lets make learning easy

2.  Accident is a common cause of disability and
in even death among toddler. Accident during
toddler is the result of unrestricted freedom
achieved through locomotion combined with
their intense exploratory nature as well as an
unawareness of danger within the
environment.

3.  They are prone to various kinds of
accidents. Among them common
categories of accidents and their
preventions are discussed below.
 Motor vehicles
 Falls

4.  Drowning
 Burn and scald
 Poisoning
 Aspiration and asphyxiation
 Bodily damage
 Suffocation

5. Because they are
able to walks,
runs, climbs,
open doors and
gates, can ride
tricycle, throw
objects.

6.  Always use well- constructed car restraint.
 Supervise children during play outside.
 Don’t allow to play on curb or behind a
parked car.

7.  Don’t permit to play in pile of leaves, snow
or cardboard container.
 Supervise tricycle riding.
 Teach children to look for a car before
crossing, recognize color of traffic lights
follow traffic officers.

9.  Children can drown is less than 3 cm of
water. They should be under constant
supervision when in or near any water.
 Children is drowning because they love to
play with water, great curious in nature and
unaware of its damage.

10.  In 2016, an estimated 320000 people died
from drowning, making drowning a major
public health problem world wide.
 Drowning is the third leading cause of
unintentional injury death, accounting for 7%
of all injury- related death.
--WHO 2016

11.  In Nepal, there is lack of epidemiological
studies of drowning in Nepal. The daily
incident recording system of Nepal Police
confirmed that total 1,507 drowning cases
recorded between January 2013 and
December 2015 and more than half (53%)
were children.

12.  Supervise closely when near any source of
water such as uncovered bowls or buckets
and never leave them around then.
 Never leave children in the bath without
supervision for a single moment also.

13.  Garden ponds should be filled in while
children are small or securely fenced off.
 Take special care when visiting other
people’s gardens.
 Have fence around swimming pool and lock
gate.
 Teach swimming and water safety under
proper supervision.

14.  Teach about danger of water to children.
 Families should install a four sided fence that
separates a pool from the house.
 Make sure the toilet seat covers are left
down and buckets of water are emptied as
soon as possible and keep bathroom door
always locked.

15.  Use an alarm on the house door that leads to
the pool area, a floating pool, alarm or a
below water alarm.
 Don’t leave pool toys in the water.

16.  Don’t panic and remove the victim from the
source of drowning.
 Do not put yourself in danger when trying to
rescue a child.
 If the victim is not breathing, put him/her on
the floor.
 Remove tight clothing.
 And start CPR.
 Call for medical help.

17.  If the patient is breathing, remove wet
clothing.
 Cover the body with blanket.
 When victim became conscious, give warm
drink or soup.
 Do not allow him to sit up.
 If any complication arise take victim to
higher center care

19.  Because they are able
to open doors and
windows, climb up
and goes down,
unstable gait of the
toddler, lack of
supervision, curiosity
of the children, etc.

20.  Infants are more likely to fall from furniture,
baby walkers, and stairs.
 Toddlers tend to fall from windows
and playground equipment.
 Older children fall more often from
playground equipment.

21.  Children who fall from windows are likely to
be male, under age 5, and unsupervised at
the time of the fall.
 Boys are twice as likely to die from fall-
related injuries than girls

22.  Children ages 4 and under tend to suffer
injuries to the face and head from
playground-related injuries, while older
children are more likely to injure arms or
hands.

23.  According to the WHO Global Burden of
Disease project for 2004, an estimated 424
000 people of all ages died from falls
worldwide.
 Although the majority of fall-related deaths
were among adults, they ranked as the
twelfth leading cause of death among 5 to 9-
year-olds and 15 to 19-year-olds.

24.  Among children under 15 years, non-fatal
falls were the 13th leading cause of
disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) lost.
 In most countries, falls are the most
common type of childhood injury seen in
emergency departments, accounting for
between 25% and 52% of assessments .

25.  Community surveys conducted in Asia
highlight the high incidence of fall deaths in
the region. In Bangladesh, the overall fall
mortality rate for the 0–17-year age group
was 2.8 per 100 000, and falls were the
second leading cause of death through injury
among infants aged less than one year (24.7
per 100 000 population).

26.  In Viet Nam, falls were the sixth leading
cause of childhood death (4.7 per 100 000
aged 0–17 years) .
 In Jiangxi province in China, falls were the
fourth leading cause of death (3.1 per 100
000 aged 0–17 years).
 Higher rates were reported in rural areas
than in urban areas.
Source: WHO (2008), Global Burden of
Disease: 2004 update.

