This for only study purpose not uploading this for any other pupose. this is totally orignal and useful data. It may help you in Pshychology.

1. INTRODUCTION TO
PSYCHOLOGY
MAM UROOJ MIRZA

2. TOPICS:
What is learning ?
Factors of learning?
Trail and error learning?
Laws of learning?
GROUP MEMBERS:
SYED ALI HAMZA(222063)
IFTIKHAR ZAHOOR(221944)
ROMESA SAJID(222553)
RAMEEN QAMAR(221973)
Alishba ijaz(222045)
Yumna imran (222039)

3. LEARNING
What is learning?
learning is a process that
leads to change which is a
result of experiences. In
other words when we
understand something, any
concept or skill it is also
known as learning.

4. Learning
process
Steps in learning process
 Learning process is carried over through
various steps according to HP Smith.
 A motive or drive
 An attractive goal
 And a block to the attainment of goal.

5. Nature of learning

6. How learning works?
The process of learning is not always is not
always the same. Learning can happen in a
wide variety of ways. To explain how and when
learning occurs, psychologists have proposed a
number of different theories.

7. ACTIVE LEARNING
The term “Active learning” is often used to describe
an intractive process , such as doing a hands-on
experiment to learn a concept rather than reading
about it. But “passive learning” (reading a text,
listening to a lecture, watching a movie) is still
learning, and can be effective.

8. FACTORS EFFECTING LEARNING
Subjective factors
(intelligence,
motivation, mental and
physical health,
emotions, personality
and maturation.)
Objective factors
(whole learning vs part
learning, meaningful vs
meaningless material
learning, value of
reciting.)

9. Intelligence:
Intelligence is a natural capacity and ability which helps
the man to understand and solve the problems
according to the situation
Motivation:
The internal process that activates guides and
maintain behavior overtime or influence of need
and desire on the intensity and direction of
behavior

10. Mental Factors:
Interest, attitude, aptitude are also important in
the field of learning. They play a vital role in the
mental and general behavior of the individual.
These things are increasing the rate of learning.
Physical Factors:
This include things such as our overall health,
nutrition, physical deficiency and physical
development. If we are in poor health we want
be able to learn the things presented.

11. Emotional and Social Factors:
Things like social factors and emotions can relate directly
to your motivation for learning. If you cooperate with other
will learn faster and will have more fun in learning new
things

12. Maturation is the process of development
that occurs as we grow and change.
There are many types of maturation
including physical and cognitive. Physical
maturation occurs when our body grows and
changes as we get older. Cognitive
maturation is the process of development in
the way we think as we grow.
Maturation

13. Objective Factors

18. Trail and error Learning:
Edward Lee Thorndike (1874-1949) gave this theory of trail and error
learning in 1913 which is also known as “learning by selection of
successful variant.
In this theory he stated that, when no ready-made solution of a
problem is available to the learner, he adopts the method of trial
and error. He first, tries one solution. If it does not help him, he
rejects it, then, he tries another and so on. In this way he eliminates
errors or irrelevant responses which do not serve the purpose and
finally discovers the correct solution. Thus, in trial and error method,
the learner makes random activities and finally reaches the goal
accidently.

19. Example of Trail and error
learning:
Thorndike’s most widely quoted experiment was with the cat placed in a
puzzle box. The hungry cat was put in the puzzle box and a fish, as an
incentive, was put out-side the cage a little beyond its reach. The box was
designed in such a way that the door of the cage can be released by some
simple act like depressing a lever inside the cage.

20. At first, the cat made a great deal of varied attempts to
reach the food in a trial and error fashion such as jumping
up and down, clawing at the bars, scratching the cage,
whaling around trying to push the bars, pawing and
shaking movable parts of the cage etc., but all attempts
proved to ineffective.
Ultimately by chance her paw fell on the loop of the rope
and the door opened. The cat jumped out immediately and
ate the fish. When next day, the cat was put in the box
again, this time she took less time in coming out and in the
subsequent trials the time decreased further so much so
that the stage reached when the cat came out soon after
being put inside by directly striking the latch with her paw
without any random movement. This is how she learnt to
reach its goal.

21. Laws of Learning
=> The three primary laws of learning was given by Edward L. Thorndike
1. Law of Readiness:
• It states that Individual learns best when they are physically,
mentally, and emotionally ready to learn.
• If they are unwilling to learn so they don't learn.
2. Law of Effect:
• It states that consequences of behavior act to modify the
future probability of occurrence of that behavior

22. 3. Law of Exercise/Law of Practice:
• It states that repetition of some act makes that act more
probable in the future. There are two parts of this law:
• Law of Use: It states that the more an association is used, the
stronger it becomes.
• Law of Disuse: It states that the less an association is used, the
weaker it becomes.