged. Therefore, engineering
should identify the options during the formation of policy. An engineering approach
can help identify potential barriers and methods to avoid them.
b. Policymaking process
Most key policies fundamental have been compromised due to lack of engineering
advice being taken at the formulation stage. Engineering are being call upon to
provide policy advice. This will allow the government to understand and access the
engineering expertise advice before the policy is prepared. Hence, produce
alternative solutions with proper engineering advice.
c. The civil service
It is essential to have civil service staff who are able to engage and evaluate
engineering advice. However in government, engineers are mostly employed in
agencies rather than departments because engineering advice are more useful in
policy delivery use. Hence there will be less engineers in the policy development.
There is a need to embed engineering advice and that requires profession such as
Chartered Engineers to source and assess technical evidence.

10. Advise the client on this project [Part 2
Question 9] (Marco)
a) What are the different methods for “Dispute Resolution” if dispute arise.
b) What is the role of an engineer as an expert witness?
Methods for Resolving Conflicts and Disputes
Resolving conflicts and disputes
What are the options: It is the common dispute-resolution process of the civil justice
system which consist of litigation and trial with judge deciding the outcome. There
will be one side of winning and losing. However, there are many other options to
solve the problem other than that such as negotiation, mediation and arbitration
which known as alternative dispute resolution.
These are more appropriate approach of dispute resolution and provide fair and
reasonable solution for all parties. Most cases that are filed in courts are mostly be
settled and some of them go to trial. This method is excellent option in term of
controversy which allows less time to obtain resolution with less expense. This
method is often introduced before the trial process.
The following are the process:
NEGOTIATION
Negotiation is traditional way of settlement where communication in sort of bargain
style between the parties of the conflict happens in order to achieve a solution. In
this process, negotiation occurs and attorney might be hired directly by each party
as representative. No specific procedure involved which means anyway goes but
will only works if all parties remain calm and each party shall have their time
opportunity to speak at a time rather than at the same time. The location could be
anywhere either in a board room of a company, an office or in resident house.
In need of succession, the aims of all parties shall be considered. The negotiated
outcome can be in form of contracts and be lawfully enforceable. Negotiation is the

first method of choice to solve problems in order to satisfy mutual needs. In case
of no solution to be made from negotiation, other option can be considered. These
options can be used at any stage as long it is before the lawsuit is filled, progress,
conclusion of the trial, and before and after an appeal is filed. In summary,
negotiation is:
Voluntary
Private and confidential
Fast and cheap
Informal and unstructured
the process are control by parties, decisions are made by the parties and reach
their own agreements where will be no third party decision maker)
Negotiated agreements can be enforceable
Resolved in a mutual benefitted solution
MEDIATION
Mediation is a process in which the mediator helps with communication and
promotes settlement between parties in order to reach mutual agreement. This will
be the next process if negotiation fails.
The process is where the mediator manages the process and helps in
communication amongst parties. The mediator does not make any decision or
force and agreement and shall remain neutral. Negotiation and agreement still
involves all parties’ participation.
The process and rules will be described by the mediator and all parties or attorney
will have the opportunity to explain their perspective of the problems. This process
helps provide better understand from all perspective. Mediators allow to meet all
parties at separate time which helps address factual problems and allow time for
legal advice to be provided. Mediation can be used at any stage of the conflict even
during the pending of lawsuit. Mediations are often provided with charges by
attorneys or other professionals.

Improves communication and cooperation
Basis provided for parties to resolve disputes on their own
Voluntary, informal and flexible
Private and confidential
Protect ongoing relationships
Avoid the uncertainty, time, cost and stress of going to trial
Mutually-acceptable agreements can be made to meet all needs
ARBITRATION
Arbitration is to handle the matter to the arbitrator in decision making. In this
process, the arbitrator controls the process from obtaining information from all
parties to decision making. In a formal process, hearing will be conducted with all
the presence of all parties presenting evidences in form of documents, testimonials
or exhibits. The number of arbitrator can varies from one to three. Location of the
hearing should be in a meeting room or office. The outcome can be compulsory if
previously agreed by all parties to be bound by the results. Therefore, there will
rarely be appeal process by any party. However in a nonbinding arbitration,
decision could be final but have to be accepted both all parties. The arbitration
process are:
Can be applied voluntarily
It is private
Might not be formal and structured
Less time consuming and cheaper
Each party will have the opportunity to present evidence and make arguments
May have a right to choose an arbitrator with specialized expertise
Decision will be made by the arbitrator which may resolve the dispute and be
final