27.  Secure nail and use guard rail in window.
 Keeping railing as needed.
 Place gates at top and bottom of stairs.

28. Door at stair Guard rail at window

29.  Keep doors locked if danger of falls.
 Place carpeting under crib and in bathroom.
 Keep child restrained in vehicles.

30. Restrained in vehicle Door at any side

31.  Teach parents about safety measures.
 Check child’s shoes and trousers.
 Keep floor free from toys and obstructions.
 Avoid placing “step-stone” such as chair next
to a windows.

33.  Exercise close supervision when toddler
learns to walk.
 Never leave babies unattended on raised
surfaces.
 Keep floor dry.
 Always ensure bed – rail of the baby cot is
raised when the baby is in the cot

34.  Take extra care to avoid side- turning of a
baby chair.
 Supervise at playgroups, safety play and play
area.

35. o Don’t panic, call for help if necessary.
o Check the level of consciousness of the child.
o Examine the child if airway is clear( e.g. can
talk, cry or not), if breathing is adequate and
circulation is normal (observe color of the
face, depth and rate of breathing).

36. o If breathing and circulation are normal,
check for any other injuries on the body.
o If the bleeding occurs, ensure there is no foreign
body in wound.
o Apply direct pressure to stop bleeding by
covering a clean gauze on it.

37. o And add pressure on the gauze by your
hand. Elevate the injured limb.
o If deformity is seen on the injured part,
do not move it and call for help
immediately.

39.  Scald is the injury caused by hot steaming or
liquid.
 Burn is the injury caused by exposure to
heat, flame, fire, hot object such as cooking,
utensils, etc.
 Because they are unaware of potential
sources of heat or fire, can open drawers and
closets, play with mechanical objects.

40.  In India, over 1 000 000 people are
moderately or severely burnt every year.
 Nearly 173 000 Bangladesh children are
moderately or severely burnt every year.
 In Bangladesh, Colombia, Egypt and Pakistan,
17% of children with burns have a temporary
disability and 18% have a permanent
disability.

41.  Burns are the second most common injury in
rural Nepal, accounting for 5% of disabilities.
 In 2008, over 410 000 burn injuries occurred
in the United States of America, with
approximately 40 000 requiring
hospitalization.
source:-WHO(fact sheet)
6,march 2018

42.  Place burning candles, incense, hot foods,
objects, cigarettes out of reach.
 Don’t let table cloth hang within child reach.
 Don’t let electric cord from iron or other
appliance hang within child’s reach.

43.  Cover electrical outlets with protective
plastic caps.
 Keep electrical wires hidden or out of reach
and not allow child to play with electrical
appliances.

44.  Do not allow child go to kitchen.
 Teach about what hot means and its damage.
 Store matches cigarette, radiators and
fireplaces in locked safe guards.

45.  When running a bath for a child, always test
water temperature before hand.
 All hot objects including an iron or containers
with hot matter must not be placed near the
margin of a table.
 Avoid using table cloth, matches and lighters
should be placed out of reach of children.
 .

46.  Avoid smoking in bed and encourage the use
of child-resistant lighters.
 For adult, never hold a hot drink/ food and a
child at the same time.
 Ensure milk, congee or other food stuff is at
a reasonable temperature before feeding.

47.  Install proper cover to socket.
 Always check bathwater.
 Lower the temperature in hot water taps.

48.  Do not panic. If necessary, call for help.
 Examine the child if airway is clear(e.g can
talk, cry, or not). If breathing is adequate
and circulation is normal( observe color of
the face, depth and rate of breathing.

49.  Stop the burning process by removing
clothing and irrigating the burns.
 Extinguish flames by allowing the patient to
roll on the ground, or by applying a blanket,
or by using water or other fire-extinguishing
liquids.

50.  Use cool running water to reduce the
temperature of the burn.
 In chemical burns, remove or dilute the
chemical agent by irrigating with large
volumes of water.
 Wrap the patient in a clean cloth or sheet
and transport to the nearest appropriate
facility for medical care.

51.  Do not start first aid before ensuring your
own safety (switch off electrical current,
wear gloves for chemicals etc.)
 Do not apply paste, oil, haldi (turmeric) or
raw cotton to the burn.
 Do not apply ice because it deepens the
injury.

52.  Do not open blisters until topical
antimicrobials can be applied, such as by a
health-care provider.
 Do not apply any material directly to the
wound as it might become infected.
 Avoid application of topical medication until
the patient has been placed under
appropriate medical care.

53. o Avoid prolonged cooling with water because
it will lead to hypothermia.
o Do not tear off any burned clothing that stick
on the injured site.

