Basic of Management

BASICS OF MANAGEMENT &
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 1
Department of Mechanical Engineering

Contents
Evaluation Scheme
Syllabus overview
History of Management
Concept of Management
Definition of Management
Conclusion
Questions to ask

Evaluation Scheme
General Guidelines for Curriculum Implementation
1. Weightage for the internal assessment in respect of theory
subjects will be as follow:
 House Test: 40 %
 Class Test: 20%
 Home Assignment: 20%
 Attendance: 20%
2. There will be two class tests in every semester and the
average of the two tests will be taken into account.
3. The syllabus for the class tests will be as under:
 Class Test-I: 30 % of syllabus
 Class Test-II: next 30 % of syllabus

Evaluation Scheme
4. Class Test-I should be conducted in first week of
March/September.
5. Class Test-II should be conducted in the second week of
April/October.
6. The 30%, 60% and 80% contents of the syllabus will be based on
the number of hours allocated for the topics in the detailed
curriculum of each subject.
7. The question paper for both the class tests will be of 30 marks
each and of one-hour duration.
8. Improvement test can be conducted after every class test on the
basis of some genuine reason to be judged by the Head of
concerned Department.
9. There will be one house test in the First week of May/November
and syllabus converge will be 80%.
10. The house test will be of total 60 marks and the duration of
House Test should be two hours.
11. There will be minimum two home assignments per subject per
semester.

Evaluation Scheme
Distribution of Internal Assessment (Total Marks = 50)
Sr. No.
Class Test
(Average of
Two Best
Class Tests)
House
Test
Attendance Assignment Total
Weightage 20% 40% 20% 20% 100%
Marks 10 20 10 10 50

History of Management
“Those who cannot learn from history are doomed to repeat it.” —
George Santayana
Start since the evolution of mankind.
Modern Concept : Development of
Management
U.S. Industrial revolution: 1860
Shift from agriculture based society to
an industrialized society.
Three main components of
Industrialized society : Power,
Transportation and Communication

Power : Steam Engine and other inventions
Transportation : Use of canal, railroads and
efficient road system
Communication :Telegraph,Telephone and
Radio

Scientific Management (1886)
One person no longer performed every
task but specialized in performing only a
few tasks.
The development of a scientific method of
designing jobs to replace the old rule-of-
thumb methods
The scientific selection and progressive
teaching and development of employees.
A division of work resulting in
interdependence between management
and workers.

Concept of Management
With Efficient Management
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animation-video-givefastlink.mp4

Concept of Management
Without Management
 bridge-by-ting-chian-tey-disney-favorite-
givefastlink.mp4

Definition of Management
According to:
 Mary Parker Follet Management is ‘the art of getting
things done through people’.
 Ross Moore states “Management means decision-
making”.
 According to Donald J Clough, “Management is the art
and science of decision making and leadership”.
 Joseph L Massie defines as “Management is the
process by which a cooperative group directs actions
towards common goals”.
 According to F.W. Taylor, “Management is the art of
knowing what you want to do and then seeing that it is
done in the best and cheapest way”.

Definition of Management
 According to Koontz and O’Donnel, “Management is the
direction and maintenance of an internal environment in an
enterprise where individuals working in groups can perform
efficiently and effectively towards the attainment of group
goals”.
 A better definition is given by George R Terry who defines
management as “a process consisting of planning,
organizing, actuating and controlling performed to determine
and accomplish the objectives by the use of people and
resources”

Conclusion
 Effective Management is necessary for progress.
 Giving precise definition of management is not so
simple because the term management is used in a
variety of ways.
 From the view point of economics, sociology,
psychology, statistics and anthropology
management has different meanings.
 Management is defined as management as “a
process consisting of planning, organizing,
actuating and controlling performed to determine
and accomplish the objectives by the use of
people and resources”.

Questions to ask
1) Define the term Management.
2) Briefly explain the concept of management.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 2

Contents
Role of Manager
Characteristics of Management
Nature of Management
Objective of Management
Importance of Management
Conclusion
Questions to ask

Role of Manager
 Manager: “A person who identifies and achieve
organizational objectives through the deployment of appropriate
resources”
 Key Areas of Manager:
i) Managing Activites
Ii) Managing Resources
iii) Managing Information
iv) Managing People
v) Managing himself

Role of Manager
 Characteristics of good Manager:
 Select the best people
 Be a motivator
 Build your team
 Be a leader, not a manager
 Improve as communicator
 Better money management
 Better time management
 Self improvement
 Ethical management
 Self management

Characteristics of Management
Characteristics of Management:
 Management is a continuous process
 Management is an art as well as science
 Management aims at achieving predetermined
objectives
 Management is a factor of production
 Management is decision-making
 Universal application
 Management is needed at all levels
 Management aims at maximum profit
 Dynamic
 Management as a career
 Management is a discipline

Nature of Management
 Multidisciplinary
 Dynamic nature of principles
 Relative not absolute principles
 Management – science or art
 Universality of management

Objective of Management
 Survival
 Growth
 Profitability
 Social responsibilities

Importance of Management
 Achievement of organizational goals
 Optimum resource utilization
 Minimisation of Cost
 Survival and growth
 Generation of employment
 Development of nation

Conclusion
Management needs good manager
Management is multidisciplinary approch.
Optimum resource utilization
Contribute in national growth

Questions to ask
 State the role of manager in an organization.
 Write the characteristics of management.
 Briefly explain the concept of management.
 State the main objectives of management.
 Briefly explain the importance of management.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 3

Contents
 Functions of Management
 Seven Functions of Management
 Planning
 Organizing
 Leading
 Co-ordinating
 Staffing
 Controlling
 Motivating
 Conclusion
 Questions to ask