Result can be enforced in a court
non binding the right to a trial still is possible
LITIGATION
Litigation is involving courts and civil justice to solve legal conflicts. It can be used
to oblige a side of party to participate. The process is normally started by filing a
lawsuit in a court in binding to specific rules of procedure, discovery and evidence.
There will be more than once appearance in the court by all parties. Decision will
be made by the judge if all parties do not agrees to the dispute solution. The
decision is made by presence of evidence and application of facts of the case to
law. The verdict can be enforceable. Loser can appeal to the decision to higher
court and normally the losers have to pay the costs of the lawsuit or the fees of the
opposing attorney. The process of the litigation is:
Not voluntary where a defendant must participate
Formal and structured rules of evidence and procedure
Each party has the opportunity to present its evidence and argument and cross-
examine the other side - there are procedural safeguards
Public where the court proceedings and records are open
The decision is highly abide by the law
The decision is commonly to be final and binding

Exist of the right of appeal due to dissatisfactory of any party
Losing party may pay the costs of the attorneys and lawsuit
SELECTING THE APPROPRIATE METHOD
In choosing the best method will depend upon personal needs. These are the
factors that should be taken into consideration:
(Confidentiality )Private and confidential or in a public court setting
(Formality)Informal setting and a more flexible process or bind by rules
(Control Right) Personal control or decision made by a judge or arbitrator
Time
Costs
Maintaining relationships
Dispute decided on questions of law, resolved with business principles or a
solution found through other fair, yet practical, means
Binding and easily enforceable
B) Role of an engineer as an expert witness
(Marco)
Engineers play a very crucial role as an expert witness. An engineer should be able
to present technical information in the court and also interpret technical information
which engineering expertise. Understand of the information and apply the
information to the involved case in succession. The engineer should able to ensure
that the participants, judges and jury fully understand of the technical information
provided. The role of the engineer as an expert witness should be in neutral state
and not helping on the sides that they are hired. An expert witness should also
provide independent assistance to the Court by way of objective with unbiased

opinion by knowledge of expertise. If the opinion given is not properly researched
due to insufficient data, the engineer should clearly clarify this state that the opinion
given is not provision.
12. Explain how Building Information Modelling
(BIM) can be applied to this project [Part 2
Question 7(e)] (Marco)
Building Information Modelling (BIM) is very useful as it can increase the clarity of
the project intent which lead to better decision making and risk reduction. It can
also ensure the continuity process of the project which enhance the quality and
productivity. It can maximize the profit and growth opportunities as well.
BIM provides the maximum gain in the infrastructure construction because of it is
very organized and ability to analyse large amount of information related to the
infrastructure asset. The main objectives of using of BIM in infrastructure
construction are:
Increased project control
• Improves coordination with aid of visual analysis
• Reduce cost and schedule risk with quick visual assessment of project data
• Improves information delivery using visual representation
• Improves accuracy of construction documentation
• More efficiency of asset management

• Reduce post-construction rework
Planning
In the planning process, the project will contains enormous amount of data. By
using BIM approach, it can improve the accuracy and speed of the planning
process by inputting all the data from all sources into a single model which used
for referencing. This can help clarify all the stakeholders of the existing condition
of the whole project which helps accelerates the process of decision making. The
visualization of the project by using BIM model can be shared with non-professional
stakeholders which helps to in process of approval and the planning process. For
example, by using of the BIM model, the building owners and government can
understand the whole project quickly and accurate which will convince and fasten
the process of decision making. The BIM model can show in accurate of how the
basement and bridges of the shopping malls will be upon completion with all the
data in a model. This information is very important during construction to prevent
any damage and delays. By using of the model-centric coordination of BIM,
designer can minimize all the potential risk before the ground is broken. Even later
in the process, the data in the model can be updated with no loss of previous data
and it is fast too.