55.  A poison is any substance that causes harm to
a living being. This can result from contact
with the body e.g. a caustic, or following
absorption into the body. Absorption can
occur following ingestion, by passage through
the skin or mucous membranes, by inhalation
or by injection.

56.  A foetus can be poisoned by a substance
crossing the placenta. Almost any substance
can act as a poison if a sufficiently large dose
is absorbed.

57.  Because of explorative nature, can put
object in mouth, open drawers, closets and
most containers, unable to read labels.
 Food poisoning, accidental swallowing of
drugs, detergents, insecticides,etc

58.  According to the WHO Global Burden of
Disease project, an estimated 345 814 people
of all ages died worldwide as a result of
“accidental” poisoning in 2004. Although the
majority of these accidental poisonings were
among adults, 13% occurred among children
and young people under the age of 20 years.

59.  Among 15–19-year-olds, poisoning ranks as
the 13th leading cause of death. A survey of
16 middle-income and high-income countries
revealed that, of the different external
causes of unintentional injury death among
children aged between 1 and 14 years,
poisonings ranked fourth in 2000–01, after
road traffic crashes, fires and drowning

60.  Place all potentially toxic substances/
agents, medicines, chemical out of reach or
preferably in an isolated locked cabinet.
 Always store chemicals in their original
containers with appropriate labels.

61.  Replace medications and poisons
immediately.
 Don’t store larger amount of toxic agents.
 Properly discard empty poison containers.

62.  Never remove labels from containers of toxic
substances.
 Never keep poison container in kitchen.
 Never tell children drugs are “sweets” as this
may give a wrong idea to children.

63.  Ensure toys and dining utensils bought meet
the international standard, e.g coloring
materials being non- toxic.
 Never reuse poison container to store food or
other substances, discard it properly.

64.  Do not panic. Call for help immediately .
 Examine the child if the airway is clear.(e.g
can talk, cry or not): if breathing is adequate
and circulation is normal( observe color of
the face, depth and rate of breathing).
 Start CPR if necessary. Be cautious not to
contact any chemical

65.  If the toddler is unconscious but the airway is
clear breathing and circulation are normal.
Place in a lateral position.
 Bring along with any vomits and remains of
drugs taken when seeking medical
treatment.

67.  Covering of head by blankets, accidental
suffocation by pillow while baby sleep in a
prone position , nearly drowning , etc

68.  Fourteen percent of sudden unexpected
infant death cases were classified as
suffocation; these cases were most
frequently attributed to soft bedding (69%),
followed by overlay (19%) and wedging
(12%).

69.  Soft-bedding deaths occurred most often in an
adult bed (49%), in a prone position (82%), and
with a blanket (or blankets) obstructing the
airway (34%).
 Overlay deaths occurred most often in an adult
bed (71%), and infants were overlaid by the
mother (47%). Wedging deaths occurred most
often when the infant became entrapped
between a mattress and a wall (48%).
SOURCE:-Sudden Unexpected Infant Death Case
Registry from 2011 to 2014(USA)

70.  Pills cords on curtains and blinds should be
kept short and out of reach of children.
 Strings and plastic bags should be kept out of
reach of children.
 Avoid sleeping with baby on the same bed or
being careful

71.  Never leave children alone in a bath tub or
basin filled with water.
 Bucket filled with water must be covered
and keep away from reach of toddler.
 Do not use large and heavy blanket . Never
let the blanket cover the face of children
during sleep.

73.  Aspiration of hard substance such as nuts and
dried bean, are common among toddler due
to habit of puts things in mouth, curious
nature.

75.  Avoid large chunks of meat.
 Avoid fruit with pits, fish, bones, dried
beans, hard candy chewing gum, and nuts.
 Provide safety play without sharp edges or
small removable parts.

76.  Put harmful objects out of reach.
 Close supervision and teach about danger of
aspiration.

78.  Bodily damage is the injury caused by any
external substance or force in the body.
Prevention
 avoid giving sharp or pointed object to
children.
 Do not give lollipops or similar objects in
mouth when walking oi running.

79.  Teach safety precautions.
 Store all dangerous tools, equipment in
locked cabinet.
 Alert parents to dangers unsupervised
animals.

80.  Accident could not be completely
avoided, but its occurrence could be
prevented.
 To prevent accident to children, adults
should pay more attention to home
safety.
 They should also clear any hidden
“hazards” at home and teach children
about children about safety.
 If accidents happen, stay calm and call
for help immediately.

81.  https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK31
0642
 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK31
0644/
 https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/burns
 https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-
sheets/detail/drowning
 https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31010907/
?from_term=suffocation+management&from_
pos=2