Functions of Management
 Market analysis (Forecast)
 Effective planning
 Economic policy making
 Good quality and low price material purchase
 Recruitment of quality people
 Purchase of good quality machinery
 Training of staff
 Team work
 Growth of organization

Seven Functions of Management
 Planning
 Organizing
 Leading
 Co-ordinating/Directing
 Controlling
 Staffing
 Motivating

Planning: Failing to plan is planning to fail
 To decide future course of action
 To know about: What, Why, How and When
 Set goals and standards
Terminology:
 Vision : Broad idea, no specific direction, guidance, future
 Mission: Way to lead future through present, reflects
organization culture & values, distinguish from others
 Objectives: Refine mission, addresses market position,
market share, innovation, profit, measureable
 Goals: With anticipated results, Should SMART
S: Specific, M: Measureable, A : Attainable, R:Relevant, T: Timed
 Tactics

Organizing
 Arrange resources
 Division of task
Organizational structure
 Division of labour: Organization chart
 Delegation of authority:
 Departmentation

Leading
 Next to planning and organizing
 Direction to achieve goal
 Decision making
 Priority of need

Staffing
 Process of recruiting, selecting and training
 Placing right men on right place.
 Heavy legal emphasis
 Set employee and employer right and
responsibilities.
 Improve effectiveness and efficiency
 Promotion, appraisal, compensation

Co-ordinating/Directing
 Co-ordinate among various sections
 Reconcile differences in approach, effort,
timing
 Fitting together individual effort to common
goal
 Communicating
 Leading
 Motivating

Controlling/Monitoring
Four steps:
Establishment of standards
Measurement & Reporting
Comparing,
Corrective action
Cyclic process
Below standard corrective action
Anticipated to below preventive action
Equal to standard motivate to acceptable

Motivating
A high motivated semi skilled can do much
better than unmotivated high skilled person
Covers deficiencies in the employees
Three points to note
Need, Reward and Effort
 Self motivation: past record, school, sports,
work of pride and enthusiasm in life

Conclusion
Failing to plan is planning to fail
Need an organized structure.
Recruitment of right people at right place
Co-ordinating and motivating necessary
management task

Questions to ask
 Briefly explain the various functions of
management.
 Define management and discuss its functions.
 Briefly explain about following:
i) Planning ii) Staffing iii) Controlling

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 4

Contents
 Principles of Management
 Various area of Management
 Human Resource Development(HRD)
 Manpower Planning
 Recruitment
 Selection
 Performance Appraisal
 Conclusion

Principles of Management
Henri Fayol's 14 principles are listed below:
 Division of Work – When
employees are specialized,
output can increase because
they become increasingly
skilled and efficient.
 Authority – Managers must
have the authority to give orders, but they must
also keep in mind that with authority comes
responsibility.
 Discipline – Discipline must be upheld in
organizations, but methods for doing so can vary.

 Unity of Direction – Teams with the same objective should be
working under the direction of one manager, using one plan.
This will ensure that action is properly coordinated.
 Subordination of Individual Interests to the General
Interest – The interests of one employee should not be allowed
to become more important than those of the group. This
includes managers.
 Remuneration – Employee satisfaction depends on fair
remuneration for everyone. This includes financial and non-
financial compensation.
 Centralization – This principle refers to how close employees
are to the decision-making process. It is important to aim for an
appropriate balance.
 Scalar Chain – Employees should be aware of where they
stand in the organization's hierarchy, or chain of command.

 Order – The workplace facilities must be clean, tidy
and safe for employees. Everything should have its
place.
 Equity – Managers should be fair to staff at all
times, both maintaining discipline as necessary and
acting with kindness where appropriate.
 Stability of Tenure of Personnel – Managers
should strive to minimize employee turnover.
Personnel planning should be a priority.
 Initiative – Employees should be given the
necessary level of freedom to create and carry out
plans.
 Esprit de Corps – Organizations should strive to
promote team spirit and unity.

Various area of Management
 Human Resource Development(HRD)
 Material and Store Management
 Marketing and Sales

Human Resource Development(HRD)
 Introduced by Leonard
Nadler in 1969.
Focus on overall development
of organization and individual
employee to accomplish work
goals service to customers
Working areas
 Manpower Planning
 Recruitment
 Selection
 Performance Appraisal

Definition:
By M.M. Khan
“HRD is the process of increasing knowledge,
capabilities and positive work attitudes of all the people
working at all levels in a business undertaking”
By Leonard Nadler
“HRD are those learning experiences which are
organized, for a specific time and designed to bring
about the possibility of behavioural change”

Objectives:
 Improve employees capabilities
 All around development of employees
 Right man at right place
 Make employees to accept the change
 Training managers
 Opportunities to career development
 Healthy work culture
 Dynamic relationship between employee and
supervisors

Manpower Planning
Human resource planning
To decide :
Skill of person for particular job
Total persons required
“Manpower planning is a process including
forecasting, developing, implementing and
controlling by which a firm ensures that it
has right number of the people and right
kind of a people at a right place and at the
right time for things for which they are
economically useful”

Manpower Planning
Need:
 Identify shortage of human resource
 Avoided overstaffing
 Identify available talent
 Best utilization of human resources
 Direction for recruitment and selection

Manpower Planning
Importance:
Retain required quality and quantity of man
power
Meet demand of expansion
Foresee impact of technology change
Estimate cost of human resources
Improve skill, knowledge, discipline
Right person at right place and right time in
right numbers

Recruitment
 Selection of right person for right place
 Recruitment failure causes difficulties and loss of
profit
 Complete process start with identification of
vacancy to induction of newly recruited person
 Use of information technology : advertisement,
interview, exchange of information

Selection
Process of selection
Job analysis
Advertisement
Application blank/form
Written test
Interview
Medical Examination
Initial job offer
Acceptance/Rejection Letter
Final offer/Letter of
appointment
Induction