Preliminary design
During the preliminary design process, designer can then work with 3D concepts
to represent the actual environment. Visualization is very important especially in
seeking approvals from non-professional stakeholders. Therefore by using BIM, it
can help the team to present the alternatives available and ultimately selecting the
best alternative to for the improvement of area and also the tube. This is because
of the process that able to simulate the real-word performance and provide an idea
of how it would look upon completion.
Detailed design & engineering
During the design and engineering process, most infrastructure construction are
very complicated and complex which requires collaboration of different
professionals. Since the model contains of large data of objects with all the building
pack with retail, residential and offices, it will be help the accessibility of all
stakeholders. This project is a very a large infrastructure project therefore precise
coordination is very important. By using BIM to create a detailed 3D model is
essential for spatial analysis, collaboration and coordination. The model will
contains information of existing conditions of the area including the building
coordination with all the telephone duct and banks and sewer, water, gas and
electric utilities underneath to avoid collision of the construction and excavation. As
the project progresses, design models can be created into infrastructure model.
This can facilitates the whole project visualization and project planning. This is how
the BIM enables the workflow of the large team.
Construction and program management
BIM process enables the data continuity and discipline coordination which avoid
loss of information throughout the whole progress. There will be no need of
recreation of design and instead only updating process will be needed at every
hand-over. At the end of the design stage 3D plan in BIM model will help to identify
any issues faced during the construction. This will ultimately enhance the
communication between the worker and the design team by using of a single model
reference of BIM. It will also systematically dismantle the problems by giving the
power of control over the project where the designed model is available earlier for
use in preconstruction planning such as staging, sequencing, scheduling and

estimating. With the given access of the model of the whole area with the
information of roads and building coordinated can be very useful.
Asset management, operations and maintenance
During the progress of construction, operators have access to all the under-going
information with real-time sensors which constantly updating the model. With all
the information given, construction in the busiest road in London can be stop for
any reason and continue the progress later with updated information. Particular
asset can be very obvious by the rich benefiting detailed information. BIM helps
improve the management and analysis of project-level information which is very
suitable in largescale integrated asset management workflow of this infrastructure
project.
(EVANGELOS LIONTOS u1332237)
13. 2 c) Risk assessment of the sensitivity of the
project to failure
In general terms all construction projects have a potential risk of failure due to
various factors. The most common factor that can affect a construction project and
might lead it to failure is the financial. Most projects may fail due to the fact that
while the constructions works are undergoing, the budget might run low which
consequently leads to unpaid workers or delayed arrival of materials. Some other
factors that can make a project fail is either working behind schedule due to bad
management or various complains made by local people to authorities.
The potential risks that are involved in such a big project can be categorised as
follows:

Financial Risk
In order for the proper assessment of the project to fail to be achieved, an efficient
management way of the financial risk need to be considered. In most cases that a
financial risk assessment was not properly done the project failed. The evaluation
of the risks regarding financial issues that may occur during a construction project
is very significant because is such an assessment is not provided there is a high
possibility that the price of materials might inflate. In that case, a new funding needs
to be found in order to cover the extra expenses and that process takes too long,
which means that by that time the project might have already failed. Another thing
that needs to be taken into account regarding the financial risk of the project is the
cost of maintenance of the project.
Political risk
All the large scale projects like the one that has been proposed have political
effects. In order for a project like this to be finished it needs more than a few years
which means that governments might change in this large period of time and
consequently the specifications of the project might change too. The project could
be either cancelled, postponed or even might be decided to finish earlier than
expected.
Technical risk
This category includes any kind of risks that could lead a project to failure, such as
delay in the arrival of materials, workers might not get paid on time or lack of
management. Some other risks that can be included in this category are any
legislation or specification changes that could lead the project to failure, not
following the local authorities planning.
2 d) A programme for the consultation and design of the Engineering Infrastracture.
For the preparation and the planning of the project RIBA design considerations
were followed.

The first stage of the planning deals with the feasibility study that needs to be made
before any other details or specifications regarding the project have been
established and is also related with the sustainability perspective of the project. In
this stage the specifications that have been provided from the clients will be taken
into account and will be reviewed and evaluated and if there is a problem with them
alternative solutions must be found and in the end the preparation and briefing
processes can begin.
The next step includes the briefing tasks as well as the preparation of the works
that need to be done. This is a preparation stage for all the activities that are going
to be carried out and the briefing of the next step which is the conceptual design.
This stage can be categorised in two parts, the first part is the Initial Project Brief
and the second is the Feasibility Study.
In order for a project to be successful the initial project brief plays a significant role
as it is the start of the scheme. In the Initial Project Brief’s preparation there are
some specifications that need to be taken into consideration.
These specifications are:
 The requirements and specifications of the Project
 The outcome of the Project
 Site investigation
 Budget
The evaluation of the possible risks that the project might have to face needs to be
done in all the parts of the construction process in order to improve the method of
procurement, the programme of the project and the strategy regarding the town
planning.

