To

1. UNIT-II
SIGNS & SYMPTOMS

2. VOMITING
DEFINITION:
Vomiting is a forceful expulsion of the stomach content
through the mouth and sometimes through nose.
ETIOLOGY:
• Gastritis
• Intense pain
• Ulcer

3. • Heart attack
• Brain tumor
• Poisoning
• Medication
• Over eating
• Brain Injury
• Some cancer
• Gall bladder disease
• Early stages of pregnancy

4. MANAGEMENT
• Antiemetics drug, e.g., domperidone
• Plenty of fluids to reduce dehydration.
• Oral rehydration salts also given.

5. PREVENTION OF NAUSEA
• Eat little meals throughout the day instead of three large
meals.
• Eat slowly
• Avoid hard digesting food
• Consume food those are cold at room temperature
• Rest after eating with head elevated about 1 feet about
foot(legs)

6. • Drink liquids between meals instead of during meals or
drink at least 6-8 glasses of water a day to prevent
dehydration.
PREVENTION OF VOMITING
• Drink little amounts of clear, sweetened liquids.e.g. fruit
juice
• Resting either in a sitting position or in propped lying
position.

7. DYSPNEA
DEFINITION
• It means feeling of breathlessness or breathing difficulty
due to respiratory or heart diseases.

8. CAUSES
• Asthma
• Cardiac ischemia
• Congestive Heart Failure
• Pneumonia
• Lung disease
• Chronic Obstructive pulmonary Disease

9. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Hypotension
• Tracheal deviation
• Cyanosis
• Hypoxemia
• Stridor
• Absent breath sound

10. TREATMENT
• Based on the causes
• Administer O2 (OXYGEN)
• Provide fowlers position
• Opioid drugs for shortness of breath (morphine, beta-
endorphin)