Performance Appraisal
Systematic evaluation of employee performance
To ascertain ability of future growth
i) Check and compare target achieved
ii) Analysis of factors affecting performance
iii) Guide for better performance

Performance Appraisal
Objectives:
 Determine wage structure
 Develop healthy competition
 Assess potential of employees
 Frame future development program
 Frame promotional policies
 Organise training
 Feedback of employee
 Judge gap between plan and actual
 Exercise organizational control

Conclusion
 14 principles of management
 HRD needs for overall development
 Manpower planning: Right person at right place
 Recruitment: Selection procedure
 Performance appraisal : Systematic evaluation of
performance

Questions to ask
1) Write and briefly explain principles of management.
2) Name different areas of management and briefly
explain about HRD.
3) State the objectives of HRD.
4) State the importance of Manpower planning
5) Write various steps of selection during recruitment
with brief explanation.
6) State the need and objectives of performance
appraisal.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 5

Contents
Material and Store Management
Objectives of Material Management
Functions of Material Management
Purchasing
Just in Time (JIT)
Conclusion
Questions to ask

Material and Store Management
Control over kind, amount, location, movement and
timing of various commodities
Control and regulate material flow according to
quality, delivery schedule, price, demand and
availability
Definition:
“Material Management is the process of planning,
directing, co-ordinating and controlling activities
which are concerned with material and inventory
requirements”

Objectives of Material Management
Objectives: Famous 5R’s
Acquisition of material and services:
i. of the Right quality.
ii. In the Right quantity
iii. at the Right place
iv. from the Right source
v. at the Right time

Objectives of Material Management
Closely work with purchase, production, finance,
engineering, quality control
Objectives:
 Buy at lowest price, consistent with desired
quality and service
 Reduce excess storage, carrying and inventory
cost
 Preventing interruption in flow of material
 Develop reliable supply sources
 Improve efficiency of operations and procedures
 Maintain good record and do frequent audit
 Participate in buy decisions

Functions of Material Management
 Material planning and control function
 Purchasing function
 Store management function
 Inventory control function

Purchasing
Activity to acquire goods/services to accomplish goal of
an organisation
Objectives:
 Ensure continuous supply of raw material
 Reduce loss due to theft or wastage
 Make arrangement of sale for slow moving items
 Maximise profitability
 Establish good relations with suppliers
 Achieve high degree of co-ordination among different
departments
 Strengthen organisation in competitive position
 Ensure timely supply of material to all departments
 Keep low inventories with consistent material supply

Just in Time(JIT)
Taiichi Ohno credited as father
of JIT technique
Initially known as “Toyota Production
System”
Originated in Japan
Implemented to those operations
that are repeated in nature
JIT philosophy
 elimination of waste in its many forms
 belief that ordering/holding costs can be reduced
 continuous improvement, always striving to improve

Just in Time(JIT)
Concept:
 Assert that just enough inventories
 Arriving just time to replace
 To avoid excessive inventory
 Unnecessary tie up of money
 Avoid warehouse cost
 Avoid risk of damage
 Avoid bottlenecks of production lone
 Set up ensures easy flow without queuing

Just in Time(JIT)
Elements of JIT
 regular meetings of the workforce (e.g. daily/weekly)
 discuss work practices, confront and solve problems
 an emphasis on consultation and cooperation (i.e.
involving the workforce) rather than confrontation
 modify machinery, e.g. to reduce setup time
 reduce buffer stock
 expose problems, rather than have them covered up
 reveal bad practices

Just in Time(JIT)
Benefits
 better quality products
 quality the responsibility of every worker, not just quality
control inspectors
 reduced scrap and rework
 reduced cycle times
 lower setup times
 smoother production flow
 less inventory, of raw materials, work-in-progress and
finished goods
 cost savings
 higher productivity
 higher worker participation
 more skilled workforce, able and wiling to switch roles
 reduced space requirements
 improved relationships with suppliers

Conclusion
 Material and store management functions:
Material planning and control function
Purchasing function
Store management function
Inventory control function
 Objective: Right quality, right quantity, right
place, right source, right time
 Purchase : maintain regular material supply
without interruption
 JIT: Reduce inventory to zero

Questions to ask
1) State the objectives of material and store
management.
2) State the objectives of Purchasing department.
3) Briefly explain the JIT technique of material
management.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 6

Contents
 Marketing and Sales, Functions
 Advertisement, Feature, Objectives
 Types of advertisement
 Sales promotion, Tools, Objectives
 Market Survey, Objectives, Need
 Market Survey methods, advantages
 Financial Management, Objective
 Functions of Financial Manager
 Conclusion

Marketing and Sales
Management process by which goods and services
move from concept to customer
4 Ps of marketing
 identification of Product
 determination its Price
 selection of distribution channel to reach
customer’s Place
 development of Promotional strategy

Marketing and Sales
Definition (T. Levitt)
“Selling merely concerns with the tricks and
techniques of getting the customers to exchange
their cash for company’s product. It does not
bother about the values satisfaction that the
exchange is all about. On contrary the marketing
views the entire business as consisting of a tightly
integrated effort to discover, create, arouse and
satisfy customer needs”

Function of Marketing
Marketing Planning : Make plan to do who, what, when, how
Standardisation and Grading :
Standardisation refers determining shape, size, colour, quality,
quantity and weight etc. e.g. ISO standard
Grading refers to classification on basis of quality for those items
which cannot be produced in single size, colour, weight.
e.g. Fruits, cotton, eggs, grains
Packaging : Designing wrapper, care for easy opening,
attractive, avoid breakage, variation in size
Branding : Distinct name to one’s product. e.g. Surya, Syska,
Philips
Objective: Advertisement, Buildingimage, Product differentiation,
Difference in price