After the completion of the Initial Project Brief the next stage deals with the Initial
Concept design. The fundamental attribute of the Initial Concept design is
sustainability. In this stage the Initial brief needs to be updated in order to create
the Final Project Brief. In this stage the following factors need to be reviewed:
 Information regarding Cost
 Strategy of Construction
 Strategy of Operation
 Maintenance
 Strategy regarding Health and Safety
 Execution planning of project
The following phase includes the development of the concept design as well as the
improvement of the core design until the works regarding coordination have been
completed. In this phase, the structural and architectural designs are developed
and being revived by the Project Engineer. The strategies and the cost planning
regarding the progress of the project that were planed during the previous phase
need to be further developed and updated in order to be signed off by the client.
The last stage of the designing consideration includes the further development of
the architectural and structural designs so as to acquire the project’s technical
definition. By making use of the coordination design that was developed in the
previous phase the designers can improve the technical design individually which
will be later reviewed by the leading designer. By the end of this phase all the
designing works ought to be finished. This phase also consists of all the changes
that need to be made in the designs due to problems that might occur by works
that were carried out on site.

Question 7b
14. Discuss any Health and Safety obligations
and provide detailed method statements for the
construction of the major elements of the works
(Evangios/1332237)
The assessment of health and safety obligation regarding any type of construction
works can be done with the aid of CDM 2015 which provides all the legal duties of
each individual who is part of a project: These individuals that are called <<duty
holders>> are:
 Client
 Principal contractor
 Contractor
 CDM co-ordinator
 Designer
 Workers
In cases that some of those individuals who hold the legal duties are not capable
to submit with the CDM 2015 regulations it might lead to severe accidents while
they are on the site. Additionally any disobedience to the CDM 2015 duties could
lead in a dangerous workplace and consequently an unsafe structure that might
need a large amount of money to be maintained afterwards, therefore the project
would not be value for money.
Furthermore, in cases that the project is not following the health and safety
regulations, the construction works could be stopped by either the local authorities
or the HSE. This, consequently would lead in budget problems and also would
delay the completion of the project. The HSE has the right to prosecute the
individuals who are responsible for this disobedience in the health and safety
regulations.

The CDM 2015 regulation is supported by an Approved Code of Practice (ACOP)
and can be separated in five sections.
Section 1: Regulation and definition application
Section 2: Construction project general duties.
Section 3: Notifiable construction project duties
Section 4: application of practical construction site requirements
Section 5: Transitional arrangements and revocations
Stable Structures
In order to ensure a safe working environment for the workers it is required to cover
all the practical aspects so as to achieve any danger preventions regarding the
stability of the structures. The structures need to be strong and stable and of course
make sure that they will not collapse. The buttress and the temporary structures
and supports of the construction site must be well designed and be provided with
often maintenance so as the predetermined loads to be hold.
Good order of the construction site:
It is important to keep the construction places clean. In the cases that in the
construction site the risk level is high, appropriate signs should be places around
the area visible from everyone. All the sharp equipment that is being used to the
works in the construction site, must be kept in safe places and not remain at any
place that people have easy access to, so as to avoid injuries.
Safe places
The construction site has many work places which must have an adequate number
of easy access exits which must be kept clear and be provided with often
maintenance. The site that the workers are going to be in, needs to be practical

and have as primary aim the safety of the workers. The stages that ensure the
safety of the workers are specific and need to be taken into account by all the
members of staff. Furthermore the site must have adequate easy access working
places so it can be helpful and provide access to the working equipment.
Excavations
The stage of excavation works is really significant and must be paid attention to. In
order for the prevention of any ground collapse to be achieved supports and
battering are necessary to be used. These will make sure that the working
environment is safe for all the workers. During the stage of excavation all the
materials that are hanging from the roof need to be removed so as to minimize the
risk of them falling due to the vibrations caused by the excavation. Is is also
necessary to make sure that no individual falls into the excavation or get trapped
or even worse buried. All the materials during the excavation stage need to be
removed from site if they are reviewed as unsafe by the site manager.
Drowning prevention
In case that the construction site has places where there is water or liquid and there
is a chance for workers to fall into the risk of getting drown needs to be minimised.
The minimising of the drowning risk can be achieved by having the appropriate
equipment on site in case of such an emergency. In order to ensure the easy and
safe movement of the workers on site near the dangerous areas that there is water,
sufficient and visible steps need to be placed.
Energy distribution installations
It is very significant to clearly designate the spots that electrical cables are passing
through, so as to achieve the prevention of any hazards for the workers’ health. All
the works that are being carried out on site must be far away from the locations
that energy distribution installations are located. The installation need to be isolated
and underground. If there is any damage that occurred in the underground of the

construction site and there is a potential hazard for the worker all the works must
pause.
Fire risk prevention
The construction site is necessary to have cleary designated stairs in order to avoid
potential injuries in case of a fire or an explosion. Furthermore fire extinguishers
must be kept on various spots in the construction site.
Oxygen
In all construction sites when works are undergoing dust particles are increasing.
The site manager is responsible to make sure that purified air is acceptable levels
so as to ensure that there is no risk for the health of any workers.
Emergency procedures
A standard procedure must be developed and followed, which will deal with any
anticipatable emergencies. In case of an emergency the act of evacuation might
need to undergo. In order for this procedure to be developed all the works that are
undergoing on site are necessary to be taken account as well as the number of
workers that are on site, the special attributes and the various structures’ sizes, the
used equipment and any materials with chemical substances that were used on
site. After the emergency procedure is developed all the workers need to be aware
of it. Furthermore the developed procedure is necessary to be tested before being
established as the suitable one.
Emergency routes and exits
During the construction works a significant amount of emergency exits needs to
exist so as to make sure that the workers are being provided with fast end safe
exiting the site. These emergency routes and exits while the works are undergoing
they must be sign and light designated and visible by everyone as well as kept
clear at all times.

Duty holders’ responsibilities.
Client:
The responsibilities of the client are to make sure of the contractors jurisdiction as
well as the arrangements regarding the project welfare facilities. Another
responsibility that the client has is to provide adequate amount of time between the
phases of the project and make sure that no problems will occur in regard with the
resources. Furthermore the client is obliged to provide information to the designers
and the contractors before the actual planning of the project.
Furthermore, as stated in the CDM 2015, the client has the following
responsibilities:
 Hire principal contractor
 Hire CDM co-ordinator
 Forbid the initiation of construction works until there is a reasonable construction
plan
 Make sure that welfare facilities exist on site
CDM co-ordinator
The CDM co-ordinator is responsible for the advice of the clients regarding their
obligations and provide information regarding the project details to HSE.
Furthermore the co-ordinator is obliged to cooperate with the staff and coordinate
all the aspects in terms of health and safety while the construction works are
undergoing. In order to achieve this the co-ordinator needs to collect, pass and
identify all the possible information and regularly bring them up-to-date. Moreover
another duty that the CDM co-ordinator has is that he is responsible to contact the
principal contractor and accomplish the understanding of the duties that the
designer, the client and the contractor have.

Designer
The main responsibility of the designer is to minimise at the stage of the designing
any potential risks that the site might have so as to improve the health and safety
conditions are the best. Finally, another designer’s duty is to make sure that client
fully understands his duties and that a CDM co-ordinator is hired.
Principal contractor
Before any construction starts the principal contractor needs to come in
consultation with the contractor in order to be able to manage all the phases of the
construction and this can be accomplished by applying the predefined rules and
planning.
Another significant duty that the principal contractor has is to make sure that all the
appropriate facilities are on the site in order to make the workers’ jobs easier as
well as the competency of the staff. In addition, he is responsible for making sure
that all the appointees have the appropriate qualifications for the job.
Contractor
The contractor is responsible for the planning, the management and the monitoring
of the appointees’ competency. Another contractor duty is to suitably train all the
staff with the provision of all the necessary information. Along with the Principal
contractor, the contractor is also responsible to make sure that all the necessary
facilities for the workers are on site. Furthermore, the contractor needs to be in
constant consultancy with the clients and the principal contractor and let them know
if there is any problem either with the planning or designing as well as with any
accidents that might have occurred on site.
Worker
The workers responsibility apart from carrying out their works in a satisfactory level
is to let their superiors be aware of any potential hazards on site which might lead

to accidents. So as to achieve a satisfactory cooperation between the workers,
they must be aware of the H&S regulations.
15 Question 7d (EVANGELOS LIONTOS
u1332237)
The highest carbon emissions and the most waste materials are produced by the
Construction industry. Nowadays, the development of sustainable schemes for the
industry has become a necessity.
Construction Waste
While construction works are undergoing a lot of waste is being produced. Apart
from the waste production that occurs during construction, waste is also produced
in the production of materials in the factories. Such waste is considered to be very
harmful for human health because they consist of asbestos and other chemical