Function of Marketing
Labeling : Carry product information, ingredient, manufacturing &
expiry date, batch no., price helps in grading
Promotion : Informing consumers about product and encourage
them to purchase e.g. Advertisement, sales promotion, personal
selling
Physical Distribution : Method of movement of produced good
from production to consumer place
 Physical movement
 Channel of distribution
Customer Support Services : After sales service, technical
services, installation service, complaint satisfaction
Build firm’s image and product loyalty

Advertisement
Paid presentation of ideas, goods, services with a
view to disseminate information concerning an
idea, goods and services.
Definition : According to Wheeler
“Advertising in any form of paid non-personal
presentation of ideas, goods or services for the
purpose of inducting people to buy”

Features of Advertisement
 Directed to mass audience
 Paid form of publicity
 Aimed to persuade people to turn into customers
 Identifiable with its sponsor

Objectives of Advertisement
 Creation of Demand
 Facing the Competition
 Creating Goodwill
 Educating the Customers
 Neutralising Competitor’s Advertising

Types of Advertisement
a) Print Media
1. Newspapers
2. Magazines
3. Direct Mail
b) Electronic Media
1. Television
2. Radio advertising
3. Online advertising

Sales Promotion
Sales promotion is the process of persuading a potential
customer to buy the product. Sales promotion is designed to
be used as a short-term tactic to boost sales – it is rarely
suitable as a method of building long-term customer loyalty.
Sales Promotion Tools
 Free Samples
 Coupons
 Price Packs
 Discount
 Free Goods
 Exchange Scheme
 Installment Sales

Objectives of Sales Promotion
 To introduce new products
 To attract new customers
 To meet competitions from others effectively
 To encourage off season buying
 To promote existing customer to buy more
 To encourage purchase of large size units

Market Survey
 Process of systematic gathering, recording and
analyzing of data about customers, competitors and
market
 Helps in create business plan, launch new product,
expand the market, fine tune with existing product and
services
 Qualitative survey : small scale
 Quantitative survey : more predictable

Objectives of Market Survey
 To provide the basis for proper planning
 To reduce marketing cost
 To find out new markets for the product
 To know the market competition
 To determine the proper price policy
 To study the like and dislikes of the consumers

Need and Importance of Market Survey
 Understanding your existing customers
 Indentifying Potential customers
 Resolving business problems
 Develop Business strategies
 Prepare for Business Expansion
 Analysing the Competition
 Indentify Business Opportunities
 Set Realistic Targets

Methods of Market Survey
1) Survey
 In-person survey
 Telephone survey
 Mail survey
 Online survey
2) Focus group
3) Personal Interviews
4) Observations
5) Field Trials

Advantages of Market Survey
 Simple to analyse and inter-relate data
 Evaluate growth in comparison with competitors
 Frame Strategies
 Assessing effectiveness of advertisement
 Evaluating selling methods
 Reveals consumer resistance to accept

Financial Management
 Money is required to start, expand and running the
business
 Success and failure of organization measured in terms
of profit and loss it make
 Financial management take charge of effective
utilisation of funds
 Financial management ensures positive cash flow and
profitability
Financial management includes
 Administration of Financial assets
 Identification of Financial risks
 Management of Financial risks

Objectives of Financial Management
 To ensure regular and adequate supply of funds to the
concern.
 To ensure adequate returns to the shareholders which
will depend upon the earning capacity, market price of
the share, expectations of the shareholders.
 To ensure optimum funds utilization. Once the funds are
procured, they should be utilized in maximum possible
way at least cost.
 To ensure safety on investment, i.e, funds should be
invested in safe ventures so that adequate rate of return
can be achieved.
 To plan a sound capital structure-There should be
sound and fair composition of capital so that a balance
is maintained between debt and equity capital.

Functions of Financial Manager
 Provision of capital
 Investor relations
 Short term financing
 Banking and custody
 Credit and collections
 Investments
 Insurance
 Planning for control
 Reporting and interpreting
 Evaluating and consulting
 Tax administration
 Government reporting
 Protection of assets

Conclusion
 Marketing deals with 4 Ps (Product, Price, Place,
Promotion)
 Advertisement is a paid presentation of idea
 Advertisement increase demand and neutralise
competition
 Coupons, free samples, exchange offer, discount are
sales promotional tools
 Market Survey helps in seeking market opportunities of
existing and new product
 Financial management maintain the balance between
capital gain and expenditure

Questions to ask
1) State the functions of Marketing department of
an organization.
2) Define advertisement. State its types and briefly
explain its objectives.
3) Name and explain different sales promotional
tools.
4) Briefly explain the importance of market survey.
5) State the functions of Financial Manager.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 7

Contents
Concept and structure of an organization
Importance of structure of an organization
Types of organization
Line organization
Functional organization
Line and staff organization
Conclusion
Questions to ask

Concept and structure of an organization
Modern, complex and large scale enterprises
requires to perform variety of functions like
designing, purchasing, testing, production, storage,
sales etc.
Definition : By Professor Leaus
Professor Leaus defined organization as “Combining
the efforts and capabilities of the individual or
group for a common goal in such a manner so that
the desired goals must be achieved with the least
possible friction satisfying the persons for whom
task is done and for those who are involved in
making the efforts”

Importance of structure of an organization
1) Function
2) Communication
3) Evaluating Employee Performance
4) Achieving Goals
5) Prevention/Solution

Types of organization
Based upon the pattern of authority relationship
organization can classified as follows:
1) Line organization
2) Functional organization
3) Line and staff organization

Line organization
 Line implies chain of command through which
authority flows from top to bottom
 Also called Scalar or hierarchical organization
 Superior has complete command over sub-ordinate
 Self contained department
 No separate advisory staff
 Foreman looks overall shop floor activities
Types:
1) Pure line organization
2) Departmental line organization