substances. The reduction of the construction waste and the potential of any health
risks can be achieved by the following:
Throughout the process of the construction works in the Bond Street station, a
large amount of materials will be converted into waste. Consequently the
construction site ought to have appropriate storage spaces in order to store all the
materials that are not going to be used and use them in future works instead of
becoming waste.
As far as the green waste is concerned, special storage facilities are necessary to
exist in the construction site in order for it to be stored and afterwards sent in
recycling companies that could use it to produce biogas fuel. Furthermore, it would
be preferable that most of the materials that are going to be used in the Bond Street
station project are recycled materials.
Another way that it could improve the structure in terms of sustainability is the
placement of solar panels on the roof so it could be self-powered, though it is a
quite expensive improvement.
Another aspect that needs to be taken into consideration is the water usage. In
order to minimise it, detailed plans of water usage need to be created. All the
individuals that are on the construction site need to be very careful so as to avoid
any potential water pollution on site.
Finally, recycling skips need to be located in various locations in the construction
site where waste materials are going to be stored in and sent to recycling firms.
Last but not least, recycling companies must be proposed to the clients in order for
them to decide.
Embodied energy
Embodied energy can be defined as the amount of energy which is necessary in
the process of production of a material or a service. Embodied energy can be
categorised as recurring embodied energy and initial embodied energy and are
both considered to be non-renewable. The recurring embodied energy refers to the
energy which is necessary for maintaining, restoring, refurbishing, replacing or

repairing any materials or mechanisms which are necessary for the structure’s life.
The initial embodied energy includes all the energy that is produced in the process
of raw materials. In order for the embodied energy to reduce, the measures below
are necessary to be taken:
Throughout the whole construction phase of the project recycled materials are
necessary to be used. In this project the majority of the materials which will be
made use of are considered as high embodied energy materials. By using recycled
materials the energy that would be necessary for the production of new raw
materials is reduced.
Recycle materials should be used during the construction phase of the project.
Most of the materials that will be used for the construction are having high amount
of embodied energy, with the use of recycled or reusable materials we minimise
the
The following list includes some materials with low energy usage in their process
of production, such materials are:
 Recycled concrete 1:1.5:3 1.11 MJ/Kg
 Recycled steel 8.90 MJ/Kg
 Recycled glass 15.90 MJ/Kg
 Recycled aluminium 8.10 MJ/Kg
Another way that embodied energy is produced is the transportation. In order to
reduce the embodied energy in the transportation the resources that are going to
be used for the project it would be preferable to be delivered to the site from a local
company.
By making a good planning regarding the exact amount and size of materials, less
production of embodied energy and waste is accomplished. Furthermore, the
materials that are going to be used for the construction are necessary to be
checked regarding their durability. By this, it is made sure that any potential failure

risks are being avoided as well as the recurring embodied energy is reduced in
case of maintenance needed.
Carbon Emissions
Greenhouse gases are the gases who contribute in the greenhouse effect by
absorbing infrared radiation. This kind of gases plays a significant role in the earth’s
temperature. In the atmosphere a variety of such gases can be found, as carbon
dioxide, ozone, chlorofluorocarbons etc. Human activities mainly produce carbon
dioxide.
As far as the United Kingdom is concerned, the main carbon emission producer is
considered to be the electricity. Among all the types of electricity production the
one that produces the most carbon emissions is the fuel combustion.
The second factor that produces high carbon emissions is the transportation as it
uses fuel combustion engines. The third factor that produces high carbon
emissions is the Industries because in order to operate they also make use of fuel
combustion engines.
In the project of Baker stree station, in order for the reduction of carbon emissions
production to be achieved the following parameters should be followed.
All the materials that this construction is going to make use of are going to be
environmental friendly. Another facility that could help in reducing the carbon
emissions in this project is the placement of solar panels in order for the station to
be self-powered. Finally, the use of renewable or recycled materials would be
preferable as the carbon emissions will be reduced.

16 Question 8
Differences between Quality control and quality
assurance (Evangios/1332237)
Quality Control
Quality control can be defined as the works inspection and the materials testing in
terms of their durability in order to make sure that both of them comply with the
necessary standards. Those quality standards are written in the specifications of
the contract.
In order for the testing results to be conformed to the predefined quality standards,
the contractual obligations force the contractor to be the one who is responsible for
supervising.
Quality assurance
Quality assurance can be defined as the system that monitors and evaluates the
quality control. In other words it is a system that verifies the quality control
application.
As it is stated in BS ISO 9000 (National standards institute), if a company desires
to be accepted for quality assurance the registration in a certification body is a
necessity. (BSI=British standards Institute)
Differences
 The main objective of the quality control is the identification and the correction of
any faults or problems that might occur after the completion of the process.
 The main objective of the quality assurance is to prevent any faults or problems by
considering the process in order to achieve the desirable outcome.

 Quality control’s aim is the problem identification after the development of the
results but before their release. On the other hand quality assurance’s aim is
the development and the test process’s improvement so as flaws don’t appear
throughout the product’s development.
 The accomplishment of the quality control’s aims is achieved by the quality
problems’ elimination; conversely quality assurance fulfils the standards by
assessing the quality management system’s competency.
 In order for quality control to take place, the whole team is responsible to make the
testing of the final results in order to identify any flaws. However, quality assurance
is a duty of every team’s member individually.
 The last difference between the quality control and quality assurance is that their
undertakings are implemented after the outcomes have been established and
before the works start respectively.
Practical Measures:
 The workers’ safety must be ensured by the contractor
 Another obligation of the contractor is to ensure that the health and safety
requirements are being followed on site.
 Very well trained and educated workers are needed so as to perform the maximum
possible.
 The materials’ quality must be reviewed by the contractor in order to make sure
that they comply with the required standard of safety.
 Deliver the project within the schedule and ensuring that all the works are
completed.
 Ensure that the project’s cost doesn’t exceed the specified budget limits.
 Be able to overcome any potential risks and problems that might occur during the
project and make sure of its success.

PART 1 (FEASIBILITY STUDIES)
Mohamad Husin(1246418)
17 Describe the current political and economic
landscape that the Engineers for this project
currently face and the influence that they have
on the success of the outcome.
Answer:
The motivation behind this study is to look at the reasonability of the project. In any
case, the preliminary study will be taken after by a feasibility study. The aim of this
study is to create enough data to elevate with a specific end goal to settle on choice
in undertaking the project. The feasibility will incorporate recognizing the aim of the
project, spending a budget plan in the task and wellspring of subsidizing or funding,
stipends (grants), tax assessment and provisions.
The project scheme is Bond Street Station, which is located as the heart of
London’s West End and as far from what we know the station was the busiest
shopping district in the United Kingdom. Bond Street Station will serving tourists,
residents and businesses in the area.
More than 185,000 passengers use the station daily. When the Elizabeth line
arrives in 2018, passenger numbers are expected to increase to 225,000.
The scheme will deliver:
 A new Tube station entrance on Marylebone Lane, on the north side of Oxford
Street, leading to a new ticket hall
 New escalators serving the Jubilee line
 Lifts to provide step-free access from street to platform

 Interchange with the Elizabeth line within the station - Bond Street will be a key
station on that route
The government announcement and local council’s opinion
There are two major landscapes that engineers and architects needs to face, one
is political and another one is economic. They are both similarly important for our
scheme. The solution must suit to the local political and economic landscape in
order to come up with suitable appropriate decision
Her Majesty the Queen today (23 February 2016) went to the under-development
Crossrail station at Bond Street as the Mayor of London, Boris Johnson MP,
declared that the new railroad will be known as the Elizabeth line in her honor.
The Elizabeth line will change traverse the city, boosting the economy by billions
of pounds and supporting a huge number of new employments and homes.
The Mayor was joined by Secretary of State for Transport, Patrick McLoughlin MP,
London's Transport Commissioner Mike Brown MVO, the Crossrail development
organization's Chairman Terry Morgan, and Chief Executive Andrew
Wolstenholme, as they gave Her Majesty a voyage through the Bond Street station
site. It will see 24 trains for every hour in every course when the focal segment of
the Transport for London (TfL) run railroad opens in 2018.
The Queen was given a memorial Elizabeth roundel, and met an extensive variety
of individuals required in the development of Crossrail, Europe's biggest base
venture. This included understudies taking a shot at building the railroad, engineers
fitting out the station and drivers of the trains that will serve the line.
This denote the most recent in a long-held relationship between the royal family
and London's transport network. Her Majesty turned into the primary ruling ruler to
go on the London Underground in 1969, when she opened the Victoria line service.
In 1979, the Jubilee line was authoritatively opened by HRH the Prince of Wales
and was named to stamp 25 years since Her Majesty's increase to the throne.
Around the same time, Her Majesty opened Heathrow Central station (Terminals
1, 2, 3) on the Piccadilly line.