Line organization
Pure Line organization Departmental Line organization
One level same work Division into departments
Varies departmental duties

Line organization
Merits :
 Independence
 Decision making
 Control system
 Discipline
 Responsibility
 Cost of organizing
 Co-ordination

Line organization
Demerits :
 Burden of work
 Specialization
 Types of leadership
 Absence of horizontal relationships
 Instability
 Suitability

Functional organization
 Introduced by F.W.Taylor
 Complex floor functions
include variety of jobs
 A single can’t be
specialized in all
 Separate office work from
shop floor work
 Based on principle of specialisation

Merits:
 Specialisation
 Reflective thinking
 Better supervision
 Control
 Scope for expansion
 Standardisation

Demerits:
 Indiscipline
 Co-ordination
 Responsibility
 Decision making
 Economy
 Development of capabilities

Line and staff organization
 Consist merits of
both line and functional
organization
 Line organization with
introduction of experts
at different levels
 In line, staff own
responsibility to reach
industry goal
 Expert staff offer following
services: 1) Advice 2) Control 3) Service 4) Co-ordination

Line and staff organization
Merits :
 Responsibility
 Efficiency
 Discipline
 Availability of experts
 Reflective thinking
Demerits :
 Economy
 Lack of co-ordination

Conclusion
 Organization structure brings smooth, efficient,
quick working process
 Line organization implies scalar command of
authority
 Functional organization divides the task based on
expertise
 Foreman not supposed to expert in all
 Line and staff organization consists the merits of
both line and staff organization

Questions to ask
1) Define organization structure. Name different types of
organization structure. Explain anyone.
2) With flow diagram explain line organization. Discuss
its merits and demerits also.
3) With flow diagram explain function organization.
Discuss its merits and demerits also.
4) With flow diagram explain line and staff organization.
Discuss its merits and demerits also.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 8

Contents
 Self Management and Development
 Life Long Learning skills
 Personality
 Personality Development
 Values
 Ethics
 Concept of Intelligence
 Conclusion

Self Management and Development
Being able to self-manage and take personal
responsibility for one's own future.
Effective self management and development relies
on the following skills:
 Taking responsibility : owing mistakes
 Initiative : not be dependent
 Resilience : able to face adverse
 Assertiveness : support best one
 Time management : reach goal with in time
 Flexibility : quick plan change to help needy

Life Long Learning
 At any age, keeping mind and body engaged in
pursuing knowledge and experience
 Integration experience and knowledge of academic,
business, routine life, day to day current activities, to
improve life quality
 Learning takes place all time all place
 Primary, secondary and tertiary Education :
6 to 24 years
 Objective of all around development
 Working life : 25 to 60 years
 Learning from workplace, touring, mass media,
colleagues and nature

Importance of Life Long Learning
 Remain competent
 Gain knowledge of new business area
 For career growth, promotion
 Be adaptive for change
 Handling in adverse situation
 Increase self confidence
 Life quality improvement
 Versatile working

Personality
Latin word “persona” means mask
Refers to a theatrical mask worn by performers in order to
project different roles
Personality refers to individual differences in characteristic
patterns of thinking, feeling and behaving.
It includes behavioural characteristics, both inherent and
acquired, that distinguish one person from another
Personality is greatly influenced by social interactions
Study of personality focuses on two broad areas:
 One is understanding individual differences in particular
personality characteristics, such as sociability or irritability.
 The other is understanding how the various parts of a person
come together as a whole.
Feist and Feist said, “personality is a pattern of relatively
permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both
consistency and individuality to a person’s behaviour.”

Personality
Characteristics :
 Consistency : recognizable similar behaviour
 Psychological and physiological : built as pattern of
thoughts, feeling also affected biological aspect
 Uniqueness : no other can imitate/copy
 Impact behaviour and actions : Behave in certain
way
 Multiple expression : Can be demonstrated in
multiple ways thoughts, feeling and social
interactions

Personality Development
 Strengthening the capacity to interact more
effectively and efficiently
 Inner growth contribute outer excellence
 All around development
Five steps to improve for complete personality
 Healthy body
 Healthy mind
 Healthy thoughts
 Will power
 Work efficiency

Theories on personality development
 Trait Theories
The trait theory approach is one of the most prominent
areas in personality psychology. According to these
theories, personality is made up of a number of broad
traits. A trait is a relatively stable characteristic that
causes an individual to behave in certain ways. It is
essentially the psychological "blueprint" that informs
behavioural patterns.
 Psychodynamic Theories
Psychodynamic theories of personality are heavily
influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud and
emphasize the influence of the unconscious mind and
childhood experiences on personality.

 Behavioural Theories
Behavioural theories suggest that personality is a
result of interaction between the individual and the
environment. Behavioural theorists study observable
and measurable behaviours, rejecting theories that
take internal thoughts, moods, and feelings play a
part as these cannot be measured.
 Humanist Theories
Humanist theories emphasize the importance of free
will and individual experience in the development of
personality.

 Biological Theories
Biological approaches suggest that genetics are
responsible for personality. In the classic nature versus
nurture debate, the biological theories of personality
side with nature. Research on heritability suggests that
there is a link between genetics and personality traits
 Type Theories
In India also, Charak Samhita, classifies people into the
categories of vata, pitta and kapha on the basis of three
humoural elements called tridosha. Each refers to
a type of temperament, called prakriti (basic nature)

Values
Values are basic and fundamental beliefs that guide
or motivate attitudes or actions. They help us to
determine what is important to us.
Values in a narrow sense is that which is good,
desirable, or worthwhile. Values are the motive
behind purposeful action
Definition : Molteh Rokeach, a socio-psychologist
“global beliefs that guide actions and judgements
across variety of situations”

Values
Types of values :
 Terminal : These refer to desirable end-states
of existence, the goals a person would like to
achieve during his or her lifetime. They include
happiness, self-respect, recognition, inner
harmony, leading a prosperous life, and
professional excellence.
 Instrumental : Instrumental values deal with
views on acceptable modes of conductor
means of achieving the terminal values. These
include being honest, sincere, ethical, and
being ambitious. These values are more
focused on personality traits and character.

Ethics
Latin word ‘ethos’ means character
Norms of behaviour, people follow, regarding what is
good/bad, right/ wrong, useful/not.
Definition :
“Ethics is a set of moral rules and regulations formulated
from by society for its members to lead an honest and
happy life”
Types of ethics:
 Personal ethics : for individual
e.g. Loyality, honesty, fairness, self respect
 Workplace ethics : for workplace group
e.g. Communication effectively, Accountable, Uphold trust

Ethics
Professional Ethics :
Do’s
 Be honest with customer, boss for task completion
 Promote your profession
 Do things for good of yourself, customer and
profession
 Respect other’s beliefs, desire also
 Respect every small contributor
 Deliver quality in a time fashion

Ethics
Professional Ethics :
Don’ts
 Don’t lie with customer, boss
 Don’t underestimate yourself
 Don’t be possessive

Ethics
Need of Professional Ethics :
 Treat people with respect of each individual
 Promote people’s right to make own decision
 Promote social justice
 Recognize boundaries between personal and
professional life
 Develop and maintain required skills and
competency

Ethics
Development of Professional Ethics
 By educating
 Training and presentation
 Workshops on professional ethics
 Codes and standards
 Conferences

Concept of Intelligence
Latin work “intellegere” means “to understand”
Described as property of mind that may relate as
“capacity to reason, to plan, to solve problems”
Intelligence include traits like creativity, knowledge,
personality
In 1983, By Dr.Gardner : 8 types of intellectual ablities are
1) Linguistic Intelligence : lawyer, philosphers,
politicians
2) Logical-Mathematical Intelligence : Good in visual
manipulation, weights, data, measure, provide logical
analogy on an issue. Use of computer, robot
3) Spatial Intelligence : Best organise their thinking into
visual pictures, tends to create mental pictures to
retain information e.g. Architect, artist

4) Bodily-Kinesthetic Intelligence : Best learner
by their whole body.Well expression by body
movements. Learn better by physically doing
rather learning or listening. e.g. Dancers, actors,
surgeons
5) Musical Intelligence : Best learner by hearing
sound patterns, recognising, remembering. More
sensitive to sounds, rhythms. e.g. Singers,
composers, instrumentalist
6) Interpersonal Intelligence : Learn by interaction
with people. Communicate effectively to others
e.g. Managers, social workers

7) Intrapersonal Intelligence : Good self
understanding,Introvert and prefer to work alone,
Highly self aware about their emotions, goals and
motivations
e.g. Philosophers, psychologists, scientists
8) Naturalist Intelligence : Sensitive to natural
world. Best learn by outdoor activities, field trips,
involvement with plants & animals. Don’t enjoy to
learn which is unfamiliar to nature.
e.g. artist

Conclusion
 Learning is not confined to any age, it is a Life Long skill.
 The way one’ s project in its uniqueness is called as
personality
 Personal development emphasize overall development
 Values are framework of philosophy to decide good/bad,
right/wrong
 Ethics are set of moral rules, to follow for honest and happy
life
 Intelligence described as mind’s property to relates to
capacity to think, to plan, to solve problem, to comprehend
ideas

Questions to ask
1) Write importance of Life Long Learninig.
2) Define Personality. State characteristics of personality.
3) Briefly explain personality development. Name and explain
various theories of personality development.
4) Define values in terms of personality. State and explain its
different types.
5) Define ethics. State its types also.
6) State different Do’s and Don’ts to be take care in
professional ethics.
7) State the importance of Professional Ethics.
8) Define intelligence. Briefly explain its types.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 9

Contents
 Concept of Physical development
 Health and its Significance
 Hygiene
 Body Gestures
 Kinesics
 Time Management
 Importance of Time Management
 Conclusion

Concept of Physical Development
Physical development is the process that starts in
human infancy and continues into late adolescent
concentrating on gross and fine motor skills as well
as puberty. Physical development involves
developing control over the body, particularly
muscles and physical coordination.

Physical development : Growth and Development.
Growth is the physical changes of, the increase in
size, height and weight.
Development is how children gain control over their
physical actions to do complicated and difficult
activities more skilfully and easily.
Growth and development are linked because
the development and improvement of physical
skills depends on the size of the child and their
muscular strength.
Physical development will usually follow a sequence
even though the age may vary. There are factors
that can affect this sequence, such as a disability.

Physical development is divided into two skills :
1) Fine motor skills
2) Gross motor skills
Fine motor skills
This is the development and control of smaller
muscles of the hands, fingers and feet so that a
child can do more delicate tasks e.g. Gripping,
drawing, fastening buttons and threading
beads.

Gross motor skills
This is the development and control of the whole body
and the larger muscles. Children need this control to
be able to balance, walk and climb. Newborn babies
have very little control over their bodies. As they get
older they develop more control over these actions.
A child may learn the control to walk at a different rate to
another, on may learn to walk at 9 months of age
another at 12 months another at 18
months. Professionals use milestones to monitor
development.
These are a development stage at which a skill is
mastered and is linked to a wide age range.
Children learn to control their muscles from their head,
then their shoulders, then their arms and then their
legs. They also need co-ordination, determination and
confidence to achieve the physical development.