In the fallout of the 7 July terrorist assault on the London Underground, Her Majesty
disclosed a plaque at Aldgate station in 2010 recollecting the lives of the 52
casualties who had kicked the bucket.
In 2013, the festivals of London Underground's 150th commemoration saw HRH
the Prince of Wales and HRH the Duchess of Cornwall take an excursion on the
Underground, and Her Majesty the Queen, HRH the Duke of Edinburgh and HRH
the Duchess of Cambridge visit Baker Street station.
The Mayor of London, Boris Johnson MP, said:
‘Crossrail is already proving a huge success for the UK economy, and as we move
closer to bringing this transformative new railway into service, I think it’s truly
wonderful that such a significant line for our capital, will carry such a significant
name from our country. As well as radically improving travel right across our city,
the Elizabeth line will provide a lasting tribute to our longest serving monarch’
The Rt Hon Patrick McLoughlin MP said:
‘Given Her Majesty the Queen’s long association with UK transport, it is very fitting
that this vital link across our capital will be named the Elizabeth Line in her honour.
This is an example of British engineering at its best and will transform the way
people travel across London and beyond from 2018, bringing better and faster
journeys, while boosting jobs and driving economic growth’
Mike Brown MVO, London’s Transport Commissioner, said:
‘This new railway is absolutely vital to meeting the needs of the capital’s rapidly
growing population. The Elizabeth line will transform the way people get across our
city and will enable London to continue to succeed, contributing to the economic
health of the entire country. In running this important new railway we will ensure
that it serves as a fitting tribute to Her Majesty the Queen’

Terry Morgan, Chairman, Crossrail Limited said:
‘Construction for the new railway is now over 70% complete and is being delivered
on time and within budget. The Crossrail project is one of the most ambitious and
complex infrastructure programmes ever undertaken in the UK, the scale of
engineering being delivered under the capital is quite incredible. The opening of
the Elizabeth line in 2018 will be a significant moment for London’
Extending from Reading and Heathrow in the west crosswise over to
Shenfield and Abbey Wood in the east, the Elizabeth line will change the way
individuals go around London and the south east and add highly required new
ability to London's transport infrastructure.
At the point when the railroad completely opens it will altogether expand the
capital's rail limit, continuing a large portion of a million travellers and passengers
for each day — the same number of yearly guests to Buckingham Palace.
Somewhere in the range of 1.5 million individuals will have better access to the
occupations and chances of London's principle vocation focuses, and an expected
£42 billion will have been added to the economy of the United Kingdom.

18 QUESTION 2(f): An indication of the Town
Planning Issues which will affect the project and
suggest possible mitigation. (1246418)
Answer:
The Crossrail Act 2008 gives London Underground consent to complete attempts
to enhance Bond Street Station. The station is as of now experiencing a noteworthy
redevelopment to build limit, enhance openness and make trade with Crossrail.
More than 160,000 travellers at present utilize the station day by day. At the point
when Crossrail opens in 2018, traveller’s numbers are required to increment to
225,000.
The plan will provide another station passage on Marylbone Lane prompting
another ticket hall, new elevators serving the Jubilee Line, Lifts giving without step
access from road to all stages of platform and new trade interchange links between
the Jubilee and Central Lines and new Crossrail station.
On behalf of the Costain Laing O'Rourke JV, CJ Associates are in charge of
releasing arranging and legacy conditions and guaranteeing consistence with
duties contained in Undertaking and Assurances made to influenced parties under
the Act.
Improvement of the Crossrail plan will require a work site inside or quickly nearby
the Square. This site will be required for the length of development work on the
new stages and profound level station burrows and paths for the entire Bond Street
Station, and the 18 and 19 Hanover Square ticket corridor and elevator shaft. The
degree of the working site territory will rely on the specialized necessities of
Crossrail. CRL right now recommend that the worksite will involve the conclusion

Construction; BOND STREET REDEVELOPMENT

Construction; BOND STREET REDEVELOPMENT

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