Health and its Significance
 Health is a dynamic process, it changes with time
 Being healthy is a state in which one is fit and
devoid of any physical and mental illness.
 Our life style affect our health
 Improve life style, improve health, less disease and
sickness

 The health of an organism is directly influenced by its
environment. Thus, it becomes very important to be living in a
healthy and pollution-free environment.
 Food forms the basis for carrying out the basic functions of our
body, hence it becomes necessary to eat the right kind of food
to stay in fine.
 Cleanliness needs to be one’s priority both of oneself and
surroundings. Care needs to be taken to maintain proper
sewage and garbage treatment, as it can lead to various
diseases.
 Being happy to lead a normal life is equally important these
days. Depression causes severe problems and restrict a person
to lead a normal life.

Other components of health:
Social Health : Ability to well interact with people
Mental Health : Growth of mind by learning, life
experiences
Emotional Health : Control emotions, feel
comfortable to express
Spiritual Health : Concept of faith, vary person to
person

Hygiene
 Set of practices followed for preservation of health
 Keeping good health hygiene prevents
development and spread of infections, illness
 Hygiene practices varies according to culture,
gender
e.g. Washing hand before eating, Take bath daily,
Dispose the waste at safe place

Hygiene
Different types of Hygiene :
Medical hygiene : Isolation of infected, Safe disposal of medical
waste
Home hygiene : Floor cleaning with antibacterial product, Hand
washing after using toilet, Cook fresh food
Personal hygiene : Showering daily, brushing teeth, cutting nails.
Food hygiene : Not to share same eating plate, Don’t use expired
product , cleaning of cooking utensils
Personal service hygiene : Sterilization of instruments by barber,
doctors, tailors, dentist

Hygiene
Importance of good Hygiene :
 Disease Prevention
 Social and Professional acceptance
 Higher confidence and self esteem
 Pain prevention

Body Gestures
Body Gesture is a type of a nonverbal communication in which
physical behaviours or body signals are used to express or
convey the information. It helps to break the barrier of
unfamiliarity and helps to form a better connect with the
recipient of information. e.g. Waving, pointing, using fingers
to indicate numerical values
Significance of Body Gestures :
 Clarify and support your words
 Functions as visual aids
 Stimulate audience participation
 Are highly visible

Kinesics
The study of the way in which certain body
movements and gestures, serve as a form of non-
verbal communication
Gestures are often classified into five types :
Emblems : gestures that substitute for words
such as waving the hand for ‘goodbye’ or putting a
forefinger to the lips for ‘silence’.
Illustrators : gestures that accompany speech and
depict what is being said
such as moving the hands apart to illustrate a
description of a big fish

Kinesics
Adaptors : gestures, usually involving self-touching, that help
one to cope with emotional reactions
such as covering the eyes with shock or putting a hand over
the mouth with surprise
Regulators : gestures that accompany speech and help to
coordinate turn-taking, including raising a hand in the air to
indicate that one has not finished speaking
In addition to these, affect displays are facial expressions that
convey emotional states. Also called body language.

Time Management
Time management” is the process of organizing and
planning how to divide your time between specific
activities. Good time management enables you to work
smarter – not harder – so that you get more done in
less time, even when time is tight and pressures are
high. Failing to manage your time damages your
effectiveness and causes stress.
 “Time is money”, Time is continually passing,
Making money means manage your time in best
way
 Focus on day to day actions and long term goals
 Effective scheduling, goal setting, prioritizing,
analyzing and reviewing spent time, motivating to
work

Importance of Time Management
 Time is limited
 Accomplish more with less effort
 Make better decision
 Be more successful
 Learn more
 Reduce stress
 Higher quality work
 Creates discipline

Points for effective Time Management
Be organize : Use calendars, set alarm, to-do list
Plan ahead : determine the time for each activity
Prioritize your task : Set your preferences to do first
or later
Avoid overload : Give enough time for sleep,
exercise, eating, rest and relaxation
Practice effective study techniques : Break tough
task into smaller easy one. Don’t wait for last minute
to complete the project
Be able to be flexible : Be flexible to change for
unexpected happenings (sickness, car troubles)
Have a vision : Have positive attitude, don’t forget
your big picture (importance and benefits of task)

Conclusion
 Physical development begins with childhood by
learning gross and fine motor skills .
 Health is a dynamic process as it changes with
time
 Hygiene practices helps us to prevent illness
 Body gestures is a non-verbal communication
 Kinesics is the study of body gestures
 Time management helps us to reduce stress,
improve quality work and be successful

Questions to ask
1) Briefly explain the concept of physical development.
2) Briefly explain about health and its components.
3) Define hygiene and state its different types with
example.
4) Explain about term body gesture and kinesics. Name
various types of kinesics.
5) Define Time Management. Briefly explain the
importance of time management
6) Suggest some points for effective management of
time.

ENTREPRENEURSHIP
DEVELOPMENT
Lecture No. 10
“PVC NSSK” Govt. Polytechnic, Bilaspur at Kalol

Contents
 Intellectual development
 Reading skills
 Speaking skills
 Listening skills
 Writing skills
 Presentation skills
 Critical thinking and problem solving
 Conclusion

Intellectual development
 Ability to think, question and evaluate, to acquire
knowledge, to process and use information, to
be creative and open to new ideas
 Enables to learn from life experience, make
judgement, solve problem and cope with
difficulties

Reading skills
 Reading is a tool of learning
 Makes relation between reader and writer
 Means of communication and of sharing
information and ideas

Reading skills
Types of Reading :
1) Systematic reading: Reading a chapter
(a) Survey (b) Question (c) Read
2) Skimming : Reading newspaper heading
3) Scanning : Finding schedule of event
4) Extensive reading : Novel reading
5) Intensive reading : Reading contract

Speaking skills
Speaking is a language skill.
It is the capacity to put words together in a
meaningful way to reflect thoughts, opinions, and
feelings.
Importance of good speaking skills :
1) Ability to inform, persuade, and direct:
Business managers, educators, military leaders,
lawyers, and politicians, among others, seek to
develop their speaking skills to such a level that
they are transformed into master communicators.
Speaking clearly and confidently can gain the
attention of an audience.

Speaking skills
2) Ability to stand out from the rest : The ability to
stand before others and speak effectively is an
advantage to people.
3) Ability to benefit derivatively : Well-developed
verbal skills can increase one’s negotiation skills.
Self-confidence is improved.
4) Career enhancement : Employers have always
valued the ability to speak well.
5) Personal satisfaction : The effective
communication of your ideas or feeling got
appreciation from audience.

Speaking skills
 Point to remember for good speaker
 Use a comfortable language as per need of
audience
 Give something away non usual , deep insight
 Encourage audience for feed back
 Use little humour to light or little relax the people
 Use inclusive language like us or our rather giving
instructions
 Demonstration of listener interest.

Listening skills
Listening means paying attention not only to the
story, but how it is told, the use of language and
voice, and how the other person uses his or her
body. In other words, it means being aware of
both verbal and non-verbal messages.
Listening means :
 Hearing
 Understanding
 Judging

Listening skills
Tips for being a Good Listener
 Give full attention on person who is speaking
 Be focussed. Don’t presume the speaker’s
words
 Let speaker’s finish talk before you ask
 Give attention to main idea
 Ask questions if you not understand
 Give feedback, sit up properly and reply when
asked to remain connected with the speaker

Note taking
 Writing information in informal or unstructured
manner
 Use shorthand writing
 Load information quickly using symbols, signs etc.
Importance :
 Keep your attention about the activity
 Stay focused
 Help you learn and revise the what you saw or
hear

Note taking
Tips for note taking
 Don’t write word to word, don’t copy
 Use short cut e.g. (for equal “=”)
 Change font, colour or size for important point
 Focus on main point of learning/ sight

Writing skills
Presentation of language, idea, feeling in
textual medium through set of signs or
symbols

Writing skills
Writing Speech
It is permanent It is transient
Used to communicate across
the time
Immediate interaction
No immediate feedback Receives immediate
feedback
Punctuation, heading layout,
colour
Punctuation, heading layout,
colour not available
Written material can be read
repeatedly
Material can not be used
repeatedly

Writing skills
Writing process :
 Prewriting
 Drafting
 Revising
 Editing
 Publishing

Writing skills
Rough draft: (Points to remember)
 Gather all material (Notes, books dictionary, grammer etc.)
 Spare period for writing
 Try to write 1 to 3 paragraphs in your own words. Try to
convey learned message
 Make outline, list the topics, questions to answer. Put all the
points in order
 Pause and relax for moment. Visualize from the point of view
of reader. Imagine his/her life style, state of mind, vocabulary
and knowledge. Assume them friendly to you.

Writing skills
 Take any one of note and try to write. Write quickly, Don’t think for
grammer, best word, spelling etc. May use tape recorder and ask
your friends to listen your thoughts
 Work for small spells. Finish paragraph. Take break and relax.
Appreciate your work
 Include all ideas in first draft and if needed, remove later
 Always keep space for future editing, if necessary, make changes

Critical thinking and problem solving
“Problem solving and critical thinking refers to the
ability to use knowledge, facts and data to
effectively solve problems. This doesn’t mean to
have an immediate answer, it means to be able to
think on your feet, assess problems and find
solutions. The ability to develop a well thought out
solutions with in a reasonable time frame, however,
is a skill that employers value greatly ”

Steps in Critical Thinking :
 Recognize problems
 Understand the importance of prioritization
 Gather relevant information
 Comprehend and use language with accuracy
 Interpret data, to appraise evidences
 Recognize the existence
 Draw warranted conclusions
 Put to test conclusions and generalizations
 Reconstruct one’s patterns of beliefs
 Render accurate judgement

Steps in Problems Solving
 Finding the right problems to solve
 Defining the problems
 Analyzing the problems
 Developing possibilities
 Selecting the best solutions
 Implementing
 Evaluating and learning

Approaches of Problems Solving
Traditional approaches for problem solving :
 Habits : Past experiences, routine problem
 Standard operating procedures : Formal way
 Organizational structure : Combining the
organization authorities to solve problem

Approaches of Problems Solving
Modern approaches for problem solving :
 Creative approach : Non-routine problem,
Brainstorming, New ideas, Encourage member to
find all ways of solutions
 Participative approach : Involve individual or group
of employees along with their controlling authority
 Heuristic approach : Trial and error method, used
for highly complex and non systematic problem

Presentation skills
 Be well prepared
 Before beginning, breathe deeply
 Organize thoughts and draw a mental picture of
what comes after what
 Be sure to make a thesis or to have a point
 Start the speech with that point and brief outline of
the examples
 Slowly, visualize examples and tell them one by one

Conclusion
 Intellectual development include development of reading, writing,
speaking, listening, problem solving and presentation skills
 Reading can be done in various ways like systematic, scanning,
skimming, extensive and intensive
 Speaking skills must include well communication, humour, interest
and encouragement
 Listening skill has three basic components hearing, understanding
and judging
 Writing skill helps us to covey our thoughts, feeling in textual
format
 Critical thinking helps us to solve non-routine problems
 Presentation skills improves with improvement in reading, writing,
speaking and listening skills

Questions to ask
1) Define intellectual development. Name various intellectual skill
and explain any one in detail.
2) Briefly explain about different types of reading.
3) Define speaking skills. Name the points to be consider for good
speaker.
4) Name and explain steps in listening.
5) Briefly explain note taking. State importance of note taking.
6) Define writing skill. Briefly explain the different steps of writing.
7) Briefly explain the different steps of presentation.
8) Briefly explain traditional and modern approach of problem
solving.
9) Define critical thinking. Name the steps of critical thinking